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1 w y wz 9«( 2y) 105~113, 2006 J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis Degussa w y sƒ w t v Á xá Á Á Áy * š w yœ œw, *» w y œw Standard Experimental Conditions for the Evaluation of Liquid Phase Photocatalytic Reaction Performance by Degussa P-25 Philwon Seo,G Sanghyun Choi,G Sangjin Moon*, Sangjin Lee, Bangjin Jang, and Sungchang Hong* Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul , Korea *Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon , Korea This study reports on standard experimental conditions for the evaluation of photo-catalytic activity on the degradation of organic substances by Degussa P25. For this evaluation, ethanol, phenol, methylene blue and chromium were chosen as the standard substances of liquid phase photo-catalytic reaction. In this study, the photo-catalytic reactions on standard substances for various reaction parameters such as concentration of substances, initial ph, photo-catalyst loading and reaction time were carried out. The different reaction conditions of each standard substance have shown different results for the photo-catalytic reaction. Based on these results, we have developed new standard conditions for the new photo-catalytic reactions. Key words: Degussa, Photo-catalysts 1. Ÿ yw j Honda-Hujishima( -ˆ )ƒ ypk ù w, Ÿ w y( ~ «), Ÿ w Ÿ yw y j ypk wù yw yy w ƒ š. Ÿ ƒ š ƒ š w y/y p. p p w» ww», y y (,», m ), k, w³, Á (selfcleaning). To whom correspondence should be addressed. seopw@korea.ac.kr w y y w Ÿ y» s y, ³,» w, w³, ƒ š, p w³ k w t. Ÿ p e ( ) 1996 TOTO ƒ w» Ÿ» t ƒ 0 o w w x.» w ù ½, ty š. w Ÿ y» ù 20 ü,, w w. Ÿ y» j Ÿ Ÿ system. sol-gel, y, e ƒ» w p ƒ
2 106 v Á xá Á Á Áy. x ƒ Degussa P- 25 Hombikat UV-100 š Ishihara ST- 01 y Ÿ. x Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ w» ³. Ÿ y ³ w» w x w š. x ƒ y w Degussa P-25 w w y sƒw. Ÿ y sƒ k, r,, p, j w Ÿ sƒw» w ƒ x,,» ph, Ÿ, Ÿ w w» w. y sƒ»» Table 1 w ùkü, ƒ x w x w š w. Table 1. Analysis method and equipment Items BOD 5 CODcr TOC Color Cr Analysis method and equipment Standard Method 5210 A, Azide Modification method Standard Method 5220 D, Closed reflux, colorimetric method DC-180, ROSEMOUNT DR-4000, ADMI weighted ordinate method DR-4000, 1,5 Diphenylcarbohybrazide method 2. x 2.1. x e Ÿ x e z UV Ÿ w» w Ÿk stainless steel w mx 8 W UV lamp 24 ƒ e,» e e.» œ» œ e w Ÿ y v w œ wš, Ÿ yw w. Ÿ y w» w» Teflon w, gas» z w» w þƒ e» ew. Fig. 1 Ÿ e ùkü, w Table 2 Ÿ e ùkü Ÿ p Degussa P-25 Áyw p w XRD Ÿ w» w XRD w, MAC Science Co. MX18X HF-SRA w w. Radiation source Cu Kα(λ = ç)ƒ, X-ray generator 18 kw š, monochromator w. 2θ 10~90 o Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of rotation photo-catalytic oxidation process.
