Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(4): Online ISSN: ORI
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1 Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(4): Online ISSN: ORIGINAL ARTICLE LES 를이용한복단면개수로의바닥전단응력분포특성분석 Analysis of Bed Shear Stress Distributions in Compound Open Channels Using Large Eddy Simulation. 이두한 * 한국건설기술연구원하천실증연구센터연구위원 Du Han Lee* River Experiment Center, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Korea Received 09 October 2018, revised 28 October 2018, accepted 28 November 2018, published online 31 December 2018 ABSTRACT: In river design, consideration of bed shear stresses is necessary to secure stability of levee and floodplain. In this study distributions of bed shear stresses in compound open channels are analyzed through numerical simulation for various width and depth. LES solver in OpenFOAM is applied to 12 cases of compound channel shapes considering secondary flow which effects distributions of bed shear stresses. By the results time averaged velocity distributions, secondary currents, and distributions of bed shear stresses are analyzed. Overall distributions of bed shears in floodplain show that higher shear stresses are seen in left of floodplain and the shears decrease toward right of floodplain. However, high local variations in shear stresses are shown due to the secondary flow effects. In shallow floodplain, bed shear stresses show low value below 0.8 times of averaged bed shear. In deep floodplain, bed shear stresses show high value over times of averaged bed shear. KEYWORDS: Bed shear stress, Compound open channels, Large eddy simulation, OpenFOAM, Secondary flow 요약 : 하천설계에서제방과홍수터의안정성확보를위해서는바닥전단응력을고려하는것이필수적이다. 본연구에서는다양한하폭과수심에따른복단면의바닥전단응력을모의하여분포특성을분석하였다. 바닥전단응력분포에지배적인영향을주는이차류를모의하기위하여 OpenFOAM 의 large eddy simulation (LES) 를적용하였으며하폭과수심을고려하여 12 개의케이스를모의하였다. 모의결과를이용하여시간평균유속분포, 이차류분포, 바닥전단응력분포등의특성에대하여분석하였다. 홍수터바닥전단응력분포는전체적으로홍수터좌안에서높은값이나타나고우안방향으로감소하는경향을확인하였으나이차류에의해상당한국부적인변화가나타남을확인하였다. 홍수터의수심이얕은경우에는홍수터의바닥전단응력이평균전단응력의 0.8 배이하로낮은값이나타나고있으나홍수터의수심이깊은경우에는평균전단응력의 배의높은값이나타남을확인하였다. 홍수터의폭이좁은경우에는홍수터우안측벽의영향으로국부적으로높은값이나타나는것도확인할수있었다. 핵심어 : 바닥전단응력, 복단면개수로, LES, OpenFOAM, 이차류 1. 서론 개수로의바닥전단응력은국내설계기준에서는일 반적으로소류력으로표현되며홍수시하천의안정성을평가하는주요설계인자이다. 단면의횡방향바닥전단응력의분포는단면의유속분포, 이차류, 난류구조 *Corresponding author: dhlee@kict.re.kr, ORCID c Korean Society of Ecology and Infrastructure Engineering. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 199
