Journal of Radiation Industry 12 (4) : 311 ~ 316 (2018) Technical Paper 재활치료환자에서 DXA 를이용한요추부와대퇴경부골밀도검사의상관관계 정묘영 1,2 지연상 3 김창복 3, * 동경래 3 류재광 4 최지원 5 1

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1 Journal of Radiation Industry 12 (4) : 311 ~ 316 (2018) Technical Paper 재활치료환자에서 DXA 를이용한요추부와대퇴경부골밀도검사의상관관계 정묘영 1,2 지연상 3 김창복 3, * 동경래 3 류재광 4 최지원 5 1 조선대학교호남권역재활병원, 2 동신대학교보건의료학과, 3 광주보건대학교방사선과, 4 서울아산병원핵의학과, 5 전주대학교방사선학과 Correlation Analysis of the Lumbar Spine and Femur Neck BMD using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in Rehabilitated Patients Myo-Young Jung 1,2, Yun-Sang Ji 3, Chang-Bok Kim 3, *, Kyung-Rae Dong 3, Jae-Kwang Ryu 4 and Ji-Won Choi 5 1 Department of Radiology, Chosun University Honam Regional Rehabilitation Hospital, 61027, Haseoro 590, Buk-gu, Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Public Health and Medicine, Dongshin University Graduate School, 185, Geonjae-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58245, Republic of Korea 3 Department of Radiological Technology, Gwangju Health University, 73, Bungmun-daero 419 beon-gil, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 62271, Republic of Korea 4 Depatment of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea 5 Department of Radiological Science, Jeonju University, 303, Cheonjam-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 55069, Republic of Korea Abstract - Average life expectancy is getting longer due to medical developments and improvements in living standards. So much so that the elderly have an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Therefore, it is important to prevent, diagnose, and treat the senile disease at an early stage through a bone density test. Bone density is measured by dual energy X-ray absorption (DXA). In this study, while using DXA, in cases when the measurements for both the lumbar and the femur could not be taken simultaneously, the correlation between both measurements were known, and the measurement of one area was used to make a clinical inference for the value of the other. Measurements were taken using Lunar Prodigy Advance (GE) for 43 participant with clinically significant fractures. Statistical calculations were produced and analysed regarding bone density. In case of T-score, lumbar spine produced a statistical result of ±1.836 and femur neck was ± In case of Z-score lumbar spine produced a statistical result of ±1.513, and femur neck ± It is indicated that the pearson correlation coefficient of T-score between lumbar spine and femur neck is high at 0.699, and the pearson correlation coefficient of Z-score is considered relatively high at The correlation of bone * Corresponding author: Chang-Bok Kim, Tel , Fax , . cbkim@ghu.ac.kr 311

