317 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2019; 54:

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1 317 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2019; 54: 정맥혈전색전증고위험군에서시행한혈전색전예방요법 (American College of Chest Physicians 지침및 American College of Orthopedic Surgeons 지침 ) 의준수율비교연구 서유성 노재휘 장병웅 강덕원 원성훈 순천향대학교부속서울병원정형외과 Comparative Study of Compliance for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis (American College of Chest Physicians Guideline and American College of Orthopedic Surgeons Guideline) in High Risk Patients with a Venous Thromboembolism You-Sung Suh, M.D., Ph.D., Jae-Hwi Nho, M.D., Ph.D., Byung-Woong Jang, M.D., Deokwon Kang, M.D., and Sung-Hun Won, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea Purpose: To compare and analyze the rate of prevention of two venous thromboembolism prophylaxis guidelines in patients with artificial joint arthroplasty and hip joint fracture. Proper prophylaxis for preventing thromboembolism in orthopedic surgery is significant because of this fetal complication. Materials and Methods: This study compared and retrospective analyzed the rate of prevention using the medical records and radiographs of patients who underwent orthopedic surgery from March 2009 to February 2011 according to the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines and from March 2012 to February 2014 according to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) guidelines. Results: The guidelines for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis have been applied to patients with artificial joint replacement and hip joint fracture, the compliance rate of the ACCP guidelines was 56.0% before surgery, 67.0% after surgery with chemical prophylaxis, and 80.5% with mechanical prophylaxis. In addition, the compliance rate of the AAOS guidelines was 74.1% with chemical prophylaxis, and 88.3% with mechanical prophylaxis, which was higher than the ACCP guidelines. The compliance rates of mechanical and chemical prophylaxis before and after surgery of the ACCP guidelines, and the compliance rate of mechanical and chemical prophylaxis of the AAOS guidelines were compared and analyzed. The results revealed statistical significance (p<0.05) before and after total knee replacement arthroplasty and hip joint fracture internal fixation and total high risk orthopedic surgery. Conclusion: Raising the compliance rate of prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in high risk orthopedic surgery is necessary and people should follow the guidelines for a unified direction depending on which situation they are in. Key words: compliance, venous thromboembolism, guideline, orthopedic procedure Received July 