2 200 D.H. Lee / Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(4): 등의영향을받는데복단면개수로의경우에는저수로와홍수터간의유속차이와이에따른이차류및난류구조의영향으로매우복잡한양상을나타낸다 (Prinos et al. 1985, Tominaga and Nezu 1991). 복단면수로의흐름과난류특성은실험연구를통해서정밀하게측정되어제시되었다. Tominaga and Nezu (1991), Shiono and Knight (1991) 등은 LDA (laser doppler anemometers) 를이용한복단면흐름측정에의해복단면형상과홍수터조도가주흐름분포, 이차류분포, 레이놀즈응력분포, 바닥전단응력, 운동량교환등에미치는영향을분석하였다. 복단면흐름에대한수치모의연구도최근까지다양하게진행되었다. RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations) 에기반한연구는 Naot et al. (1993), Pezzinga (1994), Sofialidis and Prinos (1998) 등이대표적인데이들연구에서는자신들의 RANS 모형이복단면흐름에서시간평균유속분포와바닥전단응력을잘예측하고있음을보여준다. Pezzinga (1994) 와 Sofialidis and Prinos (1998) 등은비선형난류모형을이용하여이차류분포까지예측하였다. RANS 모형에대한대안인 LES 모형은큰규모의와류를모델링없이직접해석하므로난류이차항에대한정확한계산이가능하다. 개수로에서 LES를적용한대표적이연구는 Constantinescu et al. (2009), van Balen et al (2010), Stoesser et al (2010) 등이있다. 복단면개수로에는 Thomas and Williams (1995) 가처음으로 LES를적용하였으며 Cater and Williams (2008) 는 Thomas and Williams (1995) 의연구를마무리하였다. Kara et al. (2012) 은 Hydro3D 코드를이용하여균일격자로 LES 모의를수행하여홍수터수심에따른영향을검토하였다. 본연구에서는복단면형상에따른바닥전단응력분포를분석하기위하여오픈소스코드인 OpenFOAM LES를이용하여벽부근이조밀한비균일격자를구성하여모의하였다. 복단면개수로에서 OpenFOAM 코드의 LES 검증은 Lee (2017) 에의해수행되어본논문에서는제외하였다. 2. 연구방법 2.1 지배방정식 LES 지배방정식은 Navier-Stokes 방정식을공간필 터로평균하여구한다. 흐름변수 (f) 는큰규모 (large scale) 와작은규모 (small scale) 로다음과같이분리한다. (Eq. 1) 여기서윗줄표식은공간평균된큰규모의흐름변수이며프라임은작은규모의흐름변수이다. 공간필터를적용하면연속방정식과운동량방정식은각각다음과같다. (Eq. 2) (Eq. 3) Eq. 3의이송항은 항으로표현할수없으므로 SGS (sub grid scale) 응력텐서를도입하며다음과같이정의된다. (Eq. 4) Eq. 4 를 Eq. 3 에대입하면 Eq. 5 를유도할수있다. (Eq. 5) Eq. 5를풀기위해서는 SGS 응력 에대한모형화가필요한데 OpenFOAM을비롯한다목적 CFD 코드에서는일반적으로 Boussinesq 가정을도입하여모형화한다. 즉, SGS 응력은점성응력과유사하다고가정하며 Eq. 6과같이표현된다. (Eq. 6) 여기서 는 SGS 점성이라고불리며여과된속도장에서계산된다. SGS 점성을계산하기위한다양한모형이제안되었다. Ban and Choi (2014) 를포함한개수로흐름분석에
3 D.H. Lee / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(4): 는 Smargorinsky-Lilly SGS 모형이적용되었다. Rogallo and Moin (1984) 에의하면 Smargorinsky-Lilly SGS 모형은적용되는모형상수 C sgs 에영향을크게받으며특히벽부근에서는난류의비등방성으로상수값이달리적용하여야함을밝혔다. 이를해결하기위하여 SGS 난류운동에너지의이송을고려하는일방정식모형이제안되었으며본연구에서는일방정식모형을적용하였다. 일방정식모형에서 SGS 점성은 Eq. 7과 Eq. 8에의해계산된다. (Eq. 7) (Eq. 8) 여기서 는여과응력변화율텐서이며, =1.048, =0.094 이다. 2.3 OpenFOAM 모형적용 OpenFOAM 모형은앞에서제시된지배방정식을유한체적법을적용하여해석하며병렬연산을위해서 MPI (message passing interface) 를적용한다. 본연구에서는 MPI를이용한병렬연산을적용하여 LES 해석 Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of compound open channels used in this study (Lee 2017). 을수행하였다. 유속 - 압력상관관계계산에는 PIMPLE 알고리즘을적용하였다. 