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1 KISEP RESEARCH PAPER AUDIOLOGY 청능재활 2006;2: 메니에르병환자에서변조이음향방사잠복기에관한연구 ABSTRACT 한림대학교일반대학원언어청각학전공, 1 한림대학교자연과학대학언어청각학부, 2 분당제생병원이비인후과, 3 가야대학교언어치료청각학과 4 이미숙 1 장현숙 2 문고정 3 서용규 4 The Latency of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Patients with Meniere s Disease Mee-Sook Lee, 1 Hyun-Sook Jang, 2 Ko-Jung Moon 3 and Yong-Gyu Seo 4 1 Graduate Program in Audiology, 2 Section of Audiology, Audiology and Speech Pathology, Chunchon, Korea 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Bundang Jaesaeng Hospital, Bundang, Korea 4 Speech Language Pathology & Audiology, Kaya University, Kimhae, Korea Meniere s disease is a disease of membranous inner ear characterized by deafness, vertigo and usually tinnitus and has as its pathologic correlate hydropic disease of the endolymphatic hydrops. There is no test that conclusively establishes the diagnosis of Meniere s disease. As part of a diagnostic protocol, EcochG (SP/AP ratio) test has been proposed as a viable objective test. Otoacoustic emission (OAEs) originate from very specific location in the cochlea are closely linked to the function of outer hair cells. Thus, the latency and amplitude of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAEs), afford valuable information about cochlear processes such as study of traveling wave propagation. However, most DPOAE studies deal with amplitude aspect. In this study, investigate the DPOAE latency between normal hearing and patients with Meniere s disease verify it s statistical significance. DPOAEs latency for 25 patients (7 male and 18 female) with unilateral Meniere s disease diagnosed patients were analyzed in this study. The patients ranged in age from (mean 37.9 years) In all ears with pure tone threshold better than 30dBHL from 500 Hz to 8 khz. The result were as follow: SOAEs were present in 17 of the 25 Meniere s disease ears (68%) among the 17 ears with SOAEs the number of emission per varied from one to five, and they were distributed in the range of 903-6,067 