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1 Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 15, No. 4, December 2016 Review pissn , eissn 내림프낭의수술적절제를이용한메니에르병동물모델 가톨릭관동대학교의과대학이비인후과학교실 김민범, 김미주 Experiemental Model for Ménière s Disease Using Surgical Ablation of Endolymphatic Sac Minbum Kim, Mi Joo Kim Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea Received Nov 14, 2016 Revised Nov 20, 2016 Accepted Nov 27, 2016 Corresponding Author: Minbum Kim Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, International St. Mary s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25 Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon 22711, Korea Tel: Fax: minbumkim78@gmail.com Copyright c 2016 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Endolymphatic hydrops is a representing pathologic finding of Ménière's disease. For the induction of endolymphatic hydrops in an animal model, surgical ablation of endolymphatic sac has been used. Although traditional model with the blockage of endolymphatic sac induced severe hydrops, it has several limitations for the study of pathophysiology of Ménière's disease. Recently, modified experimental models have been introduced, in which additional procedure was performed to induce the acute aggravation of hydrops after the surgical ablation. These new models could be helpful to elucidate the mechanism and develop a new treatment of Ménière's disease. In this review, we introduce the characteristics of animal models using surgical ablation of endolymphatic sac from the classical model to novel modified models. Res Vestib Sci 2016;15(4): Keywords: Meniere disease; Endolymphatic hydrops; Animal model 서론내림프수종은메니에르병의대표적인병리소견으로널리알려져있다. 1 비록무증상환자의측두골에서도내림프수종이발견되어 (asymptomatic hydrops) 내림프수종과메니에르병과의관계에대해서논란이있지만, 2 최근사람측두골연구들을종합한메타분석을보면메니에르병진단기준을만족한모든증례에서적어도한귀에서조직학적내림프수종이발견되었기때문에단순한부수현상 (epiphenomenone) 이상일것으로생각했다. 3 따라서, 현재까지메니에르병의병리기전과치료법연구를위하여, 다양한내림프수종동물모델이개발되어왔다. 내림프수종연구를위한동물모델은크게급성기모델과만성기모델로나눌수있다. 급성기모델로는, 단기간에내림프양을증가시키기위한인공내림프주입, 4,5 젤주입, 6 뇌척수액조작 7,8 콜레라독소및 cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) 조작 9,10 forskolin 11 및 vasotocin 12 투여등의방법이보고되었다. 하지만, 이모델들은어지럼발작이 95
