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1 Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2019;51(2): Korean Society for Clinical Laboratory Science ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluation of Absorption and Release, Survival Efficiency and Recovery Rate of Transport Medium according to the CLSI M40-A2 Standard Sung-Il Ha1, Hyun-Soo Suk1, Jeong-Seob Shin1, Woong Heo1, Kang-Gyun Park2, Yeon-Joon Park3 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul Saint Mary s Hospital, Seoul, Korea Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu Saint Mary s Hospital, Uijeongbu, Korea 3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 2 CLSI M40-A2 기준에 따른 수송배지의 흡수 및 배출, 생존 효율, 회수율 평가 하성일1, 석현수1, 신정섭1, 허 웅1, 박강균2, 박연준 가톨릭대학교 서울성모병원 진단검사의학과, 가톨릭대학교 의정부성모병원 진단검사의학과, 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 진단검사의학과 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received May 3, 2019 The absorption and release capacities, survival efficiency, and recovery rates of five kinds of transport media were evaluated based on the swab elution method (Quantitative) of CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) M40-A2. Liquid media showed mostly better results than semi-solid media in the three evaluations. The flocked swabs had better ability to absorption and discharge bacteria than the standard swabs. The liquid medium (S4) had the best survival efficiency. Pneumococcal strains with poor growth had a higher survival efficiency and recovery rate in liquid media (S4, S5). The results of microbial recovery showed that S. pyogenes met all the CLSI standards in all media. S. pneumoniae was inadequate in the semi- solid media (S2, S3) and all the remaining media met the criteria. H. influenzae was unsuitable in semi-solid media (S1, S3) and met the criteria in semi-solid medium (S2) and liquid medium (S4, S5). The viability of the H. influenzae, pneumococcal strain causing respiratory disease, was poor in most media. Overgrowth of P. aeruginosa was observed at room temperature. The combination of liquid medium and flocked swab confirmed the best results in the three evaluation methods. st Revised 1 May 17, 2019 nd Revised 2 May 23, 2019 rd Revised 3 May 24, 2019 Accepted May 25, 2019 Key words CLSI M40-A2 Flocked swab Liquid media Semi-solid media Standard swab Copyright 2019 The Korean Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. All rights reserved. 서 론 하는 것이 필수적이며, 24시간에서 48시간 동안 미생물의 생존 성을 유지하는 것이 매우 중요하다[1, 2]. 그리고 수송배지에 사용 임상 미생물 검사에서 감염원을 배양하기 위해 임상 검체의 되는 swab의 흡수 및 배출 능력 또한 중요한 요소로 작용한다[2]. 적절한 운반은 검체 배양의 성공적인 평가에 영향을 미치는 가 수송배지 사용의 역사를 살펴보면 1893년 전선 끝에 거즈를 장 중요한 요인일 수 있다. 대다수의 검체는 미생물 검사실에 지 싸서 튜브에 넣고 열풍 살균하여 디프테리아에 감염된 것으로 연되어 도착하기 때문에 검체 내 미생물의 생존 가능성을 유지 의심된 환자 인두 점막에서 처음으로 사용한 것이다[3]. 