Hz, levels ranged from to 0.7 dbspl. The prevalence of SOAEs in the Meniere s disease ear tended to be greater than in the normal ear. The latency decreased as frequency increases up to 8 khz for both in patients with Meniere s disease and control s. The mean value of DPOAE latency for normal ears was significant prolonged than that of ears with Meniere s disease ears in 1 khz, 2 khz (p<.05). There was no gender effect for all frequencies (p>.05). There was no significant relationship between DPOAE latency and presence of SOAEs in patients with Meniere s disease. KEY WORDS:DPOAEs SOAEs Meniere s disease. INTRODUCTION 이음향방사 (Otoacoustic Emission, OAEs) 는신경부위의정상여부와상관없이발생되는것으로청신경의전단계인와우관의능동적활동에물리적기전을제공하는외유모세포의반응을측정하는것이다. 따라서외유모세포의손 논문접수일 :2006 년 7 월 23 일심사완료일 :2006 년 9 월 10 일교신저자 : 이미숙, 경남김해시삼계동 60 번지한림대학교일반대학원언어청각학전공전화 :(019) 전송 :(055) zzanfms@hanmail.net 상을일찍감지할수있는민감성으로이독성약물이나소음, 혹은연령에따른와우의변화상태를신속하게추적관찰할수있다. 14) 그중 1979년 Kemp에의해측정된변조이음향방사 (DPOAE) 는검사의비침습성과짧은검사시간안정된결과및재현성으로임상적유용성이점차확대되고있다. 특히, 메니에르병에서의와우손상후의국소적평가및병리적기전과관련하여와우의기능평가에있어그유용성의평가가치가높다. Martin 등 18) 은메니에르병에서글리세롤테스트에서의삼투압현상에의해야기된개선된청력역치를감지하는것이가능하여와우의손상및변동평가를 141
2 142 AUDIOLOGY 청능재활 2006;2: 위한테스트로적용될수있음을제시하였으며 Giancarlo 7) 은글리세롤테스트를받은환자의 DPOAE 측정결과진폭의변화와질병의기간사이에강한연관성이있음을찾아냈고이를통해메니에르병을 4단계로분류하여예후와진단에이용할수있다고제기하였다. 이와같이메니에르병에서의 DPOAE잠재적인유용성에도불구하고와우내의미세역학적인기능을측정할수있는객관적인수단으로서병태생리학적관심은미비한상태이며대부분의연구및임상에서의활용은강도 (amplitude) 에초점이맞추어져있다. 그러나 DPOAE 의잠복기 (latency) 도와우기저막을따라전달되는진행되는진행파 (traveling wave) 와관련이있어진행파의반응속도를측정하여와우의기능이상을일찍감지할수있다는주장 10)15)22) 이제기되고있고이론상강도 (amplitude) 와는달리외이도및중이에서의압력변화에직접적인영향이없다는연구 22) 가있는바잠복기도와우기능평가에임상적으로매우유용하게사용될가능성이있다고할수있다. 이에본연구에서는 DPOAE의잠복기를측정함으로써잠복기에대한기초자료를얻고메니에르병환자와정상청력성인과의잠복기비교분석을통해메니에르병진단을위한선별검사로써임상적응용이가능한지살펴보고자하였다. MATERIALS AND METHODS 연구대상문진상메니에르증상 ( 반복적어지러움, 이명동반한일측성난청 ) 이있어전정기능검사를포함한청각학적검사를받은환자로 ( 순음청력검사, 소증폭인지도검사, 청각피로검사 ) 고막운동성검사상 A형을보인남자 7명, 여자 18 명총 25명 ( 연령 :20 66, 평균 :37.9세 ) 을대상으로하였다. 