3 Degussa w y sƒ w t 107 Table 2. Specifications of the photo-catalytic reactor. 6 o /min w d. yw w» w anatase rutile p vj 2θ = 25.2 o 27.4 o w. s³ j» w» w Scherrer's equation w w. = 0.9 λ cos B θ Item Rotation reactor Wattage (W) 8 UV lamp Length (mm) Diameter (mm) 15.5 Reactor Wavelength (nm) 254 Diameter(inside/outside) (mm) 21/24 Length (mm) 245 Reaction volume (ml) 50 (2-1)», B ƒs, α z ƒ, λ nm(cu Kα). w XRD w y. Fig. 2 w š XRD ww. Table 3, anatase 25.2 (010) o peak (I A ), rutile 27.4 (110) o peak (I R ) w Spurr w x 1) anatase rutile w. Table 3. The weight percentage of the anatase and rutile phase of P-25 anatase rutile 1 W A I R I A = (2-2) d w anatase rutile y y w IC ICP particle size(nm) anatase rutile P IC(Ion Chromatography) DIONEX-120 Automated Dual Column IC w w. Column AS4A SC 4 mm flow rate 1 ml/min, eluant 1.8 mm Na 2 CO 3 /1.7 mm NaHCO 3 w anion self-regenerating suppressor ASRS-I 4 mm w. ICP-AES (Inductive Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer) Perkin-Elmer Optima 3000XL w. RF power 1300 Watt, plasma flow 15 L/min, coolant flow 0.5 L/min, nebulizer flow 0.8 L/min w. Teflon bottle HF, HNO 3, HClO 4 4:4:1 yww 2 ml 0.1 g decompositionw z w ICP w. Table 4 w ICP ùkü. Fig. 2. X-ray diffractogram of photo-catalysts DRS DRS (Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy) ƒ e Spectrophotometer (Hitachi, U-3501) w. Reference material MgO w sample MgO baseline w. Ÿ 500~200 nm¾ 1 nm d w. 2 cm 2 cm j» w w. Ÿ Ÿy w, Ÿy l» w. ƒ ƒ (VB, Valence Band) Table 4. Impurities percentage of P-25 Impurities of Ca Mg Na K Nb Fe S A
4 108 v Á xá Á Á Áy bandgap (CB, Conduction Band) ƒ. DRS(Diffused reflectance UV-visible spectroscopy) ƒ Ÿ l ¾ j w d w. DRS bulk t electronic state, w ³ 2). Fig. 3 DRS. 400 nm w q ƒ, 200~400 nm y 320~350 nm anatase O 2 Ti w w 4+ band. xk š ù xk w. 400 nm š ƒ œ». ƒ w valence band conduction band w. œ. conduction band y. ù XPS w O 2p w ƒ titania conduction band e w XPS XPS VG Scientific ESCALAB 210 w, excitation source monochromate Al Kα ( ev) w. 100 o C 24 w sw w z XPS»» œ 10~12 mmhg w» w t sputtering etching w š w. ü w Ti, V, O C Fig. 4. Ti 2p spectra of P-25 by XPS analysis. wide scanning spectrum w w intensity y w. XPS Ÿ d w yw w k ƒ w. Fig. 4 w w XPS w Ti 2p peak w ùkü P-25 x vj ƒ y w BET t pore size distribution d Micromeritics Co. ASAP 2010C w. BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) w t w, pore size distribution Kelvin mw meniscus s³ d Ì w œ j» w BJH(Barrett-Joyer-Hanlenda) w w. 110 o C 3~5 œ k de-gassingw z w. Table 5 BET t particle size w ùkü. t w œ w TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) j» x Table 5. BET and particle size of P-25. BET (m 2 /g) particle size (nm) Fig 3. Diffused reflectance spectroscopy of. P