2 Res Vestib Sci Vol. 15, No. 4, Dec 반복되고악화가진행되는메니에르병의임상양상과맞지않아, 메니에르병연구에는널리사용되고있지않다. 만성기모델에는내림프낭의수술적절제로수개월에걸친점진적인내림프수종발현을유도하는모델이가장널리알려져있으며, 13 장기간바소프레신을전신적으로투여하여내림프수종을유도하는방법 14 도소개되었다. 최근에는급성기와만성기내림프수종을모두구현하기위해, 내림프낭을절제한이후에바소프레신 15 또는알도스테론 16 을주입하여급성발작을유도하는개선된모델도소개되고있다. 본종설에서는내림프낭의수술적절제를이용한내림프수종동물모델에대해서문헌고찰하고, 내림프낭완전절제를통한전통적동물모델과함께최근보고되고있는개선된동물모델에대해소개하고자한다. 본론 1. 후두하경막외접근을통한전통적내림프낭절제모델내림프낭의기능저하를유도하기위해서는전정기관및소뇌의손상없이내림프낭만을절제하는처치가필요한데, 이를위해후두하경막외접근이용이한기니피그가동물모델제조에널리사용되고있다. 있었다. 따라서 1989년 Andrews와 Bohmer 17 가경막외접근법을통해내림프낭을절제하는방법을소개하였다. 이방법은경막내접근법에비하여합병증이적고중추신경계에영향을미칠가능성이적어최근연구에서많이사용되고있다. 특히, 내림프낭을부분절제하고바소프레신또는알도스테론등을통해내림프수종을악화시키는시도에서는이방법이적합하겠다. 15,16 본저자들도기니피그에서후두하, 경막외접근법을사용하여내림프낭의부분절제를시행하고있는데, 자세한방법은다음과같다. (1) 케타민 (ketamine, 35 mg/kg, 근육주사 ) 과자일라진 (xylazine, 5 mg/kg, 근육주사 ) 으로전신마취를유도하고, 제모및 70% 알코올소독후, (2) 양안을잇는선부터후두부가충분히노출되도록중심선절개를시행하고, 횡절개를통해경부근육을박리하여대공 (foramen magnum) 바로위까지후두골을충분히노출시킨다 (Figure 1). (3) 현미경하측두-후두봉합선 (temporo-occipital suture) 을확인후, 그하부를 1.5 mm 3 mm 컷팅버로드릴한다. 이때, 수직방향으로주행하는구불정맥동 (sigmoid sinus) 이비쳐보일때까지 1) 내림프낭절제 1965년 Kimura 등이처음기니피그에서내림프낭절제를시도할당시, 경막내접근법을통한방법이사용되었으나, 여러두개내합병증을일으켜개체가사망하는제한점이 Figure 1. Suboccipital-extradural approach for endolymphatic sac ablation. Vertical skin incision (dot line) and dissection of neck muscle was performed, followed by bone drilling inferior to temporo-occipital suture line (the left ear). Figure 2. Ablation of the left endolymphatic sac via extradural approach. Black line, temporo-occipital suture line; dot line, area of operculum; arrowhead, extra-osseous portion of endolymphatic sac (after electrocoagulation). 96
3 김민범 외 1인. 내림프낭의 수술적 절제를 이용한 메니에르병 동물모델 봉합선 내측 하방을 넓게 드릴한다. (4) 큐렛이나 픽을 이 이렇게 유도된 내림프수종에서는 청각모세포의 큰 소실 용하여 구불정맥동 위의 얇은 골편을 조심스럽게 제거한 이나 수조의 손상 없이 확연한 내림프 증가만이 관찰되는 후, 미세 거상기를 이용하여 출혈을 조심하며 구불정맥동 데, 이는 메니에르병 환자에서 보고되는 병리조직과 흡사하 을 내측방향으로 거상하면서 내림프낭을 싸고있는 얇은 기 때문에 주목을 받았다. 코르티 기관에서 처음으로 발견 골벽인 갑개(operculum)를 확인한다(Figure 2). (5) 내림프낭 되는 변화는 단 부동섬모(shorter stereocilia)19의 소실 또는 18 의 골외측(extra-osseous) 부분 절제를 위해서, 갑개-측두골 첨부 외유모세포 부동섬모의 이상배열(disarray) 및 소실로 사이에서 내측 구불정맥동까지 섬유조직으로 이루어진 내 알려져 있다. 림프낭을 확인 후, 양극 전기소작기를 이용하여 넓게 소작 서 내유모세포가 소실되는데 이런 변화는 주로 첨부에서 한다. 내림프낭 골내측(intra-osseous) 부분과 내림프관의 완 많이 일어난다.13,20 측벽에서 나선인대(spiral ligament) 의 섬 전 절제가 필요한 경우에는, 갑개-측두골 사이를 0.5 mm 유세포 변화가 처음 관찰되고, 후기에 변연세포(marginal cell) 다이아몬드 버를 이용하여 드릴링 한 후 골왁스를 이용하 간의 세포내부종, 소포의 증가, 공포화(vacuolization) 및 세 여 팩킹한다. 포 위축이 발견된다.21 팽창된 라이스너막에서는 중피세포 19,20 이후 점차 외유모세포가 소실되고, 뒤따라 22 가 소실, 상피세포는 확대되는데, 이는 상피세포의 성장 2) 내림프낭 절제 후 일어나는 조직학적, 기능적 변화 보다는 막의 신장에 의한 것으로 생각되어진다. 최종적으로 첨부부터 나선 신경절의 소실이 일어나게 되는데, 이는 동 (1) 조직학적 변화 물모델과 사람 병리조직 모두에서 동일하게 관찰된다. 18,23 내림프낭 절제 수일 후부터, 경도의 내림프수종이 발현 되기 시작한다. 초기에는 구형낭, 내림프낭, 와우 라이스너 (2) 기능적 변화 막의 팽창이 관찰되고, 난형낭에서는 상대적으로 적은 변 시간이 지남에 따라 와우음전반응(cochlear micropho- 화가 일어나며, 반면 반고리관은 거의 영향을 받지 않는 nics)이 억제되었는데. 이는 특히 저주파자극에서 확연하게 13 것으로 알려져있다. 