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1 The Korean Journal of Hepatology 21 ; 16 : DOI: 1.335/kjhep 응급간이식을받은전격성 A 형간염환자의임상양상 : 다른원인에의한급성간부전환자와의비교 가톨릭대학교의과대학내과학교실, 외과학교실 1 김진동 최종영 박정화 송명준 장정원배시현 윤승규 이영석 유영경 1 김동구 1 Abstract Clinical features of patients with fulminant hepatitis A requiring emergency liver transplantation: comparison with acute liver failure due to other causes Jin Dong Kim, M.D., Jong Young Choi, M.D., Chung-Hwa Park, M.D., Myeong Jun Song, M.D., Jeong Won Jang, M.D., Si Hyun Bae, M.D., Seung Kew Yoon, M.D., Young Sok Lee, M.D., Young Kyoung You, M.D. 1, Dong Goo Kim, M.D. 1 Department of Internal Medicine and 1 Department of Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background/Aims: According to recent prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, acute liver failure (ALF) due to HAV infection is observed frequently in parallel. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic features of patients who have undergone emergency liver transplantation (LT) due to fulminant HAV infection. Methods: Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic data of 11 transplant recipients with anti-hav IgM-positive ALF between December 27 and May 29 were analyzed, and compared with data of 1 recipients who underwent LT for the management of ALF due to other causes. Results: The median age of the patients with HAV-related ALF was 34 years (range: years). The levels of hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatinine were higher and the level of bilirubin was lower in the HAV-related ALF group than in the other group (P=.5,.1,.1,.1, and.3, respectively). The time from the onset of initial symptoms to the development of encephalopathy was shorter in the HAV-related ALF group than in the other group (median 5 days, range: 4-13 days; P<.1). In patients with HAV-related ALF, laboratory findings and clinical prognostic parameters including the Acute Liver Failure Study Group prognostic index, King s College criteria, and model for endstage liver disease (MELD) and Child-Pugh scores were not associated with the grade of hepatic encephalopathy or time of progression to encephalopathy. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the clinical condition of patients with HAV-related ALF requiring emergency LT aggravates rapidly. Prognostic parameters are not sufficient for discriminating transplant candidates in patients with fulminant hepatitis A. (Korean J Hepatol 21;16:19-28) Key words: Hepatitis A; Liver Failure, Fulminant; Liver Transplantation; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Prognosis Received August 3, 29; revised January 3, 21; accepted February 1, 21 Abbreviations: ALF, acute liver failure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase anti-hbc Ab, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen; anti-hcv Ab, antibody to hepatitis C virus; AST, aspartate aminotransferase HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; INR, international normalized ratio; MELD, model for endstage liver disease; N/A, not applicable; PT, prothrombin time; WBC, white blood cells. Corresponding author: Jong Young Choi, jychoi@catholic.ac.kr; Phone: 2) ; Fax: 2) 주소 : 서울시서초구반포동서울성모병원소화기내과 ( 우 ) * 본연구는보건의료기술연구개발사업의지원에의해이루어진것임 (A521)
2 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 16. No 서론최근수년간국내급성 A형간염의발생률은비약적으로증가하고있어, 질병관리본부연간통계에따르면 26년 2,81명, 27년 2,233명, 28년은 7,895 명이었다. 1 급성 A형간염의 1% 미만에서전격성간염혹은급성간부전이보고되는바를고려할때, 현성 A형간염의증가에따른전격성 A형간염환자수의증가를예상할수있다. 2 A형간염은일반적으로대증치료로호전되고비교적안정적인질환경과를밟지만급성간부전을동반할경우예후는불량하여 4~5% 의환자는사망하거나간이식을받게된다. 3 그러므로급성간부전의임상양상을보이는현성 A형간염환자에서자발생존혹은악화에대한빠른예후예측은임상적으로중요한문제이다. 이에저자들은응급간이식이필요했던급성 A 형간염환자의임상양상을분석하고, 그특성을다른원인에의한급성간부전환자와비교하여알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상 27년 12월부터 29년 5월까지급성간부전으로의뢰되어입원한환자를대상으로하였다. 급성간부전의원인규명을위해과거력, 약물복용력, 여행력, 음주력, 가족력을구체적으로문진하였고, 혈청검사를통해 B형간염표면항원, B형간염표면항원에대한항체, B형간염핵심항체에대한 IgM 항체, B형간염바이러스 DNA, C형간염바이러스에대한항체, C형간염바이러스 RNA, 엡스타인바바이러스에대한 IgM 항체, 거대세포바이러스에대한 IgM 항체, 자가면역항체, 24시간요구리배출량, 세룰로플라스민수치등을확인하여기타간질환의가능성을배제하였다. 급성 A형간염의진단은혈청내 A형간염바이러스 (HAV) 에대한 IgM 항체의양성유무를효소면역측정법이나방사면역측정법을통해확인하였다. 급성 A형간염에의한간부전의경우이식시점에통일된기준이없어서, 본이식센터로의전원이후간기능및간성뇌증의악화로인해비가역적뇌부종및사망이임박하여간이식이외에방법이없다고판단되는환자에대해본원이식센터협진팀이이식의적절성을협의한후국립장기이식관리센터의승인을받아간이식을시행하였다. 모든환자는나이기준이외에는국립장기이식관리센터응급도 1(18세이상의전격성간부전증환자로 7일이내에간이식을받지않으면생명연장의희망이없는상태 ) 에해당했다. 2. 방법 급성 A형간염에의한간부전으로의뢰된환자는총 14명이었고, 이중에서 1명은자발적으로회복되었으며, 2명은사망, 11명은간이식을시행받았다. 같은기간동안다른원인의급성간부전으로간이식을시행받은환자는 1명이었다 ( 독성간염 4명, 원인불명 6명 ). 급성간부전과급만성 (acuteon-chronic) 간부전의구분이어려웠던 B형간염표면항원양성인 14명의환자는배제하였다 ( 그림 1). 대상환자들의의무기록, 실험실검사, 적출간의병리검사결과를후향적으로분석하였다. 문진및실험실검사결과에따라환자를급성 A형간염에의한간부전군 (HAV 군 ) 과다른원인에의한간부전군 (non-hav 군 ) 으로나누어임상양상, 검사결과, 병리학적특성을비교분석하였다. 또한, 입원시검사소견과임상양상에서계산된 Child 점수, Model for endstage liver disease(meld) 점수, King s College 의간이식기준, 미국간학회급성간부전연구회의 A형간염예후지표 (ALFSG index) 를확인 Figure 1. Patient enrollment. ALF, acute liver failure; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; LT, liver transplantation