그 이후 검체를 수송하기 위한 수송배지는 임균 수송을 목적으로 1948 * Corresponding author: Sung-Il Ha Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul Saint Mary s Hospital, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea hsi0708@hanmail.net * ORCID: 년 최초로 Stuart s medium이 개발되었고, 그 이후에 Vibrio, Salmonella, Shigella 같은 장내세균 생존능력 향상을 위해 Cary-Blair medium이 개발되었다[4-6]. 그리고 마지막으로 pissn eissn This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 Korean J Clin Lab Sci. Vol. 51, No. 2, June 현재널리사용되고있는 Amies medium은온타리오공중보건연구소 (Ontario Public Health Laboratories, PHL) 의의료미생물학자인 C.R. Amies가 1967년에임균의회수율을향상시키기위해 Stuart s 수송배지를모방하여개발한것이다 [7]. 앞서언급했듯이현재검체채취및수송을위한수송배지의발전은크게없었으면, 이에대한평가도많이존재하지않아대부분의검사실이예전부터사용해오던면봉수송배지가 wound, pus 등의검체채취및운송에가장광범위하게사용되고있다. 물론현재사용하고있는면봉수송배지가비교적편리하고비용이저렴하지만검체내미생물의보존과배양양성률을향상시키기위해서는현재보다좀더나은수송배지가필요하였다. 그래서좀더효율적이고성능이뛰어난수송배지를찾고자평가를진행하게되었다. 재료및방법 1. 수송배지의종류평가에이용된수송배지는 3종류의반유동배지 AM608-2S TM (S1, Asan Co., Seoul, Korea), Transystem TM (S2, Copan Diagnostics Inc., Murrieta, CA, USA), N-Swab transport TM (S3, Noble Bio, Hwaseong, Korea), 2종류의액체배지 eswab TM (S4, Copan Diagnostics Inc., Murrieta, CA, USA), REST TM Swab transport (S5, Noble Bio, Hwaseong, Korea) 총 5종류를비교평가하였다 (Table 1). 2. 실험방법평가방법은 48시간동안세균을실온에방치하여임상적으로중요한세균의흡수및배출, 생존효율, 회수율을시판되는 5종류의수송배지를 CLSI M40-A2의 Swab elution method (Quantitative) 기준으로평가하였다 [3, 8, 9]. 평가에 4종류의표준균주를이용하였고 (Table 2), 각각의균주를 McF 0.5 탁도로맞춘후 1:10희석하여희석된균부유액을 96 well plate에 100 L를분주하고, 균부유액을분주한곳에 swab 넣고 초간흡수시킨후 swab을다시수송배지에넣어실온방치하였다. 실온방치는 0시간, 24시간, 48시간하였고, 각각의시간마다 3개의수송배지를사용하였고, 실온방치 0시간은수송배지를실온에서 5 15 분방치하여검사에이용한것이다. 실온방치한수송배지에서 swab을꺼내어생리식염수 1 ml이들어있는튜브에넣고 15초간 vortex 후 100 L 를채취하여균부유액을 CFU/mL까지계단희석을수행하였다. 단, 액체배지는그상태로 15초간 vortex 후 100 L를채취하여균부유액을 CFU/mL까지계단희석을수행하였다. 각각의농도별로적절한배지를 2개씩선택하여 100 L를분주하여멸균 spreader 로펴서접종하였다. 세균의배양조건에맞추어 48시간까지배양하여 colony count를실시하였다. 1) 균흡수및배출에대한평가방법첫번째균흡수및배출에대한평가는 96well plate에그람 Table 1. Composition and swab form of transport medium Transport medium Type Medium Type Swab Material AM608-2S TM (S1) Agar gel Amies Standard Cotton Transystem TM (S2) Agar gel Amies Standard Rayon N-Swab transport TM (S3) Agar gel Amies Standard Nylon eswab TM (S4) Liquid Amies Flocked Rayon REST TM Swab transport (S5) Liquid Amies Flocked Nylon Table 2. Growth conditions for M40-A2 test microorganisms Strain Inoculum (CFU/mL) Medium Incubation temperature ( C) Incubation atmosphere Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC % sheep blood agar 35±2 5% CO 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC % sheep blood agar 35±2 5% CO 2 Haemophilus influenzae ATCC Chocolate agar 35±2 5% CO 2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC % sheep blood agar 35±2 Aerobic Abbreviations: ATCC, American Type Culture Collection; CFU, colony forming unit.