2 312 정묘영 지연상 김창복 동경래 류재광 최지원 density between lumbar spine and femur neck is shown to be statistically meaningful in T-score s p-value at and Z-score s p-value at In conclusion, it seems to have clinical usefulness that we can infer the result of one measurement through that of the other part tested, based on the knowledge of the correlation coefficients between lumbar spine and femur neck. Key words : Bone density test, Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, DXA, Correlation 서론의학의발전과생활수준의향상으로평균수명이늘어나노인인구의증가로고령화사회로전환됨에따라골감소증 (Osteopenia) 및골다공증 (Osteoporosis) 이노인성질환으로주목되고있다. 골다공증 (Osteoporosis) 은주변에서흔히볼수있는질병으로, 해마다골다공증에의한골절환자의발생률이높아지면서연간치료비도계속늘어나고있는추세이다. 특히여성의경우폐경기를맞이함에따라남성에비해골다공증의확률이높아지고그에따른골절확률또한높아지기때문에더욱골다공증에대한주의가필요하다 (Kim et al. 2009). 그러므로골밀도검사 (BMD) 를통해골다공증을미리예방하는것이중요하다. 골다공증의진단은크게임상적진단과방사선학적진단으로분류한다. 임상적진단은골다공증이골절 (Fracture) 이나 2차적구조변화발생전에무증상이기때문에정확한진단에어려움이있다. 방사선학적진단은단순방사선검사, 골밀도검사 (BMD), 전산화단층촬영 (CT), 자기공명영상 (MRI) 등이있다 (Han and Cho 2012). 골다공증진단에가장많이활용하는검사는주로이중에너지엑스선흡수법 (Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, DXA) 을이용한다. DXA는 15~80 kev에이르는저에너지와고에너지두가지의방사선을발생시켜사용하는것으로, 측정시간이한부위당 3~5분으로다른장비에비해짧고, 우수한정확성과해상도를보인다는장점을지니고있다 (Yang and Kim 1996; Blake and Fogelman 2001; Fiter et al. 2001). DXA를이용한골밀도측정에는대부분요추와대퇴경을이용하고있다. 요추의경우주로소주골로이루어져있어대사율이빨라체내환경의변화에민감하다. 또한폐경시에골의소실이가장먼저일어나는동시에골다공증성골절이제일많이일어나는부위이다. 대퇴골경부의경우골절의발생시골다공증으로인한골절중에서가장심각한문제를야기한다. 따라서골밀도측정시요추와대퇴경이선호되고있다 (Kim et al. 2009). 골밀도검사결과는 T-score와 Z-score를적용한다. T-score는실제측정값과이론적최대골량의평균치의차이를표준편차로나누어나타낸수치이고, Z-score는실제측정값과각연령과성별에따른이론적정상치와의차이를표준편차로나누어나타낸수치이다. 본연구는사고로인한장애또는신체의장애, 혹은수술적치료로인해재활치료환자중두부위의골밀도측정에어려움을겪는상황이발생하는경우두부위의골밀도에기초한진단의일치도를파악, 예측하는일이필요하기때문에요추부와대퇴부골밀도의상관관계에대해파악하여, 요추부와대퇴부를동시에검사할수없는경우두부위간골밀도수치간의상관관계를알고, 요추부와대퇴부중한부위를검사하여다른부위의골밀도를유추할수있는임상적유용성을고찰하고자한다. 대상및방법연구대상 2017년 01월부터 2018년 07월까지광주광역시에위치한일개 C대학교재활병원입원환자중요추부와근위대퇴부의골밀도검사를시행받은환자 43명을대상으로하였다. 환자연령은 45세부터 88세까지로평균연령 68.7세였으며, 그중남자 12명여자 31명이였다. 검사장비는골밀도측정기기 GE medical system lunar (USA) 의 Prodigy advance를사용하여측정하였다. 본장비는세계보건기구 (World health organization, WHO) 기준과식약청에서인정받은장비로대부분병원에서골밀도검사에시행하는것이다 (Fig. 1). 또한장비제조회사에서권고하는 Phantom을이용하여 Daily QC가철저히운영된장비이다 (Fig. 2). 검사방법은 L-spine AP scan은환자를바로누운자세 Fig. 1. Lunar prodigy advance.

3 재활치료환자에서 DXA 를이용한요추부와대퇴경부골밀도검사의상관관계 313 (a) BMD QC Fig. 3. L-spine scan. (b) QC result Fig. 4. Proximal femur scan. (c) QC report 본연구의검사결과는 encore 2011 software (Ver.13.60, GE healthcare) 로골밀도를분석하여요추는 L 1 ~L 4 부위를측정하였고, 대퇴경부 (Femur neck) 는환자상태에따라왼쪽이나오른쪽중한부위를측정하여각각 T-score와 Z-score를수치화하였다 (Fig. 5). 통계처리는측정된요추부에서 L 1 ~L 4 의평균치의 T-score 와 Z-score, 대퇴부에서골절에대하여임상적의의가있는대퇴경 (Femur neck) 의 T-score와 Z-score를 SPSS Ver. 20.0을이용하여평균과요추부와대퇴경부의골밀도수치간상관관계를알아보기위해피어슨상관계수 (Pearson correlation coefficient) 를이용하여분석하였다. Fig. 2. Phantom QC. 결 과 (Supine) 에서요추가올바르게정렬될수있도록하여검사를하였다 (Fig. 3). Proximal femur scan은발목고정삼각대를이용하여환자의발을고정한다음환자의허벅지를안쪽으로돌려대퇴경 (Femur neck) 이넓게보이게자세를잡은후검사를하였다 (Fig. 4). 요추부 (L 1 ~L 4) 와대퇴경부 (Femue neck) 의 T-score와 Z-score의평균과표준편차결과는다음과같다. T-score 의경우요추부 (Lumbar spine) 는 ±1.836, 대퇴경부 (Femur neck) 는 ±1.565이다. Z-score의경우요추부는 ±1.513, 대퇴경부는 ±1.283이다 (Table 1).

