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1 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 pp February 2018 / 203 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 35, No. 2, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) 동적기울임외란에대한발목전략반응특성 Characteristics of Ankle Strategy Responses to Dynamic Tilting Perturbations 서한솔 1, 정호현 2, 정덕영 3, 임도형 1,# Hansol Seo 1, Hohyun Jung 2, Dukyoung Jung 3, and Dohyung Lim 1,# 1 세종대학교대학원기계공학과 (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University) 2 사이넥스임상연구부 (Department of clinical research device, Synex Co., Ltd.) 3 성남고령친화종합체험관 R&B 센터 (R&B Center, Seongnam Senior Experience Complex) # Corresponding Author / dil349@sejong.ac.kr, TEL: KEYWORDS: Balance maintenance ( 균형유지 ), Dynamic tiling perturbation ( 동적기울임외란 ), Ankle strategy ( 발목전략 ), Ankle joint motion ( 발목관절운동 ), Muscle activity ( 근육활성 ), Foot pressure ( 족저압 ) Maintaining balance is a factor critical and integral to our effective physical function as it relates to the normal activities of daily living. Of the hip strategy, stepping strategy and ankle strategy, it is known and accepted that the ankle strategy is the first activated parameter to assist in the maintenance of balance in motor output. However, few studies actually evaluated or assessed the precise attributes of ankle strategy in relation to any therapeutic effort tocorrect and/or rehabilitate from physical imbalance caused by dynamic tilting perturbation. The aim of the study was to identify precise characteristics of the ankle strategy as they respond to dynamic tilting perturbations. Seven healthy male (aged 25.5 ± 1.7 years, average height of ± 6.4 cm, average body mass of 71.3 ± 6.5 kg) were recruited to participate. The ankle joint motions were subjected to eight dynamic tilting perturbations generated by the customized tilting perturbation simulator, and the responses were measured by 3D motion capture system. Concurrently, foot pressure distribution and the corresponding centers of pressure (COP) trajectory were measured by a pressure measuring system, and the four main muscles activations related to the ankle joint motions were measured by wireless electromyogram system. Manuscript received: June 14, 2017 / Revised: August 24, 2017 / Accepted: August 28, 서론낙상 (Falling) 은골절, 뇌손상등각종심각한손상을일으키며높은이환율, 입원율그리고조기사망에이르게하는심각한원인으로보고되고있다. 1 특히고령화가진행됨에따라감각및운동신경계의약화로균형유지를위해요구되는근육강도및관절가동범위가일차적으로감소되는것으로보고되고있으며, 이로인하여궁극적으로낙상위험성에쉽게노출되는것으로보고되고있다 세이상고령자의경우, 낙상경험비율이매년 3명중 1명으로발생빈도가매우높은것으로보고되고있으며, 3,4 낙상으로인한골절, 관절탈구, 뇌진탕, 그리고심한열상등을동반하는 합병증을유발시켜, 고령자의신체적활동및기능저하를유발시킬수있다. 심할경우사회적고립까지유발시켜고령자의정신건강문제와연계될수있는잠재성이높은것으로보고되고있다. 