복단면하도의변수정의는 Fig. 1과같은데주수로수심 (H) 과전체하폭 (B) 은고정한상태에서홍수터수심 (h) 과주수로폭 (b) 을조정하여총 12개케이스를설정하였다 (Table 1). 경계조건은 Fig. 2와같은데측벽과바닥벽은벽경계를적용하였으며자유수면경계조건은 free slip 조건을적용하였다. 계산영역의길이는주수로수심의 6배로설정하였으며상하류경계는압력차가일정한 cyclic 조건을적용하였다. 계산영역의격자구성은 Fig. 3과같으며 x 방향으로 128개, z 방향으로는 128개로고정하였으며 y 방향으로는수심에따라 56-66개의격자를구성하였다. 바닥벽과측벽부근의격자가조밀한비균일격자를적용하였다. 벽부근의격자를조밀하게구성하여벽부근에발생하는작은와를직접모의하여모의의정확도를향상시키고자하였다. 초기조건으로는전체계산영역에평균유속을 Table 1. Flow conditions of the simulation cases in this study Case H (m) h (m) B (m) b (m) h/h b/b Mean velocity (m/s) Reynolds Re CR ,800 CR ,250 CR ,700 CR ,150 CR ,000 CR ,708 CR ,250 CR ,792 CR ,867 CR ,333 CR ,800 CR ,267
4 202 D.H. Lee / Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(4): Fig. 2. Computational setup and boundary conditions for the large eddy simulation (LES) used in this study (Lee 2017). Fig. 3. Composition of cross sectional grid points used in this study (Lee 2017). 설정하였으며계산시간이진행되면서난류가발생되도록하였다. 초기 160 τ 시간동안균일한난류발생을위해모의하였으며그이후 30 τ 시간동안의모의결과를이용하여난류특성을분석하였다. 계산은한국건설기술연구원의클러스터시스템인 Garam을이용하였다. Garam은 12개의계산노드가있으며각노드는 20개의코어로구성되어있어총 240 개의코어를병렬로사용할수있다. CPU는 Intel Xeon E5-2680v2 2.8GHz이며운영체제는 CentOS이며 OpenFOAM 4.0을이용하여계산하였다. 3. 결과및논의 3.1 평균유속분포본논문에서평균유속은 τ 시간동안의각지점 별시간평균유속을나타낸다. Fig. 4, Fig. 5 및 Fig. 6은 12개케이스중 3개케이스의평균유속분포를최대유속 (Umax) 으로나눈분포를나타내고있다. 유속처짐 (velocity dip) 현상은홍수터수심이얕은경우에보다확실하게나타나고있다. 유속처짐현상은기본적으로측벽의영향으로인해발생하므로홍수터수심이얕은경우는홍수터연결부의주수로측벽영향이증가된다고볼수있다. 즉, 홍수터수심이얕은경우에는단단면과유사한유속분포가나타난다. 홍수터의수심이깊은경우에는폭이넓은직사각형수로의유속분포와유사하게나타난다. 즉, 홍수터연결부의측벽영향은상당히약해지며바닥의영향이지배적임을나타낸다. 홍수터수심이증가함에따라최대유속발생지점이홍수터방향으로이동하는것도확인할수있다. 홍수터연결부에서는유속분포상의등유속선이자유수면 Fig. 4. Normalized streamwise mean velocity in case CR01.
5 D.H. Lee / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(4): Fig. 5. Normalized streamwise mean velocity in case CR13. Fig. 6. Normalized streamwise mean velocity in case CR24. 방향으로상승하는분포를나타내는데이를유속분포볼록화 (velocity bulge) 라부른다 (Fig. 4 참고 ). 이현상은홍수터의수심이깊은경우에는뚜렷하게관찰되나홍수터수심이얕은경우에는약해진다. 3.2 이차류분포 Tominaga and Nezu (1991) 는실험결과에의해복단면하도에서총 5 가지와류를관찰하여제시하였다. 자유수면와류 (free surface vortex) 는주수로에서발생하는시계방향와류이며주수로와류 (main channel vortex) 는홍수터와인접한주수로에발생하는반시계방향와류이다. 홍수터와류 (floodplain vortex) 는주수로에인접한홍수터에서발생하는시계방향와류이며, 바닥와류 (bottom vortex) 는주수로바닥벽에서발생하는반시계방향와류이며, 연결부바닥와류 (junction bottom vortex) 는홍수터연결부의주수로바닥에서발생하는시계방향와류이다. Fig. 7, Fig. 8및 Fig. 9는대표케이스에대한이차류분포를나타내고있다. 이차류분포는수심이동일한경우에는하폭에따른영향을받지않고모든케이스에 Fig. 7. Secondary currents of the case CR01. Fig. 8. Secondary currents of the case CR13.