11, 2018 Revised October 1, 2018 Accepted October 22, 2018 Correspondence to: Sung-Hun Won, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, Korea TEL: FAX: orthowon@gmail.com ORCID: 서론 수술후발생하는정맥혈전색전증은고관절및슬관절의인공관 절치환술이나고관절골절수술후발생하는심각한합병증중 The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association Volume 54 Number Copyright 2019 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 318 You-Sung Suh, et al. 의하나로예방적항응고제의사용없이이러한수술을시행할경우약 40%-60% 의발생률이보고되고있다. 1,2) 따라서이에대한적절한예방이무엇보다중요하며, 미국에서는 1986년이래로미국흉부의학회 (American College of Chest Physicians, ACCP) 를통해서정맥혈전색전증예방을위해권장되는지침을발표해왔다. 최근에는 2016년 10차 ACCP 가이드라인이소개되었고, 신뢰도높은근거문헌 (randomized data) 을바탕으로주요정형외과수술에서정맥혈전색전증예방을위한항응고제사용을강력하게추천하고있다. 1,3,4) 하지만이러한노력에도불구하고실제로정맥혈전색전증의예방이이루어지지않는경우도있으며, 예방을한다고해도가이드라인에따라지켜지지않는경우도있다. 예를들어미국에서는수술의성격에따라 38%-94% 가예방요법을시행하고있으며, 예방요법을시행한다고해도 ACCP 가이드라인을준수하여시행되는경우가고관절골절수술에서는 45%, 인공고관절치환술에서는 84% 로보고한바있다. 5,6) 하지만일선정형외과의사들은그동안발표된 ACCP, International Union of Angiology (IUA), National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 가이드라인들은강력한항응고제를지나치게오랜기간사용할것을강조하고있으며, 7,8) 이러한약제의사용에따른출혈과그에동반되는감염의위험이나관절강직같은부작용에대한고려가부족하다는문제점을꾸준히제시하였 다. 이에따라 2007년도미국정형외과학회 (American College of Orthopedic Surgeons, AAOS) 에서처음으로인공관절치환술후폐색전증예방을위한 AAOS 가이드라인을발표하였으며, 가장최근인 2011 년까지개정판을발표해왔다. AAOS 가이드라인의특징은 ACCP, IUA, NICE 가이드라인들과는달리증상이있는폐색전증의발생을변수로하여작성되었으며, 폐색전증의위험도뿐만아니라출혈의위험도도고려하여권고사항을달리하였다는사실이다. 9) 이에저자들은본원혈전클리닉과연계하여인공슬관절치환술, 고관절치환술및고관절골절수술에서 ACCP 가이드라인과 AAOS 가이드라인에따라시행한정맥혈전색전증예방요법의준수율을비교분석하여보고하고자한다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상본연구는후향적연구로 2009년 3월부터 2011년 2월까지순천향대학교부속서울병원에서정형외과적수술을시행받은환자총 4,041예중에서척추수술, 상지골절, 무릎아래골절및관절경수술을제외한인공슬관절치환술, 인공고관절전치환술및고관절골절수술 ( 고관절반치환술및내고정술 ) 을시행받은 444예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 : 119예, 인공고관절전치환술 : 96예, 고관절골절수술 : 229예 ) 를 ACCP 가이드라인에따른대상으로하였으며고관절골절로고관절전치환술을시행한예는없었다. 이중 warfarin 사용의기왕력이있는 14예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 : 6예, 인공고관절치환술 : 1예, 고관절골절수술 : 7예 ) 와 aspirin 사용의기왕력이있는 39예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 : 18예, 인공고관절전치환술 : 12예, 고관절골절수술 : 9예 ) 를제외한 391예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 : 95예, 인공고관절치환술 : 80예, 고관절골절수술 : 216 예 ) 를대상으로하였다 (Fig. 1). 모든환자는입원하여서본원혈전클리닉의협진하에정맥혈전예방을위하여가이드라인을제 Figure 1. Flow chart of patients treated according to the American College of Chest Physicians guidelines. TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery. Table 1. Guideline of the ACCP (Thromboprophylaxis for High Risk Orthopaedic Surgery) Variable Method of administration LMWH Adminster 12 hours before surgery or hours after surgery Fondaparinux Adjusted-dose VKA INR range Administer half dose 4 6 hours after surgery, and the dose was increased to usual high-risk dose from the next day Start with 2.5 mg 6 24 hours after surgery ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; VKA, vitamin K antagonist; INR, international normalized ratio.