3 166 Sung-Il Ha, et al. Evaluation of Transport Medium of According to the CLSI M40-A2 Standard 염색에사용되는 Safranin O (SHOWA, Co., Gyoda, Saitama, Japan) 를 100 L를넣고각각의 swab을흡수시킨후생리식염수가들어있는튜브에넣고 vortex 전과후를육안으로비교하였다. 두번째균흡수및배출에대한평가는 5가지균부유액농도를이용하였고, 0 시간에서 triplicate 사용한수송배지, duplicate 로접종한배지, 총 6개배지에서자란집락의평균값을기댓값과비교평가하였다. 2) 균생존효율평가방법균생존효율평가는 0시간을기준으로 24시간, 48시간의생존효율을백분율 (%) 로평가하였다. S. pneumoniae는균이잘성장하지않아 CFU/mL 의농도의평균값을기준으로생존효율을평가하였고, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae는 CFU/mL 기준으로, P. aeruginosa는과성장되어 CFU/mL 의평균값을기준으로생존효율을평가하였다. 3) 균회수율평가방법균회수율에대한수송배지평가는 0시간과 48시간배양간의집락수차이로평가하였다. CLSI M40-A2 기준의회수율을평가하면 4 C 또는상온에서 0시간과 48시간에서집락의수가 3 로그단위감소보다크면부적합하다. 단, P. aeruginosa는실온방치에대한기준이없고, 4 C 보관에대한기준만있어평가에서제외하였다 [3]. 결과 1. 균흡수및배출에대한평가결과첫번째 Safranin O를이용한균흡수및배출에대한결과는액체배지 (S4, S5) 의 flocked swab이잘배출되는것을확인하였고, standard swab에서는반유동배지 (S1) 가다른배지에비하여좋았으나, flocked swab 보다는좋지않았다 (Figure 1). 반유동배지 (S2, S3) swab 중일부에서 Safranin O를완전히흡수되지않는경우가있었지만평가에이용된대부분수송배지의 swab은 100 L를모두흡수하였다. 두번째평가결과를보면 S. pyogenes는농도별기댓값에비해균수가 5 10 배정도낮았지만반유동배지 (S1) 와액체배지 (S4) 에서가장우수한결과를보여주었다. S. pneumoniae는액체배지 (S4, S5) 가타배지보다좋은결과를보였지만, 기댓값과 10배정도차이가날정도로결과가좋지않았다. H. influenzae는액체배지 (S4, S5) 를제외한나머지배지는기댓값에비해서집락수가 10배정도차이가있었으나, 액체배지 (S4) 는기댓값과거의일치하였다. P. aeruginosa는액체배지 (S4) 의집락수가기댓값과거의일치하는결과를보였다 (Table 3). 흡수및배출에대한평가결과를각균마다가장우수한결과를보인순서대로순위를매겨확인한결과 S. pneumoniae 를제외한모든균에서액체배지 (S4) 가가장우수한결과를보였다 (Table 4). Figure 1. In the absorption and release evaluation using Safranin O, the flock swabs (S4, S5) can be observed visually better than the standard swabs (S1, S2, S3). Abbreviations: S1, AM608-2S TM ; S2, Transystem TM ; S3, N-Swab transport TM ; S4, eswab TM ; S5, REST TM Swab transport.
4 Korean J Clin Lab Sci. Vol. 51, No. 2, June Table 3. Absorption and release of microorganisms from five swab systems stored at room temperature Transport system Concentration of inoculation (CFU/mL) (15,000) (1,500) (150) (15) (1.5) S. pyogenes S1 TNTC S S S4 TNTC S S. pneumoniae S S S S S H. influenzae S1 TNTC S2 TNTC S S4 TNTC S5 TNTC P. aeruginosa S1 TNTC S2 TNTC S S4 TNTC TNTC S5 TNTC Abbreviations: TNTC, too numerous to count; CFU, colony forming unit. Table 4. Ranking of the evaluation results of absorption and release of five swab systems for each strain Swab system S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S. pyogenes S. pneumoniae H. influenzae P. aeruginosa Rank 균생존효율평가결과 24시간, 48시간생존효율평가는 0시간을기준으로평가하였고, S. pyogenes는모든배지에서 48시간까지생존하였다. 액체배지 (S4) 는오히려증식된양상을보였다. S. pneumoniae 는생존효율이좋지않았고반유동배지 (S3) 에서 24시간까지생존하였고, 액체배지 (S4, S5) 에서는 48시간까지생존하였다. H. influenzae는반유동배지 (S1, S3) 에서 24시간, 48시간생존하지않았고, 반유동배지 (S2), 액체배지 (S4, S5) 에서 48시간까지모두생존하였다. P. aeruginosa는 5가지배지모두에서 48 시간모두생존하였고모두과성장되었다 (Table 5). Table 5. Survival efficiency rate of microorganisms from five swab systems stored at room temperature Transport system Survival efficiency rate of microorganisms (%) 0 hr 24 hr 48 hr S. pyogenes S S S S S S. pneumoniae S S S S S H. influenzae S S S S S P. aeruginosa S S S S S
