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1 Original Article Comparison of Conventional and Digital Templating Technique in Total Hip Arthroplasty Sung Kwan Hwang, MD, PhD, Dong Hyun Kang, MD, Tae Yeon Cho, MD, Chang Ho Lee, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea Purpose: To examine the effectiveness of digital templating in patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty by comparing and analyzing the accuracy of acetate and digital templating. Materials and Methods: One hundred and nine patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty between November 2002 and May 2006 were assigned to the acetate templating group (group I), and 113 patients between June 2006 and April 2009 were assigned to the digital templating group (group II). The sizes of the acetebular cup and femoral stem were examined to determine the accuracy of each method. Results: In group I, acetabular cup accuracy was found in 46.8% of cases, and 94.5% showed a mismatch less than ± 1 sizes. In the case of the femoral stem, accuracy was found in 53.2 % and 92.7 % showed a mismatch. In group II, acetebular cup accuracy was observed in 43.4 % of cases, and 92.9 % showed a mismatch below ±1 size. In femoral stem cases, 46.9 % were accurate and 93.8 % showed a mismatch. Conclusion: The accuracy of the digital templating method is equivalent to that of acetate templating, and should replace acetate templating before the operation. Key Words: Acetate templating, Digital templating, Total hip arthroplasty 서 고관절전치환술은고관절에이상을유발하는질환들에대한수술적치료방법으로서가장성공적인방법으로알려져있다. 정상적인고관절의생역학이회복되지않으면고관절은제기능을할수가없으므로이러한생역학의회복여부에따라장기적인수술의성공여부가결정된다. 많은연구에서성공적인고관절전치환술의필수조건으로수술전계획에대해언급하고있지만 1), 술전가늠술의방법론에대한연구는그리많지않은실정이다. 최근방사선이미지가디지털신호로바뀌어전송되는의료영상저장전송시스템 (picture archiving communication Submitted: July 27, st revision: August 14, nd revision: October 20, 2009 Final acceptance: November 30, 2009 Address reprint request to Sung Kwan Hwang, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 162 Ilsan-dong, Wonju , Korea TEL: FAX: hwtonlka@yonsei.ac.kr 론 system, PACS) 의보급으로방사선필름을사용하지않는병원이늘어나는추세이다 2). 이에따라여러회사에서수술전삽입물의예측을위한디지털프로그램들이많이개발되어사용되기시작하고있다. Aasis 등 3) 은무시멘트성고관절전치환술의고식적가늠술에대한연구에서대퇴주대의경우술전측정치와실제삽입된측정치를비교하였을때그정확도가 50% 에서 74% 정도가된다고보고하였으나디지털가늠술에대한연구과직접비교한연구는많지않다. 본연구의목적은고식적인가늠술과디지털가늠술을서로비교하여수술전측정한삽입물의크기와실제사용된삽입물의크기를비교, 분석하여디지털가늠술의유용성을알아보는것이다. 대상및방법 연구대상은 2002 년 11 월부터 2009 년 4 월까지본원에서일차성고관절전치환술을시행받은 305 예를대상으로하였다. 이중에서인공고관절재치환술 50 예, 골절 26 예 ( 경부골절 8 예, 전자간부골절 3 예, 비구골절 14 예, 73