4 314 정묘영 지연상 김창복 동경래 류재광 최지원 (a) L-spine AP analyze image (b) Proximal femur AP analyze image Fig. 5. Analyze. 요추부 (L 1 ~L 4) 와대퇴경부 (femur neck) 의상관관계는다음과같다. 요추부와대퇴경부의 T-score 상관계수는 로높은상관관계를보였다. 또한요추부와대퇴경부의 Z-score 상관계수는 0.503으로비교적높은상관관계를보이며요추부와대퇴경부의상관관계는의미있는것으로나타났다 (Table 2). 고찰국민건강보험공단에서건강보험료지급자료를분석한내용에의하면골다공증으로진료를받은사람이 2008년 61 만 4,397명에서 2013년 80만 137명으로매년 5.6% 씩증가 되고있다고한다 ( 정책연구원 2015). 이처럼고령화사회에접어들면서노인인구가증가하고이에따라노인성질환으로분류되는골다공증의진단또한급격한증가를보이고있다. 또한우리나라처럼나트륨섭취량이과다한국가일경우장기적으로골다공증을유발할수있는확률이더높기때문에그위험성은더욱강조된다. 골다공증 (Osteoporosis) 은골조직의미세구조가감소하여뼈가약화되고골절위험이증가되는질병이다. 골다공증그자체로서는위험이되지못하지만일단합병증으로써골절이발생하게되면요추부또는대퇴부에한하여골절이없는사람에비해 5년간생존율이 80% 까지낮아질수있는위험한질병이다 (Kim and Dong 2009). 현재로서는골량을유지할수는있으나, 낮은골량을정상수치로증가시킬수있는치료

5 재활치료환자에서 DXA 를이용한요추부와대퇴경부골밀도검사의상관관계 315 Table 1. Mean and mean difference (mean±sd) between T-score and Z-score in lumbar spine and femur neck Classification Lumbar (L 1~L 4) Femur neck T-score (mean±sd) Z-score (mean±sd) ± ± ± ±1.283 Table 2. The correlation of T-score & Z-score between lumbar spine and femur neck Classification T-score Z-score Lumbar spine and Femur neck Pearson correlation 방법은없다고한다. 그러므로골밀도가감소하여골다공증 으로진행되기이전에치료를시작하여야한다. 골다공증을 정확히진단하려면골생검검사를실시해야하지만이는환자에게고통을주는검사이기때문에골밀도측정을통해진단을시행한다. 골밀도가골다공증에이용될수있는이유는골밀도가골강도의 60% 80% 를대변할수있고골절발생과밀접한연관성이있으며비침습적인검사가가능하기때문이라고한다. 골밀도측정기가임상적으로이용되기전에는골다공증을정의하는데있어골절의유무가매우중요하였으나최근에는골밀도측정만으로도골절이발생하기전에먼저골다공증을진단할수있게되었다 (Kendler et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2012). 골밀도측정방법에는단순엑스선촬영법, 단일광자흡수측정법 (SPA), 이중광자흡수측정법 (DPA), 이중에너지엑스선흡수계측법 (DXA), 이중에너지엑스선골밀도측정법 (DEXD), 이중에너지정량전산화단층법 (DEQ CT) 이있다 (Kim et al. 2009). 과거골밀도측정및골강도변화는골반부의엑스선촬영을통해 Singh index를측정하는방법이주를이루었다. 그러나이방법은주관적측면이강하고반복실험에따른정확도가떨어지는등단점이많다 (Han and Cho 2012). 그래서현재골밀도검사는주로 DXA (Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) 장비를이용하여실시한다. DXA는약 15 kev에서약 80 kev 정도의저에너지와고에너지의두가지의방사선을발생시켜피사체를통과할때의감쇠정도를측정하는방식으로, X-ray의강 p Pearson correlation *** *** Interaction effect using Pearson correlation coefficient. ***p<0.001 Table 3. Categorization of world health organizationʼs osteoporosis Classification T-score Normal -1.0 more then Osteopenia, or low bone mass -1.0~-2.5 Osteoporosis -2.5 less then Severe or established osteoporosis -2.5 less then and fracture p 도는두께, 밀도및원자구성등물질의기본특성에의해서결정되고감쇠되는사실을기초로한다. 