5 168 Sung-Il Ha, et al. Evaluation of Transport Medium of According to the CLSI M40-A2 Standard Table 6. Recovery rate of microorganisms from five swab systems stored at room temperature Transport system Bacterial recovery (CFU/mL) 0 hr 24 hr 48 hr Log-unit change a S. pyogenes S S S S S S. pneumoniae S S NA S NA S S H. influenzae S NA S S NA S S The M40-A2 compliance criteria were no greater than a 3-log-unit decrease at 4 C or room temperature or a 1-log-unit increase for P. aeruginosa at 4 C only. The log-unit change was calculated as log (48 hr value) log(time zero value). Abbreviations: CFU, colony forming unit; NA, not applicable. 3. 균회수율평가결과 S. pyogenes에서액체배지 (S4) 는균이증식된양상을보였지만모두 CLSI 기준에적합하였다. S. pneumoniae는 48시간에균이자라지않은반유동배지 (S2, S3) 를제외하고, 반유동배지 (S1), 액체배지 (S4, S5) 는기준에부합하였다. H. influenzae 는 48시간에균이자라지않은반유동배지 (S1, S3) 를제외하고반유동배지 (S2), 액체배지 (S4, S5) 가기준에적합하였다 (Table 6). 고찰흡수및배출에대한평가에서액체배지 (S4, S5) 의 flocked swab이상대적으로 standard swab보다표면적이넓어더잘배출되는것을평가를통해확인하였다. Standard swab을사용하는 3가지반고체배지는 0시간에서적은수의균이자랐고, flocked swab을사용하는 2가지액체배지는높은농도의균이성장하였다. 세균의흡수및배출효율은액체배지와 flocked swab의조합에서우수한결과를보였다 [10]. 이러한결과는 swab 자체의차이와더불어반유동배지의경우배지에많은균들이탈락되어배출되지못하여결과에영향을주는것으로생각된다. 생존효율평가도 flocked swab과액체배지로조합된수송배지가평가에서가장우수한결과를보여주었다. S. pneumoniae 는생존효율이좋지않아검체배송이지연되어검체접종이이 루어질경우액체배지 (S4, S5) 에수송해야양성률을높이는데유리할것이다. H. influenzae 또한생존효율이좋지않아반유동배지 (S2), 액체배지 (S4) 에수송하는것이양성률을높이는데유리할것이다. P. aeruginosa는 5종류수송배지모두에서 48 시간모두생존하였고모두과성장되었다 [11]. 그중에서액체배지 (S4) 는과성장이적어우수한결과를보였다. 반대로 S. pyogenes는액체배지 (S4) 에서오히려증식된양상을보였다 [12, 13]. 회수율에대한결과도 flocked swab과액체배지로조합된수송배지가평가에서가장우수한결과를보였다. S. pneumonia 는방치시간에따라균수가급격하게감소하는것을확인할수있었다. 자가용혈에의한것임을의심할수있는부분으로상기도및하기도폐렴의원인균인폐렴알균을진단하기위해서는최대한빠른시간에검체접종이이루어져야하는것을이번평가를통해서다시한번확인하였다. H. influenzae 는반유동배지 (S2), 액체배지 (S4, S5) 에서회수율이좋은것으로확인되었다. 공통점으로동일제조사의배지성분과같은재질의 swab 과액체배지를사용한것으로확인되었다. Swab의형태보다재질 (Rayon) 이더중요한역할을하는것을추론해볼수있고 [14], 그리고배지의구성성분이 H. influenzae 성장에또다른역할을하는것으로생각된다. 그래서 swab의재질과배지조성에따른호흡기계통의감염세균의새로운평가를진행해보았으면한다. 본평가에서와같이 CLSI 기준 M40-A 기준방법으로상온
6 Korean J Clin Lab Sci. Vol. 51, No. 2, June 및냉장온도에서수송배지를 0, 6, 24시간및 48시간동안호기성및혐기성미생물의생존효율을비교한결과에서도액체배지 (S4) 와유사하거나동일한제품이다른형태의수송배지보다우수한결과로본평가와동일한결과를보여주었다 [1, 9, 15]. 이번평가에서많은균주를사용하지는않았지만배양양성률을높이고, 특히 2시간이내에검체접종을할수없는경우또는검체가방치되는주말, 검체를멀리까지이동해야하는검사센터의경우현재사용하고있는반유동배지보다가격적인면에서조금비싸지만검체의질을유지하고세균배양양성률을높이고, 좋은미생물결과를보고하기위해서는액체배지와 flocked swab으로조합된수송배지로교체하여사용하는것이필요할것으로사료된다. 이번평가에서일부반유동배지에서균이너무자라지않아일부재평가가필요해보인다. 그리고추가적으로혐기성세균과실질적으로검사가이루어지지않는경우, 검체를보관하는냉장온도에대한평가도함께이루어져야할것이다. 요약 5종류의수송배지를흡수및배출능력, 생존효율, 회수율을 CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) M40-A2 의 Swab elution method (Quantitative) 기준으로평가하였다. 액체배지가반유동배지보다 3가지평가에서대부분우수한결과값을보여주었다. Flocked swab 이 standard swab 형태보다균의흡수및배출의능력또한우수하였다. 생존효율에대한평가결과는액체배지 (S4) 가가장우수한결과값을보였다. 성장이좋지않은 S. pneumoniae는액체배지 (S4, S5) 에서생존효율과회수율이높았다. 균회수율평가결과는 S. pyogenes는모든배지에서 CLSI 기준에적합하였다. S. pneumoniae는반유동배지 (S2, S3) 에서부적합하였고, 나머지배지는모두기준에적합하였다. H. influenzae는반유동배지 (S1, S3) 에서부적합하였고, 반유동배지 (S2), 액체배지 (S4, S5) 에서기준에적합하였다. 호흡기질환을유발하는 S. pneumonia, H. influenzae 의생존능력은대부분의배지에서좋지않았다. P. aeruginosa 는실온에서과성장이관찰되었다. 