이후 시간이 지남에 따라, 내림프수 나타났다.24 와우내전위(endocochlear potential, EP)와 구형 종이 점점 심해져, 라이스너막이 전정계(scala vestibule) 쪽 낭전위(saccular potential) 역시 감소되는 소견을 보였다. 으로 심하게 팽창되는데, 3 4개월 이후에는 전정계 거의 수술 이후 첫 달 동안, 와우활동전위(cochlear action potential, 전체를 내림프로 채우게 된다(Figure 3). CAP) 역치 변화는 저주파자극에 국한되다가, 3 4개월 이 25,26 Figure 3. Surgically-induced endolymphatic hydrops of the left ear (twelve weeks after ablation of endolymphatic sac). Distension of Reissner s membrane (arrowhead). (H&E stain, 40). 97
4 Res Vestib Sci Vol. 15, No. 4, Dec 후모든주파수에서심하게일어난다 하지만, 가중전위 (summating potential) 의증가는매우작고, 수술후초기에만일어나며, 27,30 와우내림프수종이심한후기에는일어나지않는것으로보고되었다. 내림프내주요이온중에서, 내림프내나트륨농도가증가한다는기존연구가있었으나, 이후연구에서는이를입증하는것에실패했다. 2 내림프수종초기에는내림프와외림프모두에서, 주요이온인나트륨, 칼륨, 염소조성에유의한변화가없음이알려져있다. 31,32 이후내림프수종이점점심해짐에따라, 기저부내림프내칼륨농도, 염소농도및삼투압이조금감소하였다. 31 정상귀에서는기저부내림프에서외림프에비해조금고삼투성 (hypertonic) 을보인다고알려져있어유의한소견이다. 33,34 기타이온중에서는, 내림프내칼슘농도가내림프수종에서증가한다고알려져있다. 와우내림프내정상칼슘농도는 20 μm 로다른세포외액에서의농도보다낮은데, 내림프수종에서는내림프내칼슘농도가증가한다. 35 칼슘농도의증가는와우내전위변화와상관관계가있는것으로알려져있는데, 26 칼슘농도변화는내림프수종에서일차적인변화라기보다는이차적으로일어나는결과로여겨진다. 하지만칼슘농도가청각유모세포의신호전달에영향을주기때문에, 이런이차적인칼슘농도변화가동물모델및메니에르병환자에서기능소실에영향을주는한요인일것으로생각된다. 2 하지만이러한전통적인내림프낭절제모델은인위적으로내림프낭기능을완전히제거한상태이기때문에, 기능이저하된메니에르병환자의내림프낭상태를구현하지못한다는지적이있다. 또한모든동물에서내림프수종이발현되지않아연구에제한이있으며, 개체희생후조직염색을통해서내림프수종여부를확인해야하기때문에 in-vivo 연구가힘들다는단점이있다. 따라서이를개선하고자하는노력들이대두되었다. 2. 내림프낭절제후급성악화를유도하는수정된동물모델메니에르병에서현훈과난청이급격히악화되는급성발작이임상적으로중요한데, 점진적으로내림프수종이심해지는전통적모델은이를구현하기힘들다. 따라서, 동물모델에서내림프수종의악화를유도하기위하여, 내림프낭부분절제후추가처치를통해내림프액의급성불균형을유발하려는시도들이있다. 1) 알도스테론을이용한내림프수종급성악화모델고칼륨식이가전신알도스테론농도를상승시키고, 이것이혈관조의 Na + -K + ATPase를증가시킨다는연구 36 에기반하여, 알도스테론을주사하여내림프수종을악화시키고자한시도가있었다. 이연구에서는내림프낭골외측부분을전기소작하고, 알도스테론을전신적으로투여한결과중등도또는고도의내림프수종을유발하였다고보고하였다. 16 하지만, 이보고에서는내림프수종의발현에영향을미칠수있는기타여러변수들에대한기술이모호하고, 내림프낭의부분절제만으로도내림프수종이발현되기도하기때문에, 알도스테론이내림프수종악화에영향을주는지판단하기어렵다는주장이있어, 2 널리사용되고있지는않다. 2) 바소프레신을이용한내림프수종급성악화모델최근 Egami 등 15 도내림프낭의부분절제 1 4주후, 1회바소프레신을전신투여하여단기간동안내림프수종의급성악화를일으키는개선된동물모델을제안하였다. 앞서기술한대로내림프의조절에는여러호르몬들이관여한다. 인체에서세밀한수분재흡수는바소프레신에반응하여신속하게신장에서일어나는데, 이러한반응이내이에서일어날것으로추측되었다. 특히바소프레신수용체 (vasopressin-2-receptor, V2R) 는와우의측벽과내림프낭에분포하며, 제2형아쿠아포린 (AQP2) 발현을조절하여수분이동을조절할수있을것으로알려져있다. 37,38 특히, 정상기니피그에서삼투압펌프를통해바소프레신을 1주간피하주입한결과, 내림프수종이유발되었다는연구와, 14 바소프레신-2-수용체길항제의와우내투여가내림프낭절제모델에서내림프수종을감소시킨다는연구 37 가이모델의이론적근거들이다. 임상적으로도, 메니에르병환자에서혈장바소프레신농도가높았고, 내림프낭내바소프레신수용체농도가높았다는연구 41 들이이를뒷받침한다. 이들은내림프낭의부분절제이후, 1주또는 4주후데스모프레신 (Desmopressin, 1-Deamino-8-D-Arginine Vasopressin) 100 μg/kg을피하주사하여급성악화를유도하였는데, 약 1시간이내에모든개체에서자발안진을동반한전정기능이상이나타났다. 이연구에서자발안진의방향은흥분성또는마비성으로일어났는데, 최종적으로는 8마리중 6마리에서수술측반대방향으로향하는마비성안진이었다. 15 또한, 수술없이바소프레신만주입한군및수술후바소프레신을주입하지않은군에비해심한내림프수종을조 98