5 Degussa TiO2를 이용한 시료 액상 반응활성의 비교평가를 위한 표준조건 Fig. 5. TEM image of P-25 TiO2 하기 위하여 Zeol-1200EX를 이용하여 TEM 분석을 수행하였으며, 측정 전 전처리 과정으로 입자를 아세톤 에 분산시키고 음파파쇄 후 탄소 코팅된 200 mesh Cu grid로 시료를 채취하여 상온에서 건조하였다. Fig. 5에 측정결과를 나타내었으며, P-25외에 다른 상용 TiO2의 TEM 분석결과, 종류에 따라 각기 다른 입자크 기와 형상을 보여주는데 이는 제조사별 조제조건에 따 른 영향으로 판단되며 특히 소성온도의 영향이 큰 것 으로 판단된다. 3. 결과 및 고찰 광촉매 반응에서 초기 ph에 대한 반응성 연구결과는 대상 물질의 특성에 따라 다르게 보고되고 있다. 광촉 매 반응 시 산성영역이 우수하다는 연구결과는 수중의 알카리도 유발 물질인 HCO3, CO32 와 같은 무기 탄소 들이 OH 라디칼의 scavenger로 작용하기 때문으로 보 고되고 있다. 하지만 이와 반대로 알칼리 영역에서 우 수한 광촉매 반응효율을 나타낸다는 보고도 있으며, 이 는 TiO2는 산성영역에서는 TiOH2+로, 알칼리영역에서 는 TiO-로 존재하여 ph가 높아질수록 정전기적 인력 에 따라 흡착이 용이하게 되므로 반응효율이 증가하는 것이기 때문이다3). 이와 같은 결과는 반응물에 따라 ph가 반응물에 정전기적인 영향을 미치게 되고, 이에 따라 반응물의 촉매표면에 흡착에 영향을 미쳐 분해효 율이 차이가 나는 것으로 판단되어진다. 광촉매 산화반응에서 투여된 광촉매량은 광조사시 활 성점과 비례하므로 광촉매량이 증가하게 되면 반응효 율이 증가하게 된다. 그러나 필요량보다 과잉 투여될 109 경우 조사되는 자외선을 차단 산란시켜 조사거리가 감 소되어 오히려 효율을 감소시킬 수 있으며, 또한 입자 간의 응집으로 인하여 활성점이 감소하는 문제가 발생 한다는 연구와, 광촉매 자체가 광촉매 표면에 도달하는 광에너지를 차단하는 효과가 발생하여 반응속도의 증 가가 둔화된다는 연구결과도 있다4,5). 반면 촉매의 양이 적어지면 반응에 필요한 활성점의 양이 감소하게 되므 로 광촉매의 최적의 양을 도출하여야 한다. 일반적으로 광촉매 반응은 UV intensity와 촉매의 양과의 상관관 계는 반비례 관계를 가지고 있으므로, 광촉매 반응기의 기준 광원에서의 최적의 광촉매량을 산출하여야 한다. 광촉매 반응 중 광량에 대한 초기반응속도는 20 mw/cm2 이하에서 radiant flux에 비례하며, 그 이상에 서는 제곱근에 비례한다6,7). 또한, 광촉매 산화반응에 사용되는 자외선은 400 nm 이하의 파장으로서 이 영역에서 TiO2를 여기 시킬 수 있다고 알려져 있으나 파장은 곧 입력 에너지와 연관 되므로 파장에 따른 제거효율의 연구가 필요하다. 또한 광촉매 반응기로 사용되어지는 재질은 자외선의 산란 을 발생시키지 않으며 자외선의 투과율이 높은 재질을 사용하여야 높은 광촉매 반응효율을 얻을 수 있다. 광촉매 액상 반응조건을 도출하기 위하여 아래와 같 이 시료의 농도, 초기 ph, 광촉매 농도에 따른 영향을 조사하였으며, 이외에 반응기 재질과 UV 파장에 따른 광촉매 반응효율을 조사하였다. 각 대상화합물은 COD, TOC, BOD, 색도, 무기이온을 분석함으로서 광촉매 활 성을 평가하였다 Ethanol 알콜류의 광촉매 액상 반응조건을 도출하기 위하여 에탄올에 대하여 다양한 조건으로 실험을 실시하였다. Ethanol의 광촉매 시험반응조건 중 시료의 초기 ph에 선정을 위하여 ph별 ethanol의 제거효율을 조사하였으 며, 가장 우수한 반응효율을 나타내는 ph는 8로 조사 되었다. 초기 광촉매 농도에 따른 광촉매 반응효율은 초기 ph를 8로 하여 실험하였으며, 광촉매량이 0.02 wt% 이상 증가시 반응효율이 감소하였다. 따라서 광촉 매 투여 농도는 0.02 wt%로 하여 ethanol의 초기 농 도에 대한 영향을 조사하였다. 500 ppm의 경우 90분 의 광촉매 반응으로 대부분이 제거되어 초기 농도는 1,000 ppm에서 90분간 광촉매 반응을 시켜 다른 광촉 매와의 활성비교를 하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단된다. 반응기의 재질의 경우 254 nm의 UV 램프를 사용할
6 110 v Á xá Á Á Áy Fig. 6. Removal efficiency of COD for catalyst weight% and initial ph (Ethanol concentration 1,000 ppm, aeration 200 ml/min, reaction time 120 min Plot 1; initial ph 8, Plot 2 : 0.02 wt%). Fig. 8. Comparison of the removal efficiency for BOD, COD, TOC (ethanol concentration 1,000 ppm, initial ph 8, aeration 200 ml/min, 0.02 wt%). Fig. 7. Removal efficiency of COD for ethanol concentration and reactor type (photocatalyst 0.02 wt%, initial ph 8, aeration 200 ml/min, ethanol concentration 1,000 ppm). pyrex» quartz» w z j w,» ü UV n w»» quartz» w w. Ethanol w Ÿ w z w ƒ ƒ w z ùkü w. Ethanol ph 8, Ÿ 0.02 wt%,» 1,000 ppm 90 Ÿ z x ƒw Ÿ y q Methylene blue Ÿ w» w t Methylene blue w w x w. methylene blue Ÿ x» ph w ph z w, ƒ w z ùkü ph 4.» Ÿ Ÿ z» ph 4 w xw, Ÿ ƒw z ƒwù 0. 4 wt% ƒw z ƒw. Ÿ n 0.4 wt% w» w z w.» ƒ 100 ppm Fig. 9. Removal efficiency of methylene blue for ini (methylene blue concentration 200 ppm, 0. aeration 200 ml/min, reaction time 90 min).