6 204 D.H. Lee / Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(4): Fig. 9. Secondary currents of the case CR24. 서유사한분포를나타내고있다. 즉, 홍수터연결부에서의주수로와류와홍수터와류의양상이비슷하게나타난다. 홍수터폭변화에따라홍수터와류는다른양상을나타낸다. h/h = 0.5에서는홍수터폭이넓은경우에는 2-3개의홍수터와류구조가나타나지만홍수터하폭이감소하면홍수터와류가 1개로감소하며홍수터측벽의내부와류가명확하게관찰되지않는다. h/h = 0.25에서도비슷한양상이나타나는데홍수터하폭이감소하면서홍수터와류의개수가감소하며홍수터측벽의내부와류가명확하게나타나지는않는다. 주수로의와류구조는주수로폭이증가하면서보다복잡한양상을나타내고있다. h/h = 0.75인경우에는홍수터의와류구조가복잡한양상을나타낸다. 홍수터폭이넓은 CR21에서는홍수터중앙에큰규모의홍수터와류가나타나며홍수터측벽에 3개의내부와류가명확하게나타난다. 홍수터폭의감소에따라홍수터중앙의와류규모는감소하며홍수터측벽의내부와류와결합하는형태를나타낸다. 홍수터폭이최소가되는 CR24에서는 1개의홍수터와와류와 2개의측벽내부와류만이명확하게나타난다. 3.3 바닥전단응력분포 Fig. 10 Fig. 15는대표적인케이스에대한횡방향바닥전단응력분포를나타내고있는데이분포는평균전단응력에대한각지점의전단응력의비를나타낸다. 전체적인바닥전단응력의분포는주수로에서높은값과홍수터에서의낮은값을나타내는일관성을보여주고있다. 바닥전단응력의국부적인변화는이차류방향과관련이있는것으로알려져있다 (Tominaga and Nezu 1991). h/h = 0.5에서는주수로측벽, 주수로중앙, 홍수터연결부, 홍수터좌안, 홍수터측벽등에서높은값을나타낸다. CR01에서는최대값은주수로중앙에서나타나지만주수로측벽에서도주수로좌안측벽의내부와류의영향으로높은값을나타내고있다. 홍수터의바닥전단응력분포는홍수터연결부부근에서높은값을나타내며우안방향을따라감소하는경향을보여주고있다. 홍수터폭이감소함에따라주수로의바닥전단응력이상대적으로증가하며홍수터의전체적인바닥전단응력은감소하는경향을뚜렷이나타내고있다. 홍수터폭이가장작은 CR04에서홍수터의최대소류력은 Fig. 10. Bed shear stress distribution in case CR01.
7 D.H. Lee / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(4): Fig. 11. Bed shear stress distribution in case CR04. Fig. 12. Bed shear stress distribution in case CR11. Fig. 13. Bed shear stress distribution in case CR14.
8 206 D.H. Lee / Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(4): Fig. 14. Bed shear stress distribution in case CR21. Fig. 15. Bed shear stress distribution in case CR24. 평균소류력의 0.8 배정도로나타난다. h/h = 0.25에서는홍수터수심이얕아서흐름이주수로에집중되므로주수로에서의바닥전단응력이높게나타난다. 주수로중앙에서도높은바닥전단응력이나타나지만주수로의우안에서도높은값이나타난다. 이는홍수터연결부의측벽높이가높아서측벽에의한이차류영향을상당히받고있음을보여준다. 홍수터에서의바닥전단응력분포는홍수터좌안에서높은값을나타내며우안방향을따라감소하는경향을나타내고있다. 그러나홍수터폭이매우좁은경우에는홍수터우안측벽에서발생하는이차류의영향으로국부적으로높은값을나타내고있다. CR11를제외하고홍수터의최대바닥전단응력은평균전단응력의 0.8 배정도로나타나고있다. h/h = 0.75인경우에는복잡한이차류구조로인하여바닥전단응력의분포도다소복합적인양상을나타낸다. 홍수터의높이가수심이비해서낮으므로홍수터의바닥전단응력이높게나타나며국부적으로홍수터연결부의이차류구조로인하여최대전단응력이홍수터에서발생하기도한다. 반면에홍수터우안측벽에의한국부적인바닥전단응력의상승이나타나기는하지만그크기는제한적이다. 홍수터폭이감소함에따라홍수터의바닥전단응력은감소하는데홍수터폭이가장작은 CR24에서는큰폭의감소경향을나타내고있다. 그러나홍수터의바닥전단응력은 h/h = 0.25와 0.5에비해서는큰편으로그값이가장작은경우에도평균전단응력의 1.0 배에근접하고있다. 모의된케이스에대해서주수로와홍수터에서수심
9 D.H. Lee / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(4): Fig. 16. Variation of max bed shear stresses with b/b in main channel. Fig. 17. Variation of max bed shear stresses with h/h in main channel. Fig. 18. Variation of max bed shear stresses with b/b in floodplain. 비 (h/h) 와하폭비 (b/b) 의변화에따른최대바닥전단응력을비교하면 Fig. 16 Fig. 19와같다. 수심비가증가하면최대전단응력은주수로에서는감소하나홍수터에서는증가하는양상을나타낸다. 하폭비증가에따른양상은주수로에서는수심에따라다소감소하거나증가하는양상을나타낸다. 홍수터에서는하폭비증가에따라최대전단응력은감소하는경향을나타낸다. 4. 결론본연구에서는홍수터안정성분석을위하여복단면하도의바닥전단응력의분포를홍수터수심과하폭변화에따라모의하여분석하였다. 바닥전단응력의분포는주흐름과함께이차류의영향을크게받으므로이를고려하기위하여 OpenFOAM의 LES 모형을이용하