액체배지와 flocked swab 의조합이 3가지평가방법에서가장뛰어난결과를평가를통해확인하였다. Acknowledgements: None Conflict of interest: None Author s information (Position): Ha SI 1, M.T.; Suk HS 1, M.T.; Shin JS 1, M.T.; Heo W 1, M.T.; Park KG 2, M.T.; Park YJ 3, M.D. REFERENCES 1. Van Horn KG, Audette CD, Sebeck D, Tucker KA. Comparison of the copan ESwab system with two amies agar swab transport systems for maintenance of microorganism viability. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46: Drake C, Barenfanger J, Lawhorn J, Verhulst S. Comparison of easy-flow copan liquid stuart s and starplex swab transport systems for recovery of fastidious aerobic bacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Quality control of microbiological transport systems. Approved standard-second edition. M40-A2. Wayne, Pensylvania: CLSI; de Burger B, Mortensen J. What's new in the world of swabs? J Contin Educ Top Issues. 2008;10: Wilkinson AE. Note on use of stuart's transport medium for isolation of gonococcus. Br J Vener Dis. 1951;27: Morris GK, Heck J. Quality of cary blair transport medium after aging nineteen months. J Clin Microbiol. 1978;8: Amies CR. A modified formula for the preparation of stuart s transport medium. Can J Public Health. 1967;58: Gizzie N, Adukwu E. Evaluation of liquid-based swab transport systems against the new approved CLSI M40-A2 standard. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54: Avolio M, Camporese A. Liquid based microbiological transport systems: conformity assessment of two commercial devices. J Microbiol Methods. 2015;115: j.mimet Probst A, Facius R, Wirth R, Moissl-Eichinger C. Validation of a nylon-flocked-swab protocol for efficient recovery of bacterial spores from smooth and rough surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76: van Horn KG, Rankin I. Evaluation and comparison of two stuart's liquid swab transport systems tested by the CLSI M40 method. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26: Morosini MI, Loza E, Gutiérrez O, Almaraz F, Baquero F, Cantón R. Evaluation of 4 swab transport systems for the recovery of ATCC and clinical strains with characterized resistance mechanisms. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;56: Rishmawi N, Ghneim R, Kattan R, Ghneim R, Zoughbi M, Abu-Diab A, et al. Survival of fastidious and non-fastidious aerobic bacteria in three bacterial transport swab systems. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45: JCM Wigger C, Morris PS, Stevens M, Smith-Vaughan H, Hare K, Beissbarth J, et al. A comparison of flocked nylon swabs and
7 170 Sung-Il Ha, et al. Evaluation of Transport Medium of According to the CLSI M40-A2 Standard non-flocked rayon swabs for detection of respiratory bacteria in nasopharyngeal carriage in Australian Indigenous children. J Microbiol Methods. 2019;157: j.mimet Moran-Gilad J1, Schwartz D, Navon-Venezia S, Carmeli Y. Laboratory evaluation of the eswab transport system for the recovery of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:
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