5 의학적치료가필요한낙상사고보고에따르면피해자의분포가 65세이상고령자의경우약 30%, 80세이상고령자의경우약 40% 가낙상사고를경험하고있으며, 특히 85세이상고령자의경우낙상사고를경험한고령자의 2/3가사망으로직결되는심각한수준의 2차질환이발생하는것으로보고되고있다. 6 미국의경우 65세이상고령인구의낙상사고관련의료비용은연 2 백억달러 ( 약 24조원 ) 이상이소요되는것으로보고되고있으며, 7 한국의경우총인구및소득수준을고려할경우연 3조이상이소요될것으로예상되고있다. 향후고령사회가속화에따라 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 204 / February 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 이러한의료비용은폭발적으로증가될것으로예측되고있다. 8 이러한관점에서낙상사고위험방지와치료비절감을위한다양한연구가시도되고있는실정이다 균형유지는감각, 운동그리고중추신경계의협응작용에의해발생하는복합적인과정으로보고되고있다. 15 균형과관련된주요인자로서시각계, 체감각계그리고정전계를포함한입력인자와근육활성그리고관절운동을포함한출력인자가알려져있다. 16 특히, 관절운동은외란 (Perturbation) 에의한자세동요발생시균형유지와관련된주요인자중하나로서, 17 외란에의한신체의자세동요가적은경우발목관절 (Ankle Joint) 운동이주도적인역할을하는것으로보고되고있으며, 18 외란에의한신체동요가큰경우엉덩이관절 (Hip Joint) 운동이주도적인역할을하는것으로보고되고있다 이중, 발목관절운동은외란에과도한불균형을방지하기위하여최적의기저면을확보하는방향으로관절운동을하는것으로보고되고있다. 20 또한이러한발목관절운동과함께협력적으로발목관절주변의주요근육활성 (Muscle Activity) 이작용되어불균형을회복시키는것으로보고되고있다. 18 이러한적은신체동요발생시균형유지를위한발목관절의관절운동및근육활성관점에서의역할은발목전략 (Ankle Strategy) 특성관점에서설명되고있다 17. 따라서최근외란에따른균형유지를위한발목전략특성을분석하는다양한연구가진행되고있다. Mackey 21 등은회전외란 (Rotational Perturbation) 에의한균형회복능력에있어연령차이에따른발목전략특성을분석하였으며, Matrangola 22 등과 Robinovitch 23 등은 3가지유형의외란 (Static Lean Trial, Free Perturbation Trial, Lean Perturbation Trial) 및정적그리고동적외란 (Static and Dynamic Perturbations) 에따른균형유지를위한발목관절의토크 (Ankle Torque) 및응답시간 (Response Time) 을측정하여, 초기의발목전략특성이균형회복능력에미치는영향을제시하고자하였다. Horak 17 등은전방및후방수평표면외란 (Forward and Backward Horizontal Surface Perturbations) 에대한발목전략특성을분석하였으며, 특히전방및후방수평표면외란시발목전략이다른관절에서보다상대적으로가장먼저활성화되는것으로보고하였다. 그러나대부분의기존연구에있어서는발목관절의해부학적주요중심축 ( 예 : 시상축 (Sagittal Axis), 관상축 (Coronal Axis)) 을기준으로, 여러외란에대한발목전략특성만을분석하였기때문에주요중심축에서벗어난축 ( 예 : 시상축과관상축사이의축 ) 을중심으로외란, 특히동적기울임외란 (Dynamic Tiling Perturbations) 에대한발목전략특성을설명하기에는다소부족한한계점을지니고있다. 이에따라다양한축을중심으로한동적기울임외란에대한발목전략특성에대한연구가보완될필요가있는실정이다. 따라서본연구는다양한축을중심으로한 4개의동적기울임외란에대한발목전략반응특성을다각적으로분석하고자하였다. 2. 재료및방법 2.1 피검자선정 근골격계 / 신경계관련질병이없으며, ± 6.40 cm 평균신장, ± 6.54 kg 평균체중, ± 2.43 kg/m 2 평균체질량지수 (Body Mass Index, BMI) 를가진젊은성인남성 7명 ( 나이 : 25.5 ± 1.7) 을선정하여시험을수행하였다. 모든피검자들을대상으로시험시발생될수있는위험사항에대하여충분히숙지시키고, 최종적으로시험동의서에서명한후시험을진행하였다. 또한본연구에서수행된실험의방법및피검자선정에관한내용을세종대학교생명윤리정책연구원에서심의받았다. 2.2 시험장치구성및시험수행절차 피검자의발목관절운동을유도하기위하여본연구팀이이전연구에서자체제작한기울임외란시뮬레이터 (Tilting Perturbation Simulator) 를사용하였다 (Fig. 1). 24 기울임외란시뮬레이터는발판부위에연결된 6개의링크가 ±0.1m 수직방향으로이동하여, Fig. 1 Experimental configuration and tilting perturbation simulator for dynamic tilting perturbations used in experiment Fig. 2 Reference axes on the base plate of tilting perturbation simulator for four dynamic tilting perturbations considered in the current study