2 대퇴골두골절 1 예 ), 고도기형을동반한고관절이형성증 5 예, 고관절융합된경우 2 예등, 총 83 예를제외하였다. 첫째그룹은 2002 년 11 월부터 2006 년 6 월까지일차성고관절전치환술을시행받고술전삽입물크기측정으로고식적가늠술을사용한 109 예 ( 제 1 군 ), 둘째그룹은 2006 년 7 월부터 2009 년 4 월까지일차성고관절전치환술을시행받고술전삽입물크기측정방법으로디지털가늠술을사용한 113 예 ( 제 2 군 ) 를대상으로하였다. 제 1 군에서남녀의비율은 78 명과 31 명이었고평균나이는 54.6 세 (28~86 세 ), 평균체중은 62.8 Kg (51~79 Kg), 술전진단으로대퇴골두무혈성괴사가 71 예, 고관절골관절염이 33 예, 고관절이형성증이 5 예였고, 제 2 군의남녀의비율은 75 명과 38 명이었고, 평균연령은 55.6 세 (22~83 세 ), 평균체중 61.2 Kg(49~82 Kg), 술전진단으로는대퇴골두무혈성괴사가 73 예, 고관절골관절염이 34 예, 고관절이형성증이 6 예였다. 두그룹간의술전성별, 나이, 몸무게, 기저질환등에서통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다 (Table 1). 모든수술은동일한술자 (S.K.H) 의집도로이루어졌으며, 전예에서무시멘트성고관절전치환술을시행하였고대퇴주대로는 Accolade TMZF (Stryker Inc, Warsaw, Ind, USA) 를, 비구컵으로는 Secure Fit ceramic on ceramic shell (Stryker Inc, Warsaw, Ind, USA) 을사용하였다. 수술전삽입물의크기측정을위해, 환자의양다리에실제 10 cm 의계측막대를삽입후 115% 의확대율로 pelvis orthopedic standard view 를촬영하였다. 고식적가늠술을한경우방사선필름위로투명한아세테이트가늠자를대어비구컵의크기를측정하였고, 대퇴주대의크기를측정하였다 (Fig. 1). 본원에서사용한 Accolade TMZF 대퇴주대의경우쐐기형의대퇴주대로가늠술시측면사진에서는의미가없어사용하지않았다. 디지털가늠술은본원 PACS 에서사용이가능한디지털프로그램 (Orthoview, Meridian Technique Ltd, USA) 을이용하여총 4 단계를거쳐측정하였다. 첫번째단계는 scaling Table 1. Demographic Data of Group 1, Group 2 Conventional Templating (Group 1) Digital Templating (Group 2) P-Value No. of Patients Gender(M:F) 78:31 75: Age(Yrs) 54.6 (28~86) 55.6 (22~83) 0.55 Weight(Kg) 62.8 (51~79) 61.2 (49~82) 0.68 Osteoporotic Patients (Mean t-score 3.5) Preoperative Diagnosis Avascular Necrosis Osteoarthritis Hip Dysplasia A B C Fig. 1. Preoperative radiograph of a 52 years old male shows avascular necrosis. (A) This shows measuring acetabular cup by acetate templating using acetate film. (B) This shows measuring femoral stem by acetate templating using acetate film. (C) Postoperative radiograph of total hip arthroplasty shows stable fixation (exactly correct size). 74
3 Sung Kwan Hwang et al.: Comparison of Conventional and Digital Templating Technique in Total Hip Arthroplasty 단계로방사선사진의확대율의표준화를위해먼저 10 cm 의계측막대를기준으로디지털가늠술의확대율을교정하고, 그다음은 planning 단계로경좌골선 (transischial line) 을기준으로골반기울임 (pelvic tilt) 와다리길이를측정하여삽입물도식의기준을정한후 templating 단계를통해비구컵의크기와대퇴주대의크기를도식화한후측정자의조정을거친다. 마지막 reporting 단계에서는최종측정한값을수치로보고하게된다 (Fig. 2). 