비교군인정상군은이과질환의과거력이없고순음청력검사상각주파수 (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 khz) 에서 20 dbhl이내의역치를보이며고막운동성검사상 A형을보인 20~30세사이 ( 평균 :29세) 성인 17명 ( 남자 5, 여자 12) 을대상으로하였다. DPOAE latency 측정주위소음이 35 dba 방음실에서측정대상자들에게안락한자세에서가급적움직임이없도록주의를준후 Otodynamic ILO 92 이음향방사분석기를사용하여변조이음향방사의잠복기를측정하였다. Earprobe는환자에따라알맞은 ear tip을사용하여외이도와 air tight seal 을유지 하였다. DPOAE 잠복기는 2개로분리된트랜스듀서에의해각각 f1과 f2의연속적인순음이발생되는스피커와와우의이음향방사를집음으로하는마이크로폰으로구성되어있는탐침이사용되었다. 잠복기는두자극음 (f1, f2) 을동시에준후와우의외유모세포에서되돌아오는 2f1-f2 반응의위상을외이도에서측정한뒤다시 F2 sweep method 에따라 f1은고정한채 f2를변화시켜위상을재측정하여두위상의차이 (phase gradient) 를이용하여다음과같이구하였다. 잠복기 (ms)=( 위상차 /360 )/(f2 -f2) 이때강도는 f2=65dbspl로조정하며, f1은 f2보다 5~15 dbspl 더강할때그반응이가장크다는보고에근거하여 6)8) f1은 75 dbspl로정하였다. 또한주파수비율은 1.22로일정하게유지시켰고 (f2/f1=1.22, f1<f2) 청각도상의검사주파수는 f2를기준으로 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 khz 에서측정하였다. 자발이음향방사 (SOAEs) 는이음향방사음을 260회누가하여확인하였으며양성판정은소음기준 (noise floor) 보다 3 db 이상일때를하였으며자발이음향방사가발견되는경우재검사를통해이를확인하였다. 자발이음향방사와 DPOAE 의잠복기측정은프로브의거치에따른변동을방지하기위하여프로브를빼지않고연속해서측정하였다. Paired t-test, Student t-test 로통계분석을하였고 p-value<.05 경우통계적으로유의하다고판정하였다. 모든통계분석은 SPSS 10 version을이용하였다. RESULTS 일측성메니에르병환자군으로질병의위치는우측이 20귀 (80%) 좌측이 5귀 (20%) 였다. 이들은청력도상 17 귀 (68%) 에서정상청력을나타냈고고주파수손실형은 5귀 (20%) 평평한손실형은 2귀 (8%), 저주파수손실형은 1 귀 (4%) 였다. 그러나순음청력검사의평균역치는모두 20 dbhl이내에있었다. DPOAE 잠복기측정결과정상인군에서는 100% 측정이가능하였으나메니에르병환자군에서 6 khz, 8 khz의고주파수손실이보이는 ( 순음청력검사상 40 dbhl 을초과 ) 5귀 (20%) 에서 DPOAE 의잠복기는측정되지않았다. 주파수의변화에따른잠복기양상은정상인군, 메니에르병환자군모두주파수가증가함에따라잠복기는감소하는양상을나타냈다 (p<.05). 특히메니에르병환자군에서의잠복기의절대값은정상인군과비교시증가된양상을
3 MS Lee, et al:latency of Distortion Product Otoacoustic EmissionsG 143 Table 1. Measured latencies in DPOAE Frequency (khz) Meniere s disease Normal hearing Mean ms SD Std.Error Mean SD Std.Error Unit: millisecond (ms)(p<.05) 1 khz 2 khz 4 khz 6 khz 8 khz Latency (ms) Male (normal) Female (normal) Male (MD) Female (MD) Meniere s disease Normal hearing Frequency (khz) Fig. 1. The mean of DPOAE latency in patient with Meniere s disease and Normal hearing. Fig. 3. The DPOAE latency of Meniere s disease vs Normal hearing in male and female. Latency (ms) Male Female Frequency (khz) Fig. 2. The mean and standard deviation of male vs female DPOAE latency in Meniere s disease. 나타내었으나 6 khz부터는비슷해졌고주파수의증가에따른잠복기의범위도점차줄어들었으며표준편차 ±2를크게벗어나는잠복기값은없었다 (Table1). 