3 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 February 2018 / 205 발판부위가최대 ±15 o 의작동범위및 ±30 o /s의속도내에서자유로이기울임이가능하도록제작되었으며, 다양한축을기준으로기저면기울임이제어될수있도록제작되었다. 본연구에서는 4가지주요축 (Sagittal, Coronal, 45 o Clockwise Rotated Sagittal, 45 o Clockwise Rotated Coronal Axes) 을중심으로한 4개의동적기울임외란대한발목전략특성분석을수행하였다 (Fig. 2). 이러한발목전략특성은발목관절의관절가동범위 (Range of Motion, ROM), 발목관절주변의주요근육에서의근육활성 (Muscle Activity) 그리고족저압 (Foot Pressure) 을측정하여분석하였다. 이때시험시낙상발생위험의우려가있는 15 o 기울임외란에대한안전성문제및낙상발생직전의발목전략특성확보를위한 측면에서각축을기준으로 ±9 o 로제한하여시험을수행하였다. 측정및시험오류를최소화하기위하여각동적기울임당 5번연속적으로반복하여시험을진행하였으며, 피검자당동일한시험을총 3회수행하였다. 또한이전시험으로인한피검자의운동피로도영향을가능한최소화하기위하여각시험사이 10분의휴식시간을피검자에게부여하였다. 2.3 발목관절운동및족저압특성변화분석기울임외란시뮬레이터기저면움직임에대한발목관절가동범위특성을분석하기위하여, 8대의적외선카메라기반삼차원모션캡쳐시스템 (T-10s; VICON Motion System Ltd., Oxford, Fig. 3 Ankle joint motion responded to dynamic tilting perturbations
4 206 / February 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 UK; Sampling Rate: 100 Hz) 을사용하였다. 이때 Plug in Gait Marker Set을사용하였으며, 14 mm 지름을가진반사마커를피검자의체절에부착하여시험을수행하였다. 또한기울임외란시뮬레이터기저면움직임에대한발목관절움직임시족저압분포변화를동시에측정하기위하여, 인솔형정밀압력분포측정시스템 (Pedar Flexible Insoles System, Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany; Sampling Rate: 100 Hz) 을삼차원모션캡쳐시스템과함께사용하였다. 이때측정된족저압분포데이터를기반한최대족저압그리고압력중심 (Center of Pressure, COP) 이동경로도함께측정하였다. 2.4 발목관절운동에따른근육활성발현특성분석동적기울임외란시발목관절운동에관여하는주요근육의균육활성발현특성을정량화하기위하여, 무선표면근전도시스템 (Tringo Wireless EMG System, DELSYS, USA) 을사용하였다. 이때표면근전도센서는왼쪽및오른쪽다리의주요 4개근육에부착하였으며, 앞서언급된삼차원모션캡쳐시스템및인솔형정밀압력분포측정시스템과함께동시에측정되었다. 대상근육은발목관절운동에주로관여하는전경골근 (Tibialis Anterior Muscle, TA), 외측비복근 (Lateral Gastrocnemius Muscle, LG), 내측비복근 (Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle, MG) 그리고가자미근 (Soleus Muscle, SOL) 이고려되었다. 이때근전도센서를각근육의근복 (Muscle Belly) 에부착하였으나, 가자미근의경우에는비복근안쪽에근육이주로위치되어근전도센서를근복에직접부착하지않고근복측면에부착하여근전도신호를측정하였다. 측정된근전도신호는 10 Hz와 400 Hz 차단주파수를가진대역통과필터로처리한후전파정류시켰으며, 실효치 (Root Mean Square, RMS) 기법을적용하여사용하였다. 이때피검자간근육활성특성을정량적으로비교하기위하여, 최종적으로피검자각각의 근육에대한최대자의적근육수축력 (Maximum Voluntary Contraction, MVC) 을측정하여근전도신호를표준화 (Normalization) 한후사용하였다. 2.5 통계분석 4가지축중심의동적기울임외란에대한피검자의발목관절가동범위, 족저압그리고근육활성특성의유의한차이를확인하기위하여, 통계분석프로그램 SPSS (IBM SPSS Software, USA) 을사용하여반복측정분산분석 (Repeated Measure ANOVA) 과함께 Tukey 분석을수행하였다. 이때통계적유의성은 p < 0.05로고려하였다. 3. 결과 3.1 발목관절가동범위특성동적기울임외란에따른발목관절운동특성을 Fig. 3에나타내었다. 기울임외란시뮬레이터기저면의각기울임외란특성에대응하여특징적인발목관절가동특성이발생됨을확인할수있었다 (p < 0.05). 관상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어서는, 배측 / 저측굴곡이내번 / 외번그리고내전 / 외전보다평균적으로약 6.3배높은관절가동범위를보이는것을확인하였다. 시상축을기준으로 45 o 시계방향으로회전한축 (45 o Clockwise Rotated Sagittal Axis) 을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어서는, 배측 / 저측굴곡그리고내번 / 외번이내전 / 외전보다상대적으로높은관절가동범위를보이는것을확인하였다. 시상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어서는, 내번 / 외번이배측 / 저측굴곡그리고외전 / 내전보다상대적으로높은관절가동범위를보이는것을확인하였다. 관상축을기준으로 45 o 시계방향으로회전한축 (45 o Fig. 4 Changes in average peak foot pressures over tilting angle of the base plate responded to dynamic tilting perturbations(*: P < 0.05).