관찰자내측정의오차를최소화하기위해모든경우에서동일한측정자가각각 2 회에걸쳐측정을시행하였고관찰자간오차의줄이기위해 2 회의측정결과를토대로측정과정을술자 (S.K.H) 가최종확인하여수술전측정치를한가지로통일하였다. 모든수술은측와위에서후외방접근법을사용하였다. 수술시실제로사용된비구컵과주대크기를확정하였다. 술전측정한삽입물의크기와수술중에확정한삽입물의크기를비교하여각각의고식적가늠술과디지털가늠술에서그크기가완전히일치한경우와 ±1, ±2 size 에서일치한경우를백분율 (%) 로평가하였다. 통계학적방법으로 t-test 를이용하여결과를비교하였다. 반복된측정에대한일치율은통계학적지수인등급내상관계수 (intraclass correlation coefficient) 를구하여비교하였다. 등급내상관계수는 Spearman 또는 Pearson 의방법으로구하는다른상관계수에비해짝지 어진데이터를분석할때발생하는오류가덜발생하는장점이있다. 등급내상관계수가 0.7 에서 0.9 사이일때좋은상관관계를보인다고말할수있다 4). 결 먼저비구컵측정에서는고식적가늠술을시행한군에서측정치와실제삽입물의크기가완전히일치한경우가 46.8% 였고, ±1 size 에서일치한경우가 94.5% 였고, ±2 size 에서일치한경우는 100% 였다. 디지털가늠술을사용하여삽입물의크기를측정한군에서는완전히일치한경우가 43.4% 였고, ±1 size 에서일치한경우가 92.9% 였고, ±2 size 에서일치한경우는 100% 였다. 오차의범위가 ± 1 size 를초과하는경우는고식적가늠술군과디지털가늠술군에서각각 6 예 (5.5%), 8 예 (7.0%) 에서관찰되었다. 대퇴주대의경우에는고식적가늠술을사용하여삽입물의크기를측정한군에서완전히일치한경우가 53.2% 였고, ±1 size 에서일치한경우가 92.7% 였고, ±2 size 에서일치한경우는 100% 였다. 디지털가늠술을사용하여삽입물의크기를측정한경우측정치와실제삽입물의크기가완전히일치한경우가 46.9% 였고, ±1 size 에서일치한경우가 93.8% 였고, ±2 size 에서일치한경우는 100% 였다. 오차의범위가 ±1 size 를초과하는경우는고식적가늠술군과디지털가늠술군에서각각 8 예 (7.3%), 7 예 과 A B C D Fig. 2. Preoperative radiograph of a 54 years old female shows avascular necrosis. (A) Scaling. (B) Planning-correction of pelvis tilt based on transischial line. (C) Planning-measuring size of femoral head and femoral canal. (D) Templating-visualization of measured implant. 75
4 (6.2%) 에서확인되었다. 고식적가늠술군과디지털가늠술군간에통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다 (Table 2). 고식적가늠술에서측정자간일치율은등급내상관계수로측정하였는데, 비구컵에서는 0.82, 대퇴주대에서는 0.85 의일치율을보였다. 디지털가늠술에서는비구컵 0.9, 대퇴주대 0.87 의일치율을보였다. 측정자내일치율은두명의측정자 (D.H.K, C.H.L) 와한명의술자 (S.K.H) 에서측정하였는데, 고식적가늠술에서비구컵측정시상기의순서대로 0.74, 0.71, 0.94 의결과를보였으며대퇴주대측정시 0.81, 0.79, 0.92 의결과를보였다. 디지털가늠술에서비구컵측정시 0.91, 0.87, 0.95, 대퇴주대측정시 0.90, 0.88, 0.95 의결과를보였다. 측정자간, 측정자내일치율에서디지털가늠술이더높은일치율을보였으나통계학적유의성은보이지않았다.(p value>0.05) 고 고관절인공관절전치환술에서수술전가늠술은술전계획의중요한단계로 5,6) 치환물크기의정확한예측은비구컵의안정적인고정에중요하며, 다리길이와오프셋을결정하는대퇴주대의선택에도중요하다. 특히최적의크기보다한단계작은크기의대퇴주대를선택하는경우대퇴주대의고정및안정성에문제가발생하며 7), 한단계큰크기의대퇴주대를삽입했던경우대퇴에주어지는장력이최대 6 배까지증가하여대퇴골의골절을일으킬수있다 8). 일부저자들은가늠술의정확도를 92% 까지보고하고있으나 5), 이는시멘트대퇴주대를삽입한경우로무시멘트대퇴주대를사용할경우정확한예측은더욱어렵다 9). 술전가늠술의정확도를저하시키는요인에는여러가지가있다. 방사선필름의질이떨어져가늠자체가어려운경우가있으며, 환자들의고관절의외회전구축으로인해가늠을위한방사선의정확한촬영이어려운점또한 찰 들수있다 9). 또한환자의나이와연부조직의긴장도, 환자의골질등이실제적용되는삽입물과술전측정한수치와차이가나는원인이된다. 최근고관절인공관절치환술의가늠술의새로운방법으로디지털프로그램을이용한방법이소개되고있다. PACS 의보급이일상화됨에따라고식적방법을통한크기측정보다는디지털가늠술이많이보급되고있다. 