7 Degussa w y sƒ w t 111 Fig. 10. Removal efficiency of methylene blue for concentration (methylene blue concentration 200 ppm, initial ph 4, aeration 200 ml/min, reaction time 90 min). Fig. 12. Removal efficiency of COD for initial ph (phenol concentration 200 ppm, 0.2 wt%, aeration 200 ml/min, reaction time 90min). Fig. 11. Removal efficiency of COD and color for initial concentration (initial ph 4, 0.4 wt%, aeration 200 ml/min, reaction time 90 min). z 30 90% z Ÿ z q» 200 ppm 90 Ÿ g Ÿ y w q Phenol w yw š ƒ»y w. w yw Ÿ w» w t r w w x Ÿ w. Phenol Ÿ x» ph w ph phenol z w Fig. 13. Removal efficiency of COD for concentration (phenol concentration 200 ppm, initial ph 8, aeration 200 ml/min, reaction time 90 min)., ƒ w z ùkü ph 8.» Ÿ Ÿ z» ph 8 w xw, Ÿ 0.1~ 0.5 wt% ƒ w Ÿ z ùkü Ÿ n 0.3 wt% w» w z w.» ƒ 300 ppm 120 w 40% û, 200 ppm x ƒw.» 200 ppm 90 Ÿ g Ÿ y w q.
8 112 v Á xá Á Á Áy Fig. 14. Removal efficiency of COD for phenol concentration ( 0.3 wt%, initial ph 8, aeration 200 ml/min) Chromium(Cr) j yw j (H 2 CrO 4 ), j (H 2 Cr 2 O 7 ) m y ü. j, j e, j ùp, j ùp, yj y j, w 6ƒ j w. 6ƒ j y w 3ƒ j, 3ƒ j w. t j Ÿ x w w ww. Chromium Ÿ Cr(VI) w Cr(III) y w,» ph w,, e ph 3, ph 6, ph 10 Cr(VI) z w Fig. 15. Removal efficiency of COD for reactor type (phenol concentration 200 ppm, 0.3 wt%, initial ph 8, aeration 200 ml/min). Fig. 17. Removal efficiency of Cr +6 for initial ph (Cr concentration 10 ppm, 0.1 wt%). Fig. 16. Comparison of the removal efficiency for COD, TOC (phenol concentration 200 ppm, 0.3 wt%, initial ph 8, aeration 200 ml/min). Fig. 18. Removal efficiency of Cr +6 for concentraion (Cr concentration 10 ppm, initial ph 6).
9 Degussa w y sƒ w t 113, ƒ w z ùkü ph 6.» Ÿ Ÿ z» ph 6 w xw, Ÿ 0.04~0.16 wt% Cr(VI) z w. n Ÿ ƒw z ƒw,» ƒ 10 ppm Ÿ 0.1 wt% 120 w Cr(VI) z 80%, Ÿ g Ÿ y w q. 4. Degussa P-25 w Ÿ y sƒ w» w x p, k, r, j 4 w, ƒ w Ÿ x e w x ww. ƒ Ÿ w ph,,» y,» quartz»ƒ w. k ph 8, Ÿ 0.02 wt%,» 1,000 ppm 90 Ÿ z x ƒw Ÿ y q. p ph 4, Ÿ 0.4 wt%,» 200 ppm 90 Ÿ g Ÿ y w q. r ph 8, Ÿ 0.3 wt%,» 200 ppm 90 Ÿ g Ÿ y w q. j ph 6, Ÿ 0.1 wt%,» 10 ppm 120 w Cr(VI) z 80%, Ÿ g Ÿ y w q. w Ÿ y sƒw» w x z w w w Ÿ y Ásƒ w t y» Ÿ y sƒ d t y,». š x 1. Spurr, R. A. and Myer, H., Anal. Chem., 1957, 29, Busca, G. and Zecchina, A., Catalysis Today, 1994, 20, Kormann, C., Ph. D. Thesis, Califonia Lnstitute of Technolohy, 1989, Pasadena CA. 4. Matsunaga, T., and Okochi, M., Environ. Sci. Technol., 1995, 29(2), Huang, M., Tso, E., and Datye, A. K., Environ. Sci. Technol., 1996, 30(10), Anpo, M., Aikawa, N., and Kubokawa, Y., J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, pp.3998~ Heller, A., Accounts of Chem. Res., 1995, 28(12), pp.503~508.
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