이때감쇠계수는고에너지와저에너지엑스선을각각따로측정하므로저에너지의감쇠정도에의해서연부조직이감해져서계산된다. 이것이투과범위에대한질량을반영한골감쇠를나타내는것이라고한다 (Kim et al. 2010). 특히, DXA장비는측정시간이다른장비에비해검사시간이짧고높은정확도과해상도를보이며, 또한양광자감마선흡수법 (Dual photon absorptiometry) 과달리동위원소 (RI) 를교체할필요가없다는장점을지니고있어임상에서많이사용되고있다 (Yoo et al. 1993; Yang and Kim 1996; Blake and Fogelman 2001; Fiter et al. 2001). 인체의골밀도 (Bone density) 측정시에는요추부와대퇴경부를선호한다. 요추부와대퇴경부가검사에선호되는이유는먼저척추체가주로소주골로이루어져있기때문이다. 골밀도가저하되는경우소주골의골소실이현저하기때문에체내골밀도변화와치료반응에관해민감한반응을관찰할수있다. 또한대퇴골의경우도대퇴경부검사시소주골을잘반영할수있으며골절시위험성이다른인체지지골격보다크게높기때문에골다공증의진단과치료효과판정에많이이용되고있다고한다 (Kim et al. 2010; Han and Cho 2012). 골다공증치료효과판정은골밀도결과를기준으로나이, 성별, 종족간의정상평균치와비교해서해석을하고있으며 Z-score와 T-score를적용하고있다. Z-score는실제수치와각연령에따른이론적정상치와의차이를나타내는수치로표준편차로표시된다. 즉, ( 측정값 - 동일집단의평균값 )/ 표준편차가 Z-score가되며정상치가연령증가에따라감소하기때문에결과를 Z-score로표시하는것이편리하다. T-score는측정된골밀도와이론적최대골량의평균치의차이로연령과무관한수치이다. 즉, ( 측정값- 젊은집단의평균값 )/ 표준편차를 T-score라고한다 (Jang et al. 1996). 실제적인측면에서폐경기에도달하였을때는 Z-score와 T-score 모두이용할수있다. 이는폐경기전에는이두 score 사이에큰차이가없기때문이다. 그러나고령에서는연령증가에따른골소실로인하여두 score 사이에큰차이가발생한다. 즉, 고령환자에서골절의위험도를평가하는데는 T-socre가훨씬유용한개념으로임상에서주로사용된다 (Jang et al. 1996). 골다공증은 WHO 정의에의해각각정상 (T-score - 1), 골감소증 ( - 1>T-score - 2.5), 골다공증 (T-score<2.5) 으로분류된다 (Table 3) (Kim et al. 2009; Kim et al. 2010; Kim et al. 2012). 본연구의제한점은인공물로인해서검사결과에영향을미치는환자가없었지만, 골밀도검사에서환자체내에정형외과수술로인한인공물이뼈와겹치면서골밀도가높게측정될수있는요인을고려하지않아후속연구에서는인공물을고려한후속연구가이루어져야할것이다. 또한, 적은

6 316 정묘영 지연상 김창복 동경래 류재광 최지원 연구대상의수가모든골다공증환자를대표할수없으므로보다많은환자를대상으로하는다양한연령대에서의비교연구가후속연구에서이루어져야할것이다. 결 골다공증의예방과적극적인치료를위해서는골밀도검사의필요성이매우크다. 그렇기때문에본연구는재활치료환자중요추부와근위대퇴부골밀도검사에서요추수술혹은고관절수술등다양한요인으로정확한골밀도검사결과를얻지못하였을때두부위간의골밀도수치의상관관계를확인하고, 그결과로측정하지못한부위의검사결과를유추하는데목적이있다. 본연구에서는요추부와대퇴경부의골밀도검사결과의상관관계는서로비교적높은상관관계를가지고있다는것을알수있었다. 그러므로그상관관계를통해한부위의골밀도결과로다른한부위의골밀도를유추할수있을것으로사료되며이에따라골다공증및골감소증환자의치료에많은도움이될것으로사료된다. 사 The Research has been conducted by the Research Grant of Gwangju Health University in 2017 ( ). 론 사 참고문헌 정책연구원 여성이남성보다 13.4배많은골다공증, 봄철산행시낙상사고주의하고, 생활습관개선및운동으로예방해야. 건강보험관리공단. Blake GM and Fogelman I Bone densitometry and the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Semin Nucl Med. 31(1): Dong KR, Kim HS and Chung WK A Study of Equipment Accuracy and Test Precision in Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. J. Radiol. Sci. Technol. 