디지털프로그램을사용하는경우필름을찾거나운반하거나관리하는인력도줄일수있으며추가적인방사선노출을피하고경제적절약효과또한얻을수있어이러한프로그램이보급되고있다. 그러나새로운프로그램들에대한이해가부족한실정으로 10,11) 아직까지도디지털가늠자를이용하여수술전측정을시행하기보다는아세테이트 (acetate) 가늠자를이용한고식적인측정방법이더선호되고있다 5). Aasis 등 1) 에의하면술전측정의정확도에서고식적가늠술을사용하여비구컵을측정할때술전측정치와실제삽입물의크기가완전히일치한경우를 42.2%, 대퇴주대의경우에는완전히일치한경우가 68.8% 로보고하였다. 본연구에서는고식적가늠술을사용하여비구컵을측정할때술전측정치와실제삽입물의크기가완전히일치한경우가각각비구컵 46.6%, 대퇴주대 53.2% 로 Aasis 등의결과에비해낮거나비슷한결과를보였다. 이는본연구대상의평균연령은고식적가늠술을시행한경우와디지털가늠술을사용한경우각각 54.6 세와 55.6 세였지만주로고령의환자에서골다공증이심하여 (Mean BMD t-score -3.5) 대퇴주대가술전측정값보다크게삽입되는경우가많았던것으로생각된다. Richard 등 11) 은디지털가늠술을시행한결과를보고하면서 ±1 size 에서의일치도가비구컵에서 60%, 대퇴주대에서 74% 로보고하였다. 본연구에서는비구컵과대퇴주대의 ±1 size 에서의일치도가각각 94.5% 와 92.9% 로 Richard 등의결과보다좀더높게측정되었다. Table 2. Accuracy between Templated Size and Actual Implant Size according to Component Type in Two Groups. Femoral Stem (Acetate) Component Type Femoral Stem (Digital) P-Value Exact 58 Hips 53.2% Exact 53 Hips 46.9% 0.53 ±1 Size 43 Hips 39.5% ±1 Size 53 Hips 46.9% 0.50 ±2 Size 8 Hips 07.3% ±2 Size 07 Hips 06.2% Acetabular Cup (Acetate) Component Type Acetabular cup (Digital) P-Value Exact 51 Hips 46.8% Exact 49 Hips 43.4% 0.58 ±1 Size 52 Hips 47.7% ±1 Size 56 Hips 49.5% 0.46 ±2 Size 6 Hips 05.5% ±2 Size 08 Hips 07.1% 76
5 Sung Kwan Hwang et al.: Comparison of Conventional and Digital Templating Technique in Total Hip Arthroplasty 고관절인공관절치환술시디지털프로그램을사용한가늠술의정확도에대해논란이있어왔으나본연구에서디지털가늠술을사용하는경우고식적가늠술과동등한수준의정확도를확인하였다. 또한측정자간, 측정자내일치율이디지털가늠술에서고식적가늠술에비해높은것을확인하였다. 디지털가늠술의장점들로비추어볼때향후디지털가늠술이충분히고식적가늠술을대체할수있으리라사료된다. 본연구에서측정자가프로그램을다루는데숙련되지않으면오히려측정결과가오차가생기는경우를경험할수있었는데디지털가늠술군에서비구컵 8 예, 대퇴주대 7 예에서 ±2 size 의오차를보였다. Richard 등 11) 도술전측정의정확도가떨어지는이유로디지털프로그램에대한미숙함을지적하였다. 특히본연구에서디지털가늠술을시행하는데있어측정자가기준점을정확하게설정하여야하는데프로그램에대한이해와경험이부족한경우기준점설정시에오차가발생하는경우를확인할수있었다. 이는새로운방법에대한학습곡선 (learning curve) 에의한것으로볼수있다. 50 번째가늠술시행을기준으로보면 50 번째이후에 ±2 size 의오차를보인예는비구컵측정에서 2 예, 대퇴주대 1 예로향후디지털가늠술시행시프로그램에대한충분한이해및숙련이동반되는경우정확도는더욱높아질것으로예상된다. 이외본연구에서는몇가지제한점이있다. 우선수술전진단으로대퇴골두무혈성괴사나골관절염이많은데이런경우고관절의외회전구축이있는경우가많기때문에정상적으로내회전 15 를시행하여 X-ray 를찍을수없는경우가많아그크기측정에오류가생긴경우가많다. 둘째, 본연구에서는본원의 PACS 에서사용이가능한디지털프로그램만사용하였다. 따라서크기측정을위한다른프로그램들과의비교결과역시필요할것으로사료된다. 결 고관절전치환술을위한수술전측정에사용되는디지털가늠술은고식적가늠술과동등한정확도를보여주었 론 다. 디지털가늠술은고관절전치환술술전측정시고식적인가늠술을대체할수있을것이다. REFERENCES 01. Kosashvili Y, Shasha N, Olschewski E, et al. Digital versus conventional templating techniques in preoperative planning for total hip arthroplasty. Can J Surg. 2009;52: Won YY, Cui WQ, Kim KK, Son SH. Comparison of digital templating with manual templating for total hip replacement. J Korean Orthop Assoc. 