두그룹간의잠복기차이는 1 khz-3.96±1.95 ms, 2 khz-0.72±0.05, 4 khz-0.39±0.30 ms로메니에르병환자군의잠복기가연장되었으나 1 khz와 2 khz에서만통계적으로유의하였고 (p<.05) 다른주파수에서는비슷하였다 (Fig. 1). 잠복기의성별비교결과정상인군의경우 1 khz 에서만남 자의잠복기가길어졌으나메니에르병환자군에서 2 khz 를제외하고는오히려여자의잠복기가더길어졌다. 그러나두그룹모두성별에따른통계적인유의성은없었다 (p>.05)(figs. 2 and 3). 자발이음향방사결과두그룹모두 1~6 khz 사이의주파수에서이음향방사가나타났으며정상인군은 17명중 10 명 (58%) 에서자발이음향방사가출현하였고, 주파수범위는 648~5,090 Hz( 평균 2436 Hz), 진폭은 -22.0~6.4 dbspl( 평균10.69 dbspl) 까지분포하였으며자발이음향방사의정점 (peak) 의수는개수는 1~3로평균 2.23개를가지고있었다. 메니에르병환자군은 25명중 17명 (68%) 에서발현하였고, 주파수범위는 903~6067 Hz( 평균 2416 Hz), 진폭은 -22.0~0.7 dbspl( 평균12.36 dbspl) 까지분포하였으며정점 (peak) 의수는 1~5 개평균 2.2 개로정상청력인에비해메니에르병환자군에서발현율이우세하였으나발현개수및주파수범위는비슷하게나타나통계적인유의성은없었다 (p>.05). 메니에르병환자군에서자발이음향방사가나타난주파수에서의 DPOAE 잠복기를분석해본결과 2 khz와 8 khz 의잠복기가약간연장되기는하였으나통계적인유의성은
4 144 AUDIOLOGY 청능재활 2006;2: 보이지않았다 (p>.05). DISCUSSIONS 청각계통의반응은비선형적인 (nonlinearity) 특징을가지고있다. 이것은음자극에대하여와우기저막의운동, 내유모세포의수용체전위강도 (receptor potential amplitude), 신경세포등이자극음의증가에따라제한된범위안에서비직선적인반응양상으로증가하는것을의미하며이러한비선형성의증가가 distortion product 이다. 변조이음향방사 (DPOAE) 는두개의다른주파수를가진순음 f1, f2의음자극이가해졌을때발생하는여러주파수의음향방사로그중에가장강한 2f1-f2의주파수를보이는 cubic distortion product 를이용한검사법이다. 특히 DPOAE 는청력역치가 15 db를넘으면항상나타나고 50 db를넘으면발현하지않아선별검사의목적으로 TEOAE 가선호되나와우의변화를추적하는데는 DPOAE가유용하다. 4)5)20) 메니에르병의진단은주로임상적인판단및전정기능검사가이용되나이는메니에르병특이적인양성소견을관찰할수없다. 최근들어전기와우갑각검사 (EcochG) 의우세한 negative SP을이용한 -SP/AP의비율이메니에르병및내림프수종의진단에있어 84% 의양성율을보여믿을만한검사로이용되고있으나어떤검사도절대적이지못하다. 이에본연구에서는와우의정보를제공함에있어빠른검사시간및간편성, 넓은주파수대 (1~8 khz) 에서주파수특이적인정보를제공하며, 검사가능한청력손실정도가더넓은장점이있는 DPOAE 의잠복기를이용하여메니에르병의진단에이용해보고자하였다. DPOAE 의잠복기를측정한본연구에서메니에르병환자군은정상청력인그룹과마찬가지로주파수의증가에따라잠복기가감소하는양상을보여주었다. 이결과는다른연구결과 10)16)18)25) 와비교시잠복기절대값은차이가있으나주파수에따른전체적인변화유형은비슷하게나타났다. 이는와우기저막의최대흥분지점이자극주파수가증가할수록기저막의첨단부 (apical region) 에서기저부 (basal region) 으로이동하기때문이며이는곧잠복기가와우기저막을따라가는자극음의음파의진행과정과관계가있다는가설을뒷받침해주고있다. 10)17)19) DPOAE 의강도를이용한연구에서일반적인결론은메니에르병은내림프액의축적으로내이내의압력이증가하고이로인해환자의외유모세포는상처를입게되어이음향방사가감소하거나부재한다고알려져있다. Giancarlo 등 7) 은메니에르병환자에서 DPOAE 의 amplitude가정상인에비해낮게나타났으며, 글리세롤투여후에는청력장애정 도에따라증가하였고, 질병기간이짧은환자에서 DPOAE 가발현됨을관찰하였다. 