5 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 February 2018 / 207 Clockwise Rotated Coronal Axis) 을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어서는, 시상축을기준으로 45 o 시계방향으로회전한축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에대한결과와유사하게배측 / 저측굴곡그리고내번 / 외번이외전 / 내전보다상대적으로높은관절가동범위를보이는것을확인하였다. 이때본연구에서고려된 4 가지축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어서는, 공통적으로외전 / 내전의운동이거의보이지않는것을확인하였다. 3.2 족저압특성동적기울임외란에따른발목관절움직임시발생되는최대족저압과족저압분포및압력중심이동경로특성결과를 Figs. 4와 5에나타내었다. 본연구에서고려된 4가지축을중심으로발생된 모든기울임외란에있어서, 최대족저압은후족부영역에서일반적으로발생되는것을확인하였다. 이때각각의기울임외란에있어서, 기울임변화에따른최대족저압의크기는통계적으로유의하게변화되지않는것을확인하였다 (p > 0.05). 다만, 관상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어서, 가장높은최대족저압이후족부영역에서발생되는것을확인할수있었으며 ( 약 1.1배 )(p <0.05), 다른기울임외란들에있어서는후족부영역에발생된최대족저압의크기가서로유사한것을확인할수있었다 (p > 0.05). 족저압압력중심이동경로특성에있어서는, 시상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에서압력중심이동경로가다른기울임외란들에서보여진압력중심이동경로에비해상대적으로다소짧은것을확인할수있었다. 이때다른기울임외란들에있어서는압력 Fig. 5 Representative results for the peak pressure and COP trajectory responded to dynamic tilting perturbations Fig. 6 Muscle activation percentages responded to dynamic tilting perturbations. Number in the graph indicates muscle activation percent
6 208 / February 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 중심이동경로특성이서로유사한것을확인할수있었다. 3.3 근육활성발현특성동적기울임외란에따른발목관절움직임시발생되는각근육의근육활성에대한근육활성발현비율특성결과를 Fig. 6에나타내었다. 전반적으로발목관절가동범위그리고최대족저압및압력중심이동경로에서보여준결과와달리, 근육활성발현특성 ( 주요근육활성발현비율크기순서 ) 이각각의동적기울임외란에대하여통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p > 0.05). 다만, 모든동적기울임외란에있어서, 가자미근의근육활성발현비율이전경골근, 외측비복근그리고내측비복근의근육활성발현비율에비해상대적으로높은특성을보이는것을확인할수있었다 (p < 0.05). 즉, 전경골근 (Tibialis Anterior Muscle, TA), 가쪽비복근 (Lateral Gastrocnemius Muscle, LG) 그리고안쪽비복근 (Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle, MG) 에비해가자미근 (Soleus Muscle, SOL) 이각각평균적으로약 2.0배, 1.9배그리고 1.6배높은근육활성발현특성을보였다. 4. 토의및결론본연구에서고려된동적기울임외란에대한발목관절가동범위, 족저압그리고근육활성특성결과에따르면, 기울임외란에따른균형유지를위하여전반적으로후족부가기저면에강하게접촉하는방향으로발목전략특성이발현된것으로사료된다. 즉동적기울임외란에대응하여신체의균형을유지하기위하여, 후족부가기저면에최대한강하게접촉하는형태로발목관절움직임을발생시키고자, 내번 / 외번그리고내전 / 외전의발목관절움직임보다배측 / 저측굴곡의발목관절움직임을상대적으로우세하게발생시킨것으로사료된다. 특히이러한특성은관상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어서상대적으로더우세하게발생된것으로판단된다. 이는관상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란의경우신체를주로전후방향으로동요시켜, 이에대응할수있도록발목관절의배측 / 저측굴곡움직임을상대적으로우세하게발생시키기때문인것으로판단된다. 이에반해시상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란의경우에있어서는신체를좌우방향으로동요시키는요인이추가되어, 이에대응할수있도록발목관절의내번 / 외번움직임이추가적으로발생된것으로사료된다. 또한, 관상축과시상축을기준으로각각 45 시계방향으로회전한축들을중심으로발생된기울임외란들의경우에있어서도, 신체를좌우방향으로동요시키는요소가존재하기때문에, 시상축을중심으로발생된기울림외란에서보여준특성과유사한발목관절움직임특성이발생된것으로사료된다. 다만, 이경우들에있어서는신체의좌우동요로인하여왼쪽과오른쪽발목관절의대응전략이서로대칭적으로발생되는특성을보인것으로판단된다. 근육활성발현관점에있어서는, 연구에서고려된모든기울임외란에대하여가자미근의근육활성이다른근육에서보다상대적으로 더크게발생하였다. 이는발목관절움직임결과에서확인되었듯이모든기울임외란에있어배측 / 저측굴곡의발목관절움직임이우세하게나타났기때문인것으로사료된다. 