2005;40: Unnanuntana A, Wagner D, Goodman SB. The accuracy of preoperative templating in cementless total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24: Streiner DL,Norman GR. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; Eggli S, Pisan M, Müller ME. The value of preoperative planning for total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80: Jay VP, McGrory BJ. A convenient method for preoperative templating. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 1995;24: Carter LW, Stovall DO, Young TR. Determination of accuracy of preoperative templating of noncemented femoral prostheses. J Arthroplasty. 1995;10: Conn KS, Clarke MT, Hallett JP. A simple guide to determine the magnification of radiographs and to improve the accuracy of preoperative templating. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84: Linclau L, Dokter G, Peene P. Radiological aspects in preoperative planning and postoperative assessment of cementless total hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop Belg. 1993; 59: Crooijmans HJ, Laumen AM, van Pul C, van Mourik JB. A new digital preoperative planning method for total hip arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009;467: Iorio R, Siegel J, Specht LM, Tilzey JF, Hartman A, Healy WL. A comparison of acetate vs digital templating for preoperative planning of total hip arthroplasty: is digital templating accurate and safe? J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:
6 국문초록 고관절전치환술을위한수술전측정의정확도 : 고식적가늠술 (Acetate templating) 과디지털가늠술 (Digital templating) 의비교 황성관 강동현 조태연 이창호 연세대학교원주의과대학정형외과학교실 목적 : 술전삽입물의크기측정을위한고식적가늠술 (acetate templating) 과디지털가늠술 (digital templating) 의정확도를비교, 분석하여디지털가늠술의유효성여부를검토하였다. 대상및방법 : 2002년 11월부터 2006년 5월까지일차성고관절전치환술을시행받은 109명의환자를고식적가늠술 (acetate templating, 제1군 ) 로, 2006년 6월부터 2009년 4월까지 113명의환자는디지털가늠술 (digital templating, 제2군 ) 로비구컵, 대퇴주대의크기를가늠하여실제삽입된비구컵과대퇴주대의크기와비교하여두방법의정확도를측정하였다. 결과 : 제1군에서비구컵은일치한경우가 46.8%, 1단위허용범위내에는 94.5% 였고, 대퇴주대는각각 53.2%, 92.7% 였다. 제2군의경우비구컵은일치한경우가 43.4%, 1단위허용범위내에는 92.9% 였고, 대퇴주대는 46.9%, 93.8% 였다. 결론 : 디지털가늠술의정확도는고식적가늠술과동등한정도의정확도를보여술전측정시고식적가늠술을대체할만한방법으로사료된다. 색인단어 : 고식적가늠술, 디지털가늠술, 일차성고관절전치환술 78
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