3 Jin Dong Kim, et al. Fulminant hepatitis A requiring liver transplantation 하였다. 4-7 본기관에서는간부전환자의중환자실에서간성뇌증및신경학적변화를 1시간간격으로확인하여변화양상을관찰, 기록하였다. 간성뇌증은일반적으로통용되는기준에따라등급을나누며, 본연구에서는의무기록에기재된간성뇌증과신경학적변화를확인하였다. 8 급성간부전은이전에만성간질환의과거력이없는환자가 8주이내에 prothrombin time international normalized ratio (INR) 1.5 이상의응고장애와간성뇌증의징후를보이는경우로정의하였다. 9 급성신손상 (acute renal injury) 은입원시혈청크레아티닌수치가기저치의 2배이상상승혹은사구체여과율이 5% 이상감소, 또는 12시간동안요배출량이.5 ml/kg/ 시간미만으로감소하는경우로정의하였다 통계분석통계처리는 Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows version 14(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.) 프로그램을이용하여연속변수의비교에는 Mann-Whitney U test를이용하였고, 빈도변수의비교에는 Fisher s exact test를시행하였다. 전원당시검사결과와이식직전의검사결과의변화를확인하기위해 Wilcoxon 부호순위검정을시행하였다. 각종검사결과및예후점수와임상양상의진행기간사이의관련성확인을위해 Spearman 상관분석을시행하였다. 수치는기술통계를통해중앙값 ( 범위 ) 으로제시하였고, P값이.5 미만인 경우를통계적유의성이있는것으로판정하였다. 아스파르테이트아미노전이효소 (AST) 와알라닌아미노전이효소 (ALT) 의검출상한치는 5, U/L 로, 그이상의값은 5, U/L로간주하였다. 결과 1. 대상환자의특성 ( 표 1) 급성간부전으로응급간이식을시행받은 21명의환자중남자는 4명, 여자는 17명이었고, 나이의중앙값은 37세 ( 범위 : 15~65세 ) 였다. HAV 와 non-hav 두간부전군사이의성별과연령의차이는없었다 (P=.173,.586). 두군모두만성간질환의과거력은없었으며, 기저질환으로 HAV 군에서 1명이궤양성대장염으로 azathioprine을내원전 9개월간복용하고있었고, non-hav 군에서재생불량성빈혈과프로락틴선종을진단받은환자가각각 1명씩있었다. 환자들에게주당알코올 4그램이상의유의한음주력은없었으며, 각군에서 2명씩내원 2개월이내에국내여행력이있었다. 2. 간성뇌증, 간외증상및기타임상양상 ( 표 2) 환자가첫임상증상을자각하여본원에의뢰되기까지의기간은 HAV 군 5일 ( 범위 : 3~14일 ), non- HAV 군 15.5일 (7~39일) 이었고 (P<.1), 의뢰후이식까지의소요시간은 HAV군 38시간 (11~88시간 ), non-hav 군 17시간 (37~432시간 ) 이었다 (P=.2). 첫임상증상자각부터이식까지의기간은 Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients with acute liver failure Parameter, n (%) or median (range) Gender (men, %) Age, years, mean(range) Comorbid diseases Alcohol consumption (none/social/alcoholic) Recent travel history(< 2 months) Total (n=21) 4 (19.) 37 (15~65) 3 (14.3) 17/4/ 4 (19.) HAV ALF (n=11) 3 (27.3) 34 (15~43) 1 (9.1) 8/3/ 2 (18.2) Other ALF (n=1) 1 (1.) 4 (16~65) 2 (2.) 9/1/ 2 (2.) P-value.586* *.586* 1.* *Fisher s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, ulcerative colitis, aplastic anemia, prolactinoma. ALF, acute liver failure; HAV, hepatitis A virus. Social drinking <4 g/week
4 대한간학회지제 16 권제 1 호 21 HAV군은 7일 (4~15일), non-hav 군은 22.5일 (1 1~5일 ) 이었다 (P<.1). 첫임상증상발현부터간성뇌증발현까지의기간은 HAV 군 5일 (4~13일), non-hav 군 2.5일 (7~42일) 이었다 (P<.1). 전원초기에 I 등급이상의간성뇌증을보인환자는 HAV군은 7명 (63.6%), non-hav 군은 5명 (5%) 이었고, 이식직전까지가장악화된간성뇌증의등급은 I, II, III, IV 등급이 HAV 군에서각각, 1, 4, 6 명, non-hav 군에서 1, 3, 4, 2명으로, III 등급이상으로진행된간성뇌증을보인환자는 HAV 군에서 1 명 (9.9%), non-hav 군에서 6명 (6%) 이었다 (P=.149). 급성신손상은 HAV 군에서 7명 (63.6%), non-hav 군에서 1명 (1%) 이동반되었고 (P=.24), 24시간요배출량이 5 ml 미만인핍뇨성신손상은 HAV군에서 5명, non-hav 군에서 1명에서확인되었다. 급성신손상을보인모든환자는치료로서연속적신기능대치요법을시행받았으며, 연속적신기능대치요법의평균기간은 6일 (2~12일) 이었다. HAV군의 2명 (18.2%) 에서간외징후가확인되었는데, 용혈성빈혈 1명, 원인불명의빈혈과혈소 판감소증이 1명에서나타났고, 모두이식전후로발견되어퇴원후에호전되었다. 