이는메니에르병초기에는내림프수종에의한압력으로기능이약화된첨단부의외유모세포의손실및기능감퇴와상관이있는것으로보이며이로인해저주파수에서의 amplitude가낮게나타난것이라고하였다. 24)28) Wim 등 26) 은메니에르병환자의 DPOAE 가저주파수보다고주파수에서발현되는이유를다음의두가지로설명하였다. 첫째는와우보다중이의상태에관련이있다고보았다. 즉, 내림프액의과압력때문에등골의위치가바뀌게되고중이에서음향전도에변화를일으켜 1 khz, 또는 2 khz까지 DPOAE 의발현이약하게나타난다는설명이다. 둘째는첨단부의외유모세포가상처받기쉽고이로인해저주파수에서의 DPOAE 의발현을감소시키게된다는것이다. 이것은메니에르병이초기는와우의첨단회전의제 3열외유모세포의변화에서나타나며점차기저회전쪽으로파급되고나중에는내유모세포까지변화가온다는견해와일치한다. 3)11) 본연구에서메니에르병환자군의순음청력역치는정상인군과비슷함에도불구하고 DPOAE 의잠복기가 1 khz 와 2 kh의저주파수에서통계적으로유의하게증가되었는데이는 Wim 등의결과와일치하며이를통해다음을시사할수있다. DPOAE 잠복기반응은청신경의전단계인와우관의능동적활동에물리적기전을제공하는외유모세포의운동성에의거한반응으로청각의중추신경계의영향을받지않으면서와우내의영향을밝힐수있는데특히개막에닿아있는외유모세포의운동성이내림프액의소용돌이를일으켜그에의해개막에닿아있지않은내유모세포의스테레오실리아를움직이게하여반응을일으킨다. 이에따라구심성청신경의대부분이닿아있는내유모세포의자극이순음청력역치의반응을좌우하는데외유모세포의손상이내유모세포에닿아있는구심성청신경을자극하여청력역치를높일때까지는시간이소요된다. 그러나외유모세포의손상은 DPOAE 의잠복기는변화시키나순음청력역치를변화시키지않아메니에르병을초기에발견할수있고지속적인추적관찰에도움을줄수있다는것과고주파수에서의잠복기가정상청력인과같거나비슷하다는것은기저부의외유모세포의보존이잘되어있다는것이다. 남녀간의잠복기차이는정상인군의경우일반적으로남성의잠복기가더길고저주파수지역에서변화가있으며 25) 남자가 2 khz에서유의하게길게나타났다 15) 는연구결과가있으며본연구에서도정상인군의경우 1 khz에서통계적인유의성은없으나남성의잠복기가증가하여, 남녀의차이는 0.78 Hz에서만남성이길게나타나첨단부위
5 MS Lee, et al:latency of Distortion Product Otoacoustic EmissionsG 145 에서만차이가조금 (8%) 난다고한 Kimberly 등 10) 의연구결과와일치한다고할수있다. 메니에르병환자의경우는오히려여성의잠복기가전반적으로증가되어나타났으나통계적인유의성은없었다. 이렇게정상인의경우저주파수에서남성의잠복기가연장되는것은와우의성숙도로인한차이보다는머리의크기나와우의길이 ( 남성 : 37.1 mm, 여성 :32.3 mm), 자극음의근원지에서와우까지의거리가여자가더짧기때문인것으로, 메니에르병환자의결과는질병에의한성별의특징이라기보다는피검자가여성의비율이많은요인때문으로생각된다. 자발이음향방사의양성율은문헌마다차이가있으나보통정상인에서의발현빈도는 13% 에서 44% 로다양하며평균약 30% 에서발현된다고보고있으며각개인에서이음향방사가나타나는주파수는고정되어있어시간이지나도변동은매우적은것으로알려져있다. 28) 그러나내림프수종이있는환자에서의자발이음향방사에대한연구결과정상인에비해발현율, 발현갯수및주파수비율이높게나타났으며글리세롤테스트후청력이개선된주파수와일치하는기저막의특정한부위에서발생하므로이를통해내림프수종으로인한병리적인상태와자발이음향방사와의관계를고려되면내림프수종의상태를확인하는선별테스트로유용하다고하였다. 24) 본연구의결과두그룹의자발이음향방사와비교시메니에르병환자군에서 68% 의발현율로정상인군의 58% 보다높게나타났으나발현개수및주파수비율은비슷하였다. 또한정상인군과마찬가지로메니에르병환자군은 1~3 khz 부근에서자발이음향방사의발현이강하게나타났는데이러한결과는중이의역행적인음파의전이과정이이러한주파수에서가장효과적으로이루어져발생한다고생각되며 2)27) 또한특정주파수를나타내는기저막의특정부위에서외유모세포의능동적인진동의항진으로자발이음향방사가발생한다는것을시사한다고할수있다. 결국자발이음향방사의임상적의의는제한적이고자발이음향방사가없는것은임상적으로중요한것은아니지만이것이존재함은방사가나타난주파수대역을중심으로외유모세포의기능이정상임을의미한다고할수있다. 23) 본검사에서의검사대상인원이적었고질병의기간, 단계, 나이등이고려되지않았기때문에본연구의결과만으로는메니에르병을진단하기에는무리가따른다. 