즉, 기울임외란에의한배측 / 저측굴곡의발목관절움직임특히배측굴곡움직임에대응하기위한가자미근에서의편심성수축 (Eccentric Contraction) 으로이러한현상이발생된것으로사료된다. 또한이러한특성에의해, 다른동적기울임외란에비해상대적으로발목관절의배측 / 저측굴곡움직임이가장우세하게나타난관상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어가자미근의근육활성비율이가장높게발생한것으로사료된다. 이러한사실등은발목전략특성을연구한 Yusuke Maeda 등 25 그리고 Naderi 등 26 의연구에서보고된, 기울기외란에대한발목관절가동범위및이에대응한근육활성특성결과와어느정도일치하였다. 다만, 근육활성발현특성결과에있어서는 Yusuke Maeda 등 25 및 Naderi 등 26 에의해확인된결과와다소상이한부분이확인되었다. 즉, Yusuke Maeda 등 25 및 Naderi 등 26 은기울임외란에있어배측굴곡과관련된전경골근또한높은근육활성이발현되는것으로보고하였다. 이러한차이는기울임외란발생시피검자의대응전략차이에따른결과로판단된다. 즉, 기울임외란발생시피검자가보다능동적대응을할경우, 배측 / 저측굴곡움직임과관련된가지미근및전경골근의동심성수축 (Concentric Contraction) 에의해발목관절움직임에직접으로관여함으로써두근육모두에서높은근육활성이발현될수있을것으로사료된다. 그러나피검자가능동적그리고수동적대응을동시에보일경우, 동심성수축에의한근육활성성분과편심성수축에의한근육활성성분이함께보여질수있을것으로사료된다. 이에따라기울임외란에대한근육활성발현비율결과에있어서, 본연구와기존연구의결과에다소상이한부분이발생된것으로사료된다. 그러나이러한차이에도불구하고, 기울임외란발생시배측 / 저측굴곡과관련된근육특히가자미근에서높은근육활성특성이발현된공통적결과에근거하였을때, 본연구또한신뢰성있는정량적결과를제시한것으로사료된다. 기울임외란에대한근육의반응시간은발목전략에있어영향을줄수있는주요요소중하나일것으로사료되었지만, 본연구에있어서는기울임외란에대한피검자별근육반응시간을측정분석하지못하였다. Yusuke Maeda 등 25 은관상축을중심으로발생된 15 o 전후방기울임외란에있어, 전방기울임외란의경우전경골근, 대퇴이두근및대퇴직근의잠복기 (Latency) 가다른근육보다상대적으로유의하게짧았으며, 후방기울임외란경우비복근, 대퇴이두근및척주기립근의잠복기가유의하게짧음을보고하였다. 또한시상축을중심으로발생된기울임외란에있어서는왼다리의비복근, 전경골근및중둔근의잠복기가유의하게짧음을보고하였다. Carpenter 등 27 은기울임외란에따른균형유지를위한근육반응에대한연구를통해전방기울임외란의경우전경골근및대퇴사두근의잠복기가각각 73 ms 및 85 ms임을보고하였으며, 후방기울임외란의경우가자미근및척주기립근의잠복기는 44 ms 및 68 ms임을보고하였다. 이러한결과들은
7 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 February 2018 / 209 기울임외란에있어근육의반응시간은발목관절의운동특성에영향을줄수있으며이는궁극적으로발목전략에주요한영향을미칠수있음을의미하는것으로사료된다. 따라서향후기울임외란에대한근육의반응시간에대한추가적인연구가고려되어기울임외란에대응한발목전략의특성을보다명확하게규명할필요가있을것으로사료된다. 결론적으로본연구에서고려된동적기울임외란에있어서는, 배측 / 저측굴곡의발목관절움직임과관련된발목전략에의해신체균형유지가기본적으로이루어짐을확인할수있었다. 따라서기울임외란에대한균형유지를위해서는발목관절의배측 / 저측굴곡움직임을제어하는것이가장중요한요소가될수있을것으로사료된다. 본연구는균형유지를위한발목전략특성분석의기초연구로서, 특정방향의단순회전또는미끄러짐외란에대한발목전략특성에한정된기존연구 17,21-23 를보완하고, 처음으로다양한동적기울임외란에대응한신체균형유지를위한발목전략의특성을정량적으로분석제시하고자한점에의의가있을것으로사료된다. 그러나본연구수행시, 일정한속도및한정된기울임각도하에서기울임외란을발생시키고이에대한발목관절전략만을확인한점에서연구의한계가있을것으로사 료된다. 따라서추후이러한한계점등을보완하여추가적인연구가진행된다면기울임외란에대응한발목전략의특성을보다명확하게규명할수있을것으로판단되며, 이를바탕으로기울임외란에의한낙상을예방하기위한균형훈련전략을확립하는데기여할수있을것으로사료된다. 다만, 앞서언급하였듯이이러한본연구의한계점에도불구하고, 기존연구의한계점을보완하면서처음으로다양한동적기울임외란에대응한신체균형유지를위한발목전략의특성을정량적으로분석제시한점에연구의의의가높을것으로사료된다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 본연구는보건복지부의료기기기술개발사업지원에의하여이루어진것임 (HI15C2149). REFERENCES 1. Tinetti, M. E., Speechley, M., and Ginter, S. F., Risk Factors for Falls Among Elderly Persons Living in the Community, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 319, No. 26, pp , Baker, S. P. and Harvey, A., Fall Injuries in the Elderly, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp , Blake, A., Morgan, K., Bendall, M., Dallosso, H., Ebrahim, S., et al., Falls by Elderly People at Home: Prevalence and Associated Factors, Age