5 김민범외 1 인. 내림프낭의수술적절제를이용한메니에르병동물모델 직학적으로확인하였는데, 이는와우및구형낭에서확연하였고, 난형낭과세반고리관에서는유의한차이가없었다. 이모델에서약한시간동안일어나는전정기능의이상은일시적이며가역적으로, 이는이전연구에서바소프레신을주입한후생기는선조내강 (intrastrial space) 의시간경과와일치한다. 42 따라서, 내림프낭기능이저하된상태에서바소프레신을투여하면, 내이또는내림프낭내의바소프레신- 아쿠아포린체계가작동하여외림프에서내림프로의수분이동을일으키고, 이것이급작스런내림프압의변화를일으킬것이라고추정하였다. 15 이모델의장점은, (1) 메니에르병임상양상과흡사한급성전정발작을유도할수있으며, (2) 일시적이고가역적인변화를유도하기때문에개체를희생시키지않고 in-vivo 실험을반복적할수있다는점이다. 따라서, (3) 내림프수종에대한여러치료의유효성을기능적으로검증하는연구에응용될수있겠다. 하지만, 이모델에서내림프수종악화가왜주로구형낭및와우에국한되며, 어떤기전에의해자발안진이유도되며, 또한자발안진의방향이왜일정치않은가에대해서는아직확실치않기때문에, 이를밝히기위한추가연구가필요하겠다. 3. 메니에르병모델의향후방향내림프낭의수술적절제를통해내림프수종을유도하는메니에르병동물모델은반세기동안사용되어져왔지만, 전통적모델에서는내림프낭기능이모두소실되어있고, 급성전정발작이없이점진적으로내림프수종이진행하는단점때문에, 메니에르병병태생리에대한연구에사용하기에는제한점이있었다. 하지만, 최근내림프낭기능을부분적으로저하시키고, 추가처치를통해급성악화을유도함으로써이런단점들을보완하고자하는여러시도들이활발히진행되고있다. 아직도불분명한메니에르병의병태생리와효과적인치료를찾기위해서는, 이들에대한보다심층적인기능적, 전기생리학적연구를진행하여, 메니에르병을대표할수있는최선의동물모델을만드는것이매우중요할것이다. 결론내림프낭의수술적절제를통한내림프수종모델에대해많은조직학적, 생리학적연구가이루어져있으며, 최근 이를변형하여급성악화를구현하는개선된동물모델들이개발되고있다. 이를이용하면, 아직도여러논란이있는메니에르병의병태생리에관한추가연구가가능할것으로기대되며, 나아가까다로운메니에르병의치료개발에큰도움이될것으로생각된다. 중심단어 : 메니에르병, 내림프수종, 동물모델 CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2013R1A1A ). REFERENCES 1. Hallpike CS, Cairns H. Observations on the pathology of Meniere s syndrome: (Section of Otology). Proc R Soc Med 1938;31: Salt AN, Plontke SK. Endolymphatic hydrops: pathophysiology and experimental models. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2010;43: Foster CA, Breeze RE. Endolymphatic hydrops in Meniere's disease: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? Otol Neurotol 2013;34: Kakigi A, Takeda T. Effect of artificial endolymph injection into the cochlear duct on the endocochlear potential. Hear Res 1998;116: Sirjani DB, Salt AN, Gill RM, Hale SA. The influence of transducer operating point on distortion generation in the cochlea. J Acoust Soc Am 2004;115: Salt AN, Brown DJ, Hartsock JJ, Plontke SK. Displacements of the organ of Corti by gel injections into the cochlear apex. Hear Res 2009;250: Walsted A. Effects of cerebrospinal fluid loss on hearing. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2000;543: Kurzbuch AR, Momjian A, Nicoucar K, Momjian S. Extreme sensitivity of hearing to decreases of ICP in Meniere's disease. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009;151: Roheim PS, Brusilow SW. Effects of cholera toxin on cochlear endolymph production: model for endolymphatic hydrops. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976;73:
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