3. 검사실소견 ( 표 3) 전원당일에시행한검사소견중 HAV군의혈중헤모글로빈, AST, ALT, 크레아티닌수치가 non- HAV군에비해유의하게높았으며 ( 각각 P=.5,.1, <.1,.1), 빌리루빈수치는 non-hav 군에서높았다 (P=.3). 두군간백혈구, 혈소판, 프로트롬빈시간, 알부민, 암모니아수치의유의한차이는없었다. HAV군에서본원전원당시의검사결과와이식직전의검사결과를비교할때, AST가 1,713(153~ 5,) U/L에서이식직전 784(17~5,) U/L로, ALT가 3,39(81~5,) U/L에서이식직전 1,52 (18~5,) U/L로유의하게감소하였다 ( 모두 P=.28). 프로트롬빈시간 (INR) 은 3.17(1.77~5.53) 에서이식직전 2.53(1.48~4.63) 이었고 (P=.98), 이외의다른검사수치도두기간사이에유의한변화는없었다. Table 2. Clinical manifestations of the patients with acute liver failure Parameter, n (%) or median (range) Time from initial symptom to refer, day Time from initial symptom to LT, day Time from refer to LT, hour Initial presentation with HE Initial HE grade (/I/II/III/IV) Worst HE grade (I/II/III/IV) Worst HE grade III or IV Time from initial symptom to HE, day Time from HE to LT, hour Extrahepatic manifestation Combined ARI Total (n=21) 7 (3~39) 11 (4~5) 53 (11~432) 12 (57.1) 9//6/4/2 1/4/8/8 16 (76.2) 9 (4~42) 52 (19~32) 2 (9.5) Oliguric/nonoliguric, n 6/2 CRRT application (+) 8 (38.1) CRRT applied duration, day 6 (2~12) *Fisher s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test. HAV ALF (n=11) 5 (3~14) 7 (4~15) 38 (11~88) 7 (63.6) 4//2/3/2 /1/4/6 1 (9.9) 5 (4~13) 36 (19~6) 2 (18.2) 5/2 7 (63.6) 7 (2~12) Other ALF (n=1) 15.5 (7~39) 22.5 (11~5) 17 (37~432) 5 (5.) 5//4/1/ 1/3/4/2 6 (6) 2.5 (7~42) 76 (2~32) () 1/ 1 (1) 4 P-value <.1 < * N/A N/A.149* < * N/A.24*.667 ALF, acute liver failure; ARI, acute renal injury; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; LT, liver transplantation; N/A, not applicable
5 김진동외 9 인. 전격성 A 형간염에의한응급간이식 4. 병리소견 ( 그림 2) 적출간은육안관찰에서비교적매끈하고부드러운표면을보였으나절단면에서는진한적갈색의출혈및불규칙한홈과결절 (granularity) 이동반된괴사소견을보였다. 적출간의무게는 HAV 군 1,237(543~1,633) 그램, non-hav 군 54(38~ 82) 그램이었다 (P<.1). 두군의환자모두조직소견은소엽구조의파괴와농축핵 (pyknotic nuclei), 호산구성세포질 (eosinophilic cytoplasm) 을동반하는간세포의괴사를보였다. Non-HAV 군과비교하여 HAV군의특징적조직소견은없었다. 5. 각종예후예측모델의점수 Child 점수는 HAV군 11(9~14), non-hav 군 11.5(8~13) 였고, MELD 점수는 HAV군 34(18~ 46), non-hav 군 27(22~41) 로, 두군간에유의한차이는없었다 ( 각각 P=.863,.197). King s College 의간이식기준에부합하는경우는 HAV 군에서 1 예 (9.1%), non-hav 군에서 6예 (6%) 였다 (P=.24). HAV 군에서 ALFSG index 2개이상에부합하는경우는 3예 (27.3%) 였다. 6. HAV군에서각종검사결과, 예후예측모델점수와간성뇌증 HAV 군에서내원당시간성뇌증의단계에따라두군 (Grade ~II, III~IV) 으로분류하였을때검 사실결과와예후예측점수의유의한차이가없었다 ( 표 4). 초기전신증상에서간성뇌증이발현되기까지의시간에따라두군으로분류하였을때, 간성뇌증이발현되기까지의시간경과가 7일이상인군에서 7일미만인군에비해혈중빌리루빈수치가높았던것이외에는각종검사실검사결과와예후예측점수의유의한차이가없었다 ( 표 5). 7. 이식후환자의경과및예후 HAV군의임상경과는이식후모두호전되었으나, non-hav 군에서 1예가이식 64일에패혈증으로사망하였다. 