10 208 D.H. Lee / Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure (2018) 5(4): Fig. 19. Variation of max bed shear stresses with h/h in floodplain. 여모의하였다. 홍수터침수의다양한조건을고려하기위하여하폭과수심조건에따라 12가지조건을설정하여모의를수행하였다. 모의결과를이용하여복단면형상에따른시간평균유속분포, 이차류분포, 바닥전단응력분포특성등을분석하였다. 시간평균유속분포에의해홍수터형상에따른최대유속처짐현상과홍수터연결부유속분포볼록화현상의변화를관찰할수있었다. 이차류변화는홍수터가좁고얕은경우에는홍수터와류구조가단순해지며홍수터측벽의영향은일정정도유지됨을확인할수있었다. 홍수터바닥전단응력분포는전체적으로홍수터좌안에서높은값이나타나고우안방향으로감소하는경향을확인하였으나이차류에의해상당한국부적인변화가나타남을확인하였다. 홍수터의수심이얕은경우에는평균전단응력의 0.8배이하로낮은값이나타나고있으나홍수터의수심이깊은경우에는평균전단응력의 배의높은값이나타남을확인하였다. 홍수터의폭이좁은경우에는홍수터우안측벽의영향으로국부적으로높은값이나타나는것도확인할수있었다. 홍수터바닥전단응력의분포는하천설계에서홍수터와제방의설계외력을고려하기위해매우중요하나국내에서는관련연구가많지않다. 본연구는실제하천의조도상태와규모를충분히반영하지못한한계는있으나홍수터의상대적인수심과하폭에따른설계소류력의양상을참고할수있는자료로의미가있을것으로기대한다. 감사의글본연구는국토교통부물관리연구개발사업의연구 비지원 ( 과제번호 18AWMP-B ) 에의해수행되었습니다. References Ban, C. and Choi, S.U Large eddy simulation of rectangular open-channel flow using OpenFOAM. Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34(3): Cater, J.E. and Williams, J.J.R Large eddy simulation of a long asymmetric compound. Journal of Hydraulic Research 46(4): Constantinescu, G., Sukhodolov, A. and McCoy, A Mass exchange in a shallow channel flow with a series of groynes: LES study and comparison with laboratory and field experiments. Environmental Fluid Mechanics 9(6): 587. Kara, S., Stoesser, T., and Sturm, T.W Turbulence statistics in compound channels with deep and shallow overbank flows. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 50(5), , DOI: / Lee, D Analysis of compound open channel flow using Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure 4(1): Naot, D., Nezu, I. and Nakagawa, H Hydrodynamic behavior of compound rectangular open channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 119(3): Pezzinga, G Velocity distribution in compound channel flows by numerical modeling. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 120(10): Prinos, P., Townsend, R. and Tavoularis, S Structure of turbulence in compound channel flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 111(9): Rogallo, R.S. and Moin, P Numerical simulation of turbulent flows. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 16(1): Shiono, K. and Knight, D.W Turbulent open channel
11 D.H. Lee / Ecol. Resil. Infrastruct. (2018) 5(4): flows with variable depth across the channel. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 222: Sofialidis, D. and Prinos, P. (1998). Compound openchannel flow modelling with nonlinear low-reynolds k-e models. J. Hydraulic Eng., 124 (3): Stoesser, T., Kim, S.J. and Diplas, P Turbulent fl ow through idealized emergent vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 136(12): Thomas, T.G. and Williams, J.J.R Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow in an asymmetric compound open channel. Journal of Hydraulic Research 33(1): Tominaga, A. and Nezu, I Turbulent structure in compound open-channel flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 117(1): Van Balen, W., Blanckaert, K. and Uijttewaal, W.S.J Analysis of the role of turbulence in curved open-channel flow at different water depths by means of experiments, LES and RANS. Journal of Turbulence 11(12): 1-34.
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