31(1): Fiter J, Nolla JM, Gómez-Vaquero C, Martínez-Aguilá D, Valverde J and Roig-Escofet D A comparative study of computed digital absorptiometry and conventional dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 12(7): Han MS and Cho DH The Correlation Analysis of BMD in Proximal Femur and Spine with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. J. Korea Soc. Comput. Inf. 17(9): Jang JS, Yang SO, Kim DH, Jo YS, Lee SH and Kim KY Comparative Study of Femur BMD and Lumbar BMD Measurement Using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in Proximal Femur Fractures. Korean J. Bone metab. 3(1): Kendler DL, Kiebzak GM, Ambrose CG, Dinu C, Robertson S, Schmeer P and Van Pelt JL Effect of calcium tablets on interpretation of lumbar spine DXA scans. J. Clin. Densitom. 9(1): Kim EH, Kim HS, Dong KR, Park YS, Chung WK and Cho JH A Study on the Effects of a Calcium Drug on the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) by Using Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61(11): Kim EH, Shim DO, Dong KR, Kim HS, Kweon DC, Goo EH and Chung WK Assessment of the Effect of Bone Density and Soft Tissue Thickness on Phantom Measurements. J. Korean Phys. Soc. 57(5): Kim HS and Dong KR Increasing Work Efficiency with Prevention of Reinspection for Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Exams. J. Korea Cont. Assoc. 9(5): Kim HS, Dong KR and Kim CB Reduction of the Useless Radiation Exposure to Patients and Improvement of the Skill to Manage the Test according to Minimizing Changes of Posture in Bone Mineral Density. J. Korea Cont. Assoc. 9(4): Kim HS, Dong KR and Ryu YH Accurate Quality Control Method of Bone Mineral Density Measurement (Focus on Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry). J. Radiol. Sci. Technol. 32(4): Yang JY and Kim YM Correlation analysis of BMD in proximal femur and spine. J Korean Soc. Fract. 16(3): Yoo MC, Han JS, Kim IW and Lee HK Bone mineral density and fracture threshold in the patients with femoral neck & intertrochanteric fractures due to osteoporosis. J Orthop. Assoc. 28(5): Received: 19 September 2018 Revised: 12 October 2018 Revision accepted: 19 November 2018

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