고찰 A형간염에의한간부전환자의예후에대한선행연구에서환자의나이가많거나, 기저만성간질환을가지고있거나, 간성뇌증으로의진행이빠르거나, 여행력이있었던경우에예후가불량하였다. 11 다른연구에서는, A형간염바이러스의혈중 RNA 농도가낮거나검출되지않는경우및빌리루빈수치가높을수록 factor V 수치가낮았고, 환자가사망하거나이식이필요했다. 2 미국 ALFSG 의연구에서는 4가지인자, 즉입원시의혈청크레아티닌 2. mg/dl 이상, ALT 2,6 U/L 이하, 기관삽관의필요, 혈압상승제의필요중 2가지이 A B Figure 2. Pathology of liver explanted from a 24-year-old woman with fulminant hepatitis A. (A) Reddish necrotic areas are seen on the cut surface of an explant with a total weight of 1,24 grams. (B) Distorted hepatic architecture and massive necrosis with eosinophilic degeneration of hepatocytes are evident (hematoxylin & eosin stain, original magnification 2)
6 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 16. No Table 3. Initial laboratory findings of the patients with acute liver failure Parameter, n (%) or median (range) WBC (/mm 3 ) Hemoglobin (g/dl) Platelets ( 1 3 /mm 3 ) PT INR AST (U/L) ALT (U/L) Protein (g/dl) Albumin (g/dl) Bilirubin (mg/dl) Creatinine (mg/dl) Ammonia (μg/dl) HBsAg (+) Anti-HBc Ab (+) Anti-HCV Ab (+) Total (n=21) HAV ALF (n=11) 8,22 (1,94~23,56) 1,2 (1,94~23,56) 11.9 (6.~17.) 123 (38~373) 2.43 (1.5~5.53) 323 (3~5,) 48 (24~5,) 5.2 (4.3~6.6) 3.1 (2.47~3.74) 15.5 (3.4~4.4).87 (.2~13.77) 192 (46~394) (9.9~17.) 132 (8~324) 3.17 (1.77~5.53) 1,713 (153~5,) 3,39 (81~5,) 5.2 (4.7~6.6) 2.8 (2.47~3.4) 7.4 (3.4~34.9) 1.64 (.64~13.77) 192 (147~326) 3 Other ALF (n=1) 7,25 (2,32~19,43) 9.45 (6.~12.9) 112 (38~373) 2.14 (1.5~5.5) 164 (3~1,685) 8 (24~1,214) 5.3 (4.3~5.9) 3.22 (2.65~3.74) 25. (12.9~4.4).74 (.2~3.48) 189 (46~394) 7 P-value < N/A.35* N/A *Fisher s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test. ALF, acute liver failure; ALT, alanine aminotransferase anti-hbc Ab, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen; anti-hcv Ab, antibody to hepatitis C virus; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; INR, international normalized ratio; N/A, not applicable; PT, prothrombin time; WBC, white blood cells. Table 4. Laboratory data and prognostic parameters according to grade of hepatic encephalopathy in the patients with HAV-related acute liver failure Parameter, n (%) or median (range) PT INR Albumin (g/dl) Bilirubin (mg/dl) Creatinine (mg/dl) MELD score MELD score 35 King s College criteria (+) ALFSG index, 2 factors HE grade ~II (n=6) 3.77 (1.77~5.53) 2.79 (2.47~3.4) 7.32 (3.42~34.92) 7.21 (.76~13.77) 35.5 (3~46) 4 (66.7) (.)7 2 (33.3) HE grade III~IV (n=5) 2.43 (1.78~4.32) 2.8 (2.71~3.11) 8.24 (4.4~26.29) 1.5 (.64~4.86) 29 (18~37) 1 (2.) 1 (2.) 1 (2.) P-value *.455*.242* *Fisher s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test. 4 factors of ALFSG index: creatinine 2. mg/dl, ALT 2,6 U/L, intubation status, and need for pressors. ALFSG, Acute Liver Failure Study Group; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; INR, international normalized ratio; MELD, model for end-stage live disease; PT, prothrombin time. 상에부합하는경우불량한예후를예측할수있었다. 7 국내보고에서는이식센터가있는 3차의료기 관에급성간부전으로전원된 A형간염환자의자발생존율은 57.1% 였으며, 간성뇌증의등급이독립
7 Jin Dong Kim, et al. Fulminant hepatitis A requiring liver transplantation Table 5. Laboratory data and prognostic parameters according to time progression to encephalopathy in the patients with HAV-related acute liver failure Parameter, n (%) or median (range) PT INR Albumin (g/dl) Bilirubin (mg/dl) Creatinine (mg/dl) MELD score MELD score 35 King s College criteria (+) ALFSG index, 2 factors Time to HE <7 days (n=6) 3.34 (1.77~5.53) 2.93 (2.68~3.4) 7.12 (3.42~8.24) 3.89 (1.5~9.39) 32 (18~46) 2 (33.3) (.) 2 (33.3) Time to HE 7 days (n=5) 2.43 (1.77~4.32) 2.8 (2.47~3.4) 12.7 (7.29~34.92).76 (.64~13.77) 35 (29~37) 3 (6.) 1 (2.) 1 (2.) P-value *.455* 1.* *Fisher s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test. 4 factors of ALFSG index: creatinine 2. mg/dl, ALT 2,6 U/L, intubation status, and need for pressors. ALFSG, Acute Liver Failure Study Group; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; INR, international normalized ratio; MELD, model for end-stage live disease; PT, prothrombin time. 적인예후인자였다. 12 뇌부종 (cerebral edema) 과두개내출혈 (intracranial hemorrhage) 은급성간부전환자의가장심각한합병증이며, 뇌부종은허혈성, 저산소성뇌손상을유발하여환자가급성간부전에서자발생존을하더라도장기간의신경학적결손 (neurological deficit) 을초래할수있다. 13,14 뇌부종의위험은간성뇌증이 III 등급일경우 25~35%, IV 등급일경우에는 65~75% 로증가하는것으로알려져있다. 15 미국의대규모연구에서간성뇌증 I-II 등급인급성간부전환자의 52% 가간이식없이 3주간생존한반면, 간성뇌증 III-IV 등급인환자의생존율은 33% 였다. 16 이상의내용을종합할때, 간성뇌증의등급은 A형간염에의한급성간부전환자의중증도및예후판단에중요하다. 현성 A형간염환자의예후인자를규명하기위한가장이상적인방법은다기관에현성 A형간염으로내원한환자들을대상으로생존군과사망군 / 이식군간에동일한방법으로확인된여러예후인자를비교하는것이다. 본연구는 3차의료기관으로의뢰된환자를대상으로진행되어일반적인현성 A 형간염환자보다임상적으로위중할가능성이높 고, 분석대상환자수가적었으며, 여러교란변수에대한다변량분석을시행할수없어서실제임상상을정확히반영하지않았을가능성이있다. 또한객관적이고통일된이식기준이없는상태에서이식이결정되어, 대상환자의이식시점이빨랐거나이식이불필요했을가능성을배제할수없다. 그러므로본연구는전격성 A형간염환자에대한파일럿연구로서의의미를가질것이다. 다른원인에의한급성간부전으로입원한환자군과비교한본연구에서, A형간염에의한간부전군의중요한임상적특징은, 환자가초기황달발현을포함한첫임상증상을자각하면서부터간성뇌증이발현되기까지불과중앙값 5일 ( 범위 : 4~13 일 ) 이소요되는초급성 (hyperacute) 간부전의경과를보였다는점이다. 이는 A형간염으로인한간부전의경우임상양상의악화가급속도로진행됨을보여주며, 황달을자각할시점에는이미간성뇌증이상당히진행되었을수있음을보여준다. 실제로전원시의 HAV군의빌리루빈수치는 7.4 mg/dl ( 범위 : 3.4~34.9) 로비교군에비해낮았으며, 이식직전까지빌리루빈의유의한변화를보이지않았다. 입원후이식전까지프로트롬빈시간의변화도