3 319 A Comparison of Compliance of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis 시받았으며환자에따라 heparin, nadroparin (Fraxiparine ), enoxaparin (Clexane ) 등을사용하였다. 이들은수술전 12시간이전부터투여하고최소 10일에서 14일까지사용하는것을원칙으로하였고 ACCP 가이드라인에따라사용한것을준수 (compliance) 하였다고정의하였다 (Table 1). 2012년 3월부터 2014년 2월까지본원에서정형외과적수술을시행받은환자총 4,076예중에서척추수술, 상지골절, 무릎아래골절및관절경수술을제외한인공슬관절치환술, 고관절전치환술및고관절골절로고관절반치환술및내고정술을시행받은 494예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 : 168예, 인공고관절전치환술 : 82 예, 고관절골절수술 : 243예 ) 를 AAOS 가이드라인에따른대상으로하였으며이중 warfarin 사용의기왕력이있는 24예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 : 6예, 인공고관절전치환술 : 1예, 고관절골절수술 : 17 예 ) 와 aspirin 사용의기왕력이있는 41예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 : 21 예, 인공고관절전치환술 : 16예, 고관절골절수술 : 3예 ) 를제외한 429예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 : 141예, 인공고관절전치환술 : 65 예, 고관절반치환술 : 151예, 고관절골절내고정술 : 72예 ) 를대상으로하였다 (Fig. 2). 모든환자는입원하여서환자에따라 heparin, nadroparin (Fraxiparine ), enoxaparin (Clexane ), rivaroxaban (Xarelto ) 등을수술전후에사용하였다. AAOS 가이드라인에따라수술전정맥혈전색전증위험도는비만, 하지정맥류, 정맥 혈전색전증의가족력, 경구피임약복용, 호르몬치료의병력, 이전의정맥혈전색전증의기왕력, 3일이상의침상안정등의병력을청취하여조사하였다. 또한출혈위험도는수술전트롬보플라스틴시간 (prothrombin time), 활성화부분트롬보플라스틴시간 (activated partial thromboplastin time) 검사결과를모니터링하였고이전의뇌졸증과같은질환으로 warfarin, aspirin 등의혈전약을복용한병력을조사하여위와같은혈전약을복용한환자는앞서설명한바와같이연구대상에서제외하였다. 연구대상은 AAOS 가이드라인중에서 Strong, Moderate, Limited 에해당하는항목을모두준수한경우에 AAOS 가이드라인을준수하였다고정의하였다 (Table 2). 인공슬관절치환술은본원의 3명의정형외과전문의에의해서이루어졌으며각각의수술방법이나술후처치는동일하였다. 인공슬관절치환술시전예에서표준화된술식, 즉근위대퇴부에지혈대를사용하였고슬관절전방부에슬개골내측종절개도달법을사용하였다. 대퇴부및경골부고정시에는시멘트를사용하였으며슬개골치환술은시행하지않았다. 수술후모든환자에게동일한흡입배액관을사용하였으며체중부하는배액관제거후부분체중부하를시작하여점진적으로전체중부하를시행하였다. 고관절치환술및고관절주위골절내고정술은 1 명의정형외과전문의에의해서이루어졌으며고관절치환술및재치환술시에는모두후외측도달법을사용하였으며모든예에서골시멘트는사용하지않았다. 수술후모든환자에게동일한흡입배액관을사용하였다. 체중부하는수술후 1주일부터부분체중부하보행을시행하였고수술후 4주일부터는전체중부하를시행하였다. Figure 2. Flow chart of patients treated according to the American College of Orthopedic Surgeons guidelines. TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery. Table 2. Guideline of the AAOS (Grade of Recoomendation for Thromboprophylaxis) Grade of recommendation Strong Moderate Limited Inconclusive Consensus Two or more High strength studies Benefits of the recommended approach clearly exceed the potential harm Two or more Moderate strength studies, single High quality study Benefits exceed the potential harm Two or more Low strength studies, single Moderate quality study Unconvincing, little clear advantage Single low quality study Unclear balance between benefits and potential harm Expert opinion AAOS, American College of Orthopedic Surgeons.