그러나 DPOAE 잠복기가 1 khz, 2 khz에서통계적으로유의하게증가되었고또한자발이음향방사의발현이우수하게나타나이를이용한체계적인후속연구가선행된다면선별검사로써도움이될수있으리라사료된다. CONCLUSIONS 본연구는메니에르병환자와정상청력인과의비교분석을통하여 DPOAE 의잠복기에대한기초자료를얻고메니에르병진단을위한선별검사로써임상적응용이가능한지살펴보고자하였다. 1) 정상인군, 메니에르병환자군모두주파수가증가함에따라잠복기는감소하는양상을나타냈다 (p<. 05). 2) 두그룹간의잠복기차이는 1 khz-3.96±1.95 ms, 2 khz-0.72±0.05, 4 khz-0.39±0.30 ms로메니에르병환자군의잠복기가연장되었으며 6kHz부터는비슷해졌다. 특히, 1 khz와 2 khz에서통계적으로유의하게증가하였다 (p<.05). 3) 모든검사주파수에서두그룹모두성별에따른차이가통계적으로유의하지않았다 (p>.05). 4) 자발이음향방사는메니에르병환자군의발현율로정상인군보다높게나타났으나발현갯수및주파수비율, 정점 (peak) 의수는비슷하였다이러한결과는변조이음향방사의잠복기가음파의진행과정과관계가있어와우의기능평가에사용될수있음을시사하고좀더체계적인연구가이루어진다면진단을위한선별검사로써임상적사용도가능성이있으리라생각된다. 중심단어 : 변조이음향방사 자발이음향방사 메니에르질환. REFERENCES 1. 김진숙 이정학 이상현 김용복 박문서. 정상청력인에서변조이음향방사의잠복기에관한연구. 대한이비인후과학회지. 1997;40(3): 장선오 정하원 장용주 김춘동. 이명또는감각신경성난청을가진환자군에서의자발이음향방사. 대한이비인후과학회지. 1997;1(1): Albers FWJ, de Groot JCMJ, Veldman JE, et al. Ultrastructue of the stria vascularis and Reissner s membrane in experimental hydrops. Acta Otolaryngol. 1987;104: Baldwin M, Watkin P. The clinical application of otoacoustic emissions in paediatric audiological assessment. J Laryngol Otol. 1992; 106: Franklin FJ, McCoy MJ, Martin GK, Lonsbury-Martin BL. Test/ retest of distortion product and transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions. Ear Hear. 1992;13(6): Gaskill SA, Brown AM. The behavior of the acoustic distortion product, 2f1-f2, from the human ear and its relation to auditory sensitivity. J Acoust Soc Am. 1990;88: Giancarlo C, Giovanni R, Mariantonietta F, Giancarlo A, Giaseppe N. Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Meniere s disease: Scan Audiol. 2000;29: Grzegorz N, Krzysxtof M, Piort U, Grazyna T, Grazyna L. Latency of 2f1-f2 Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions measured using a phase-gradient method in young people, in the elderly and in people exposed to noise. Scan Audiol. 2001;30(suppl 52): Hauser R, Probst R. The influence of systematic primary tone level variation L2-L1 on the acoustic distortion product emission 2f1-f2 in
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