8 대한간학회지제 16 권제 1 호 21 유의하지않았으며, 간성뇌증의악화는프로트롬빈시간의변화와관련이없었다. 또한신선동결혈장등의수혈로인해프로트롬빈시간이실제환자의간기능을대변하지못했다. 초기전신증상의자각부터간성뇌증의발현까지의시간에따른소그룹비교에서, 간성뇌증발현까지의기간이 7일이상으로길었던군에서 7일미만의군보다빌리루빈수치가높았던것이외에는다른검사실검사수치의유의한차이도없었다. 일반적인 A형간염의임상경과에서증상기이후에황달기 (icteric phase) 가뒤따르며, 추가분석에서첫임상증상에서본원에전원되기까지의기간과빌리루빈수치가양의상관경향을보인다는점에서 (r=.598, P=.52), 빌리루빈수치차이에임상적의의가있다기보다는환자간임상경과의차이라고볼수있다. 적출간무게는 HAV 군에서 non-hav 군에비해무거워서수축 (shrinkage) 이적었다고볼수있다. 이는 HAV 군에서는간부전의진행속도가빨라간세포의수축이적었을가능성을시사한다. 또한 HAV군에서비교적간용적이정상임에도불구하고간성뇌증이빠르게나타난것으로미루어전격성 A형간염에서보이는간성뇌증은면역기전과관련된반응의일환이거나일종의독소물질 (toxin material) 등다른병리기전과관련되어있을가능성이있다. 급성신손상은다른원인에의한간부전군보다 A형간염간부전군에서자주동반되었는데 (63.6% vs. 1%, P=.24), 이는 A형간염간부전환자의악화에일조하는동시에내과적관리를더욱어렵게하는원인이될수있음을보여준다. 본원에서는환자의혈역학적안정을도모하면서신손상을관리하기위하여연속적신기능대치요법을이식전후로총 5일 (2~12일) 간적용하였고, 모든환자에서이식후신기능이정상으로회복되었다. 예후평가및이식적응을위해고안된예후예측모델 (Child, MELD) 의점수는두군사이에유의한차이가없었다. A형간염간부전군의자료만을분석하였을때, 이식을받은환자를대상으로적용하였음에도불구하고기존의이식기준인 King s College 기준과간부전예측의민감도와특이도가우수한 ALFSG 기준을만족하는환자의수가적었다 ( 각각 9.1%, 27.3%). 이는상기두가지기준이 A형간염간부전예측의관점에서, 전자는예후예측능력이부족하고, 후자는한국적풍토에서재검정되어야함을시사한다. 국내선행보고에서도 A형간염간부전환자에서 King s College 기준에부합하는경우가 19% 로낮고, 자발생존군에비해통계적으로유의한차이가없음이확인되었다. 12 국내 A형간염환자에서급성간부전예측모델로서 ALFSG index 의유용성이낮은원인은우선대상환자수가적고, 단일기관의연구라는점을들수있다. 추가로, HAV genotype 나혹은바이러스변이등의바이러스요인 (viral factor) 이원인이될수도있고, 한국인의면역반응이나감수성의차이등숙주요인 (host factor) 의차이가있을수있으므로, 국내 A형간염환자의분자생물학적데이터와면역학적특성에대한후속연구가필요하다. 이상의결과에서, 환자의간기능검사소견이나기존의예후예측모델의점수는간성뇌증의악화를민감하게반영하지못하였다. 그러므로 A형간염으로인한급성간부전환자에서검사결과및예후예측모델점수의악화가없거나기존의이식기준에부합하지않아이식을미룰경우적절한이식시점을놓쳐서환자가사망할수있다. 현재추세로볼때따라잡기 (catch-up) 예방접종이시행되지않는다면앞으로국내현성 A형간염의유병률은증가할것이며, 유병률증가에따른급성간부전의증가도예상된다. 국내에 A형간염의발병은 26년경부터비약적으로증가하였고, 1993년이후간이식을시작한본원의자료에서도전격성 A형간염으로간이식을시행한경우는 27 년 12월이후부터불과 18개월이내였다. 예방접종권고에따라 A형간염발생및 A형간염에따른간부전환자가함께감소하고간이식을시행받은환자가감소하는미국의통계자료는상기추정을뒷받침하는증거가된다. 7,17 이전의단일기관의후향보고가있었지만, 국내의 A형간염환자의예후인자분석및이식시기
9 김진동외 9 인. 전격성 A 형간염에의한응급간이식 결정을위해서는전격성간부전의동반유무를모두수렴한현성 A형간염으로외래혹은입원하는환자에대한전국적다기관의임상자료종합및분석이필요하다. 그리고이를통해국내상황에적합한전격성 A형간염의예후예측모델을개발함으로써자발회복을기대하다가적절한이식시기를놓치거나반대로불필요하게간이식을미리시행하는사례를최소화하도록해야겠다. 대상환자수가적다는제한점이있으나본연구의결론으로, 급성간부전으로간이식이필요했던 A형간염환자들의경우다른원인의급성간부전환자들에비해간성뇌증이빨리진행하였고급성신손상을동반하는경우가많았다. 또한급속한간성뇌증의진행은실험실검사소견과는연관성이낮았고, 이식시점결정에있어서기존의예후예측모델의유용성도낮게나타났다. 따라서국내상황에적합한전격성 A형간염의예후예측모델의개발을위한전국적다기관후속연구가필요하겠다. 요약목적 : 최근 A형간염에따른전격성간부전이증가하고, 이에따른응급간이식이많이시행되고있다. 이연구에서전격성 A형간염으로간이식을시행받은환자의임상적특징을분석하고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 27년 12월부터 29년 5월까지본이식센터에서기저간질환없이 IgM anti-hav 항체양성으로간이식을시행받은환자 11명의임상자료를같은분기에다른원인의급성간부전으로이식을받은환자 1명의자료와후향적으로비교하였다. 결과 : A형간염에의한간부전군 (HAV 군 ) 의연령은중앙값이 34세 ( 범위 : 15~43) 였고, 남자가 3명 (27.3%) 이었다. HAV 군에서다른원인의간부전군 (non-hav 군 ) 보다헤모글로빈, AST, ALT, 크레아티닌수치가높았고 ( 각각 P=.5,.1,.1,.1), 빌리루빈수치는낮았다 (P=.3). HAV군에서임상증상을처음자각한시점부터간성뇌증의발현까지의기간은중앙값이 5일 ( 범위 : 4~13) 로임상경과가빠르게진행했다 (P<.1). HAV 군에서간성뇌증의진행은실험실검사소견및기존예후예측모델의점수와연관성이낮았고, 기존의간이식기준과부합하는경우도적었다. 