4 320 You-Sung Suh, et al. 2. 연구방법 1) 임상적증상과영상의학적분석수술후심부정맥혈전증 (deep vein thrombosis, DVT) 의진단을위하여환자의종아리부위의통증및부종등의증상을면밀히관찰하였으며임상적으로 DVT가의심되는하지의심한부종, 수술이하부위의통증, Homan 징후양성소견을보이는환자에대하여 duplex ultrasonography를시행하였으며호흡곤란등의증상이있는환자에대하여 embolism computed tomography 등을시행하였다. 2) 통계적분석각수술군에서의 ACCP와 AAOS 화학적, 물리적요법의준수율을각각 Pearson chi-squared test로비교하였고, ACCP와 AAOS의지침을준수한그룹간의정맥혈전색전증발생빈도및 3개월내의 mortality를 Fisher s exact test를이용하여분석하였다. 통계분석은 IBM SPSS ver (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) 을이용하여통계적유의성을관찰하였고그유의수준은 p<0.05로하였다. 결과 1. 대상환자의분류 ACCP 가이드라인의대상군을질환별로분류하였을때, 일차인공슬관절치환술을받은환자중에서는원발성슬관절염 80예, 원위대퇴내측과의무혈성괴사 5예, 원위대퇴골절 1예였으며, 인공슬관절재치환술을받은환자중에는감염 5예, 불유합 2예, 내고정물손상 1예및슬개골아탈구 1예였다. 일차인공고관절전치환술을받은환자중에서는대퇴골두무혈성괴사 35예, 비구이형성증 10예, 고관절관절염 15예였으며, 인공고관절재치환술을받은환자중에는비감염성해리 7예, 재발성탈구 3예, 감염 3예, 스템주위골절 4예, 금속물파손 (Liner fracture) 1예, 전이성골종양 1예및전자하병적골절 1예였다. 고관절반치환술을받은환자중에서는대퇴경부골절 100예, 대퇴전자간골절 37예, 전이성골종양 3예및스템주위골절로재치환술을 1예에서시행하였다. 고관절골절내고정술을시행받은환자중에서는대퇴전자간골절 53예, 대퇴전자하골절 8예에서압박고나사고정술 (compression hip screw) 을시행받았으며, 대퇴경부골절로 9예및대퇴골두골절 1예, 비구골절 1예에서나사고정술 (cannulated screw) 을시행받았고대퇴전자하골절 1예, 대퇴스템주위골절 2예에서금속판을이용한내고정술을시행하였다. 남자가 101예, 여자가 290예였고, 연령은최소 24세, 최고 98세까지였으며, 평균연령은 69세였다. 수술시마취는환자의상태에따라전신마취 138예, 척추마취 253예를시행하였다 (Table 3). AAOS 가이드라인의대상군을질환별로분류하였을때, 일차인공슬관절치환술을받은환자중에서는원발성슬관절염 128 예, 원위대퇴내측과의무혈성괴사 3예, 류마티스관절염 1예였으며, 인공슬관절재치환술을받은환자중에는감염 7예, 비감염성해리 1예, 수술후관절구축 1예였다. 일차인공고관절전치환술을받은환자중에서는대퇴골두무혈성괴사 36예, 비구이형성증 2예, 고관절관절염 6예, 대퇴경부골절 3예였으며, 인공 Table 3. Baseline Characteristics of Patients ( ) at High Risk of Venous Thromboembolism with the ACCP Guideline Characteristic TKRA (n=95) THRA (n=80) HFS (n=216) Total (n=391) Age (yr) Male 5 (5.3) 35 (44) 63 (29.2) 103 (26.3) Co-morbid condition Active malignant disease 0 (0) 3 (3.8) 4 (1.9) 7 (1.8) Renal insufficiency (GFR<30 ml/min) 2 (2.1) 3 (3.8) 6 (2.8) 11 (2.8) Duration of anesthesia (min) Type of anesthesia General 58 (61.1) 30 (37.5) 50 (23.1) 138 (35.3) Regional 37 (38.9) 50 (62.5) 166 (76.9) 253 (64.7) Duration of surgery (min) Type of surgery Primary 86 (90.5) 60 (75.0) 215 (99.5) 361 (92.3) Revision 9 (9.5) 20 (25.0) 1 (0.5) 30 (7.7) Values are presented as mean only or number (%). ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

5 321 A Comparison of Compliance of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis 고관절재치환술을받은환자중에는비감염성해리 10예, 재발성탈구 1예, 스템주위골절 5예, 금속물파손 (liner fracture) 2예였다. 고관절반치환술을받은환자중에서는대퇴경부골절 91예, 대퇴전자간골절 55예, 대퇴경부골절로나사고정술시행후발생한무혈성괴사및불유합 4예에서시행하였다. 고관절골절내고정술을시행받은환자중에서는대퇴전자간골절 39예, 대퇴전자하골절 2예에서압박고나사고정술을시행받았으며, 대퇴전자간골절 19예, 대퇴전자하골절 8예에서압박고금속정고정술 (compression hip nail) 을시행받았고비구골절 4예에서금속판을 이용한내고정술을시행하였다. 남자가 123예, 여자가 306예였고, 연령은최소 22세, 최고 97세까지였으며, 평균연령은 72세였다. 수술시마취는환자의상태에따라전신마취 144예, 척추마취 285예를시행하였다 (Table 4). 2. 수술전, 후가이드라인준수율및정맥혈전색전증발생결과 ACCP 가이드라인에따라화학적요법으로는 Heparin 2예 ( 고관절골절수술 2예 [0.9%]), Fraxiparin 11예 ( 인공슬관절수술 8예 Table 4. Baseline Characteristics of Patients ( ) at High Risk of Venous Thromboembolism with the AAOS Guidelines Characteristic TKRA (n=141) THRA (n=65) HFS (n=223) Total (n=429) Age (yr) Male 16 (11.3) 33 (50.8) 74 (33.2) 123 (28.7) Co-morbid condition Active malignant disease 4 (2.8) 1 (1.5) 12 (5.4) 17 (4.0) Renal insufficiency (GFR<30 ml/min) 2 (1.4) 4 (6.2) 24 (10.8) 30 (7.0) Duration of anesthesia (min) Type of anesthesia General 55 (39.0) 16 (24.6) 73 (32.7) 144 (33.6) Regional 86 (61.0) 49 (75.4) 150 (67.3) 285 (66.4) Duration of surgery (min) Type of surgery Primary 132 (93.6) 47 (72.3) 223 (100) 402 (93.7) Revision 9 (6.4) 18 (27.7) 0 (0) 27 (6.3) Values are presented as mean only or number (%). AAOS, American College of Orthopedic Surgeons; TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery; GFR, glomerular filtration rate. Table 5. Patterns of Thromboprophylaxis of ACCP Guidelines for Patients at High Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Type of chemical thromboprophylaxis Variable TKRA (n=95) THRA (n=80) HFS (n=216) Total (n=391) Unfractionated heparin 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (0.9) 2 (0.5) Nadroparin 8 (8.4) 1 (1.3) 2 (0.9) 11 (2.8) Enoxaparin 68 (71.6) 69 (86.3) 182 (84.3) 319 (81.6) Time of chemical thromboprophylaxis Preoperative chemical thromboprophylaxis 76 (80.0) 70 (87.5) 184 (85.2) 330 (84.4) Timing to first dose of chemical thromboprophylaxis in postoperation (h) 24.3 (2 110) 23 (8 59) 27.2 (2 213) 25.7 (2 213) Duration of active thromboprophylaxis (d) 9 (1 20) 10 (2 20) 9 (1 29) 9.2 (1 29) Mechanical thromboprophylaxis GCS 65 (68.4) 59 (73.8) 191 (88.4) 315 (80.6) Values are presented as number (%) or median (range). ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery; GCS, graduated compression stockings.

6 322 You-Sung Suh, et al. [8.4%], 인공고관절전치환술 1예 [1.3%], 고관절골절수술 2예 [0.9%]), Clexane 319예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 68예 [71.6%], 인공고관절전치환술 69예 [86.3%], 고관절골절수술 182예 [84.3%]) 에서사용하였다. 화학적요법에서는수술전에는총 220명 (56%), 수술후에는 261명 (67%) 의준수율을보였으며각각의수술에대해서는인공슬관절치환술에서는수술전 46%, 수술후 57%, 인공고관절전치환술에서는수술전 65%, 수술후 71% 를보였고고관절골절수술에서는수술전 57%, 수술후 69% 를보였다. 물리적요법으로는압박스타킹을 315예에서착용하였고물리적요법에서는 80.5% 의준수율을보였다 (Table 5). 하지및호흡기적증상이있어영상의학적검사를시행한환자중에서 DVT 단독으로발생한것은없었으며폐색전증은 7예, 폐색전증과 DVT가동시에발생된것이 1예있었다 (Table 6). AAOS 가이드라인에따라화학적요법으로는 Heparin 4예 ( 인공고관절수술 3예 [4.6%], 고관절골절수술 1예 [0.4%]), Clexane 233예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 24예 [17.0%], 인공고관절전치환술 19예 [29.2%], 고관절골절수술 190예 [85.2%]), Rivaroxaban 81 예 ( 인공슬관절치환술 60예 [42.6%], 인공고관절전치환술 20예 [30.8%], 고관절골절수술 1예 [0.4%]) 에서사용하였다. 화학적요법에서는총 318명 (74.1%) 의준수율을보였으며각각의수술에대해서는인공슬관절치환술에서는 59.6%, 인공고관절전치환술에서는 64.6% 를보였으며고관절골절수술에서는 86.1% 를보였다. 물리적요법으로는압박스타킹을 379예에서착용하였으며물리적요법에서는 88.3% 의준수율을보였다 (Table 7). 합병증으로증상이있는 DVT는 4예, 폐색전증은 6예, 폐색전증과 DVT가동시에발생된것이 2예있었다 (Table 8). ACCP 가이드라인의수술전후화학적예방요법의준수율과 AAOS 가이드라인의화학적예방요법의준수율을비교분석하였다. 인공슬관절치환술의수술전 ACCP 가이드라인의준수율은 46% 이고, AAOS 가이드라인의준수율은 59.6% 로임상적으로높았으며, 통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.045). 고관절골절수술의수술전후 ACCP 가이드라인의준수율은각 57%, 69% 이며, AAOS 가이드라인의준수율은 86.1% 로임상적으로높았으며, 통계적으로도유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.001). 인공슬관절치환술, 인공고관절전치환술, 고관절골절수술을합산한전체고위험군수술의수술전후 ACCP 가이드라인의준 Table 6. Compliance for the ACCP Guideline and Outcomes Compliance for ACCP guideline Variable TKRA (n=95) THRA (n=80) HFS (n=216) Total (n=391) Preoperative thromboprophylaxis 44 (46.3) 54 (65) 122 (57) 220 (56) Postoperative thhromboprophylaxis 54 (56.8) 59 (71) 148 (69) 261 (67) Occurence of venous thromboembolism (%) PE DVT PE+DVT Occurence of major hemorrhage following thromboprophylaxis All-cause mortality (3 mo) 1 (1.1) 2 (2.5) 11 (5.1) 14 (3.6) Values are presented as number (%) or percent only. ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery; PE, pulmonary embolism; DVT, deep vein thrombosis. Table 7. Patterns of Thromboprophylaxis of the AAOS Guidelines for Patients at High Risk for Venous Thromboembolism Variable TKRA (n=141) THRA (n=65) HFS (n=223) Total (n=429) Type of chemical thromboprophylaxis Unfractionated heparin 0 (0) 3 (4.6) 1 (0.4) 4 (0.9) Enoxaparin 24 (17.0) 19 (29.2) 190 (85.2) 233 (54.3) Rivaroxaban 60 (42.6) 20 (30.8) 1 (0.4) 81 (18.9) Chemical thromboprophylaxis 84 (59.6) 42 (64.6) 192 (86.1) 318 (74.1) Mechanical thromboprophylaxis GCS 119 (84.4) 46 (70.8) 214 (96.0) 379 (88.3) Values are presented as number (%). AAOS, American College of Orthopedic Surgeons; TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery; GCS, graduated compression stockings.

7 323 A Comparison of Compliance of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Table 8. Compliance for the AAOS Guidelines and Outcomes Compliance for AAOS guideline Variable TKRA (n=141) THRA (n=65) HFS (n=223) Total (n=429) Thromboprophylaxis 84 (59.6) 42 (64.6) 192 (86.1) 318 (73.0) Occurence of venous thromboembolism (%) PE DVT PE+DVT Occurence of major hemorrhage following thromboprophylaxis All-cause mortality (3 mo) 0 (0) 0 (