and Ageing, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp , Campbell, A. J., Reinken, J., Allan, B., and Martinez, G., Falls in Old Age: A Study of Frequency and Related Clinical Factors, Age and Ageing, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp , Murphy, S. L., Williams, C. S., and Gill, T. M., Characteristics Associated with Fear of Falling and Activity Restriction in Community Living Older Persons, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp , Sattin, R. W., Lambert Huber, D. A., Devito, C. A., Rodriguez, J. G., Ros, A., et al., The Incidence of Fall Injury Events among the Elderly in a Defined Population, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 131, No. 6, pp , Alexander, B. H., Rivara, F. P., and Wolf, M. E., The Cost and Frequency of Hospitalization for Fall-Related Injuries in Older Adults, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 82, No. 7, pp , Min, J., Bae, J., and Kim, Y., Crisis in an Aging Society and the Burden of Dementia, Journal of Korean Association for Crisis and Emergency Management, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp , Fleiss, J. L., Design and Analysis of Clinical Experiments, John Wiley & Sons, Geiger, R. A., Allen, J. B., O'Keefe, J., and Hicks, R. R., Balance and Mobility Following Stroke: Effects of Physical Therapy Interventions with and without Biofeedback/Forceplate Training, Physical Therapy, Vol. 81, No. 4, p. 995, Lindemann, U., Moe-Nilssen, R., Nicolai, S. E., Becker, C., and Chiari, L., Assessment of Balance in Unsupported Standing with Elderly Inpatients by Force Plate and Accelerometers, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp , Walker, C., Brouwer, B. J., and Culham, E. G., Use of Visual Feedback in Retraining Balance Following Acute Stroke, Physical Therapy, Vol. 80, No. 9, pp , Winter, D. A., Human Balance and Posture Control during Standing and Walking, Gait and Posture, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp , Yavuzer, G., Eser, F., Karakus, D., Karaoglan, B., and Stam, H. J., The Effects of Balance Training on Gait Late after Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Clinical Rehabilitation, Vol. 20, No. 11, pp , Nashner, L. M., Sensory, Neuromuscular, and Biomechanical Contributions to Human Balance, Proc. of American Physical Therapy Association Forum, pp. 5-12, Park, S.-K., Quantification of Human Postural Balancing Performance, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 23, No. 2, pp , Horak, F. B. and Nashner, L. M., Central Programming of Postural Movements: Adaptation to Altered Support-Surface Configurations, Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp , 1986.
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