결론 : A형간염에의한급성간부전환자의임상양상은빠르게진행하며, 실험실검사소견이나기존의예후예측모델은 A형간염환자에서간이식대상자를선정하는기준으로충분하지않다. 색인단어 : A형간염, 전격성간부전, 간이식, 간성뇌증, 예후 참고문헌 Rezende G, Roque-Afonso AM, Samuel D, Gigou M, Nicand E, Ferre V, et al. Viral and clinical factors associated with the fulminant course of hepatitis A infection. Hepatology 23;38: Lee WM, Squires RH Jr, Nyberg SL, Doo E, Hoofnagle JH. Acute liver failure: Summary of a workshop. Hepatology 28;47: Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973;6: Kamath PS, Kim WR. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). Hepatology 27;45: O Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, Williams R. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1989;97: Taylor RM, Davern T, Munoz S, Han SH, McGuire B, Larson AM, et al. Fulminant hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: Incidence, prognosis, and outcomes. Hepatology 26;44: Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR, Rodgers JB, Maddrey WC, Seeff L, et al. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1977;72: Trey C, Davidson CS. The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis 197;3: Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, Mehta RL, Palevsky P. Acute renal failure-definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 24;8: Kyrlagkitsis I, Cramp ME, Smith H, Portmann B, O Grady J. Acute hepatitis A virus infection: a review of prognostic factors from 25 years experience in a tertiary referral center. Hepatogastroenterology 22;49: Kim JM, Lee YS, Lee JH, Kim W, Lim KS. Clinical
10 The Korean Journal of Hepatology : Vol. 16. No outcomes and predictive factors of spontaneous survival in patients with fulminant hepatitis A. Korean J Hepatol 28; 14: Ware AJ, D Agostino AN, Combes B. Cerebral edema: a major complication of massive hepatic necrosis. Gastroenterology 1971;61: O Brien CJ, Wise RJ, O Grady JG, Williams R. Neurological sequelae in patients recovered from fulminant hepatic failure. Gut 1987;28: Munoz SJ. Difficult management problems in fulminant hepatic failure. Semin Liver Dis 1993;13: Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, Larson A, Davern TJ, Han SH, et al. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med 22;137: Daniels D, Grytdal S, Wasley A. Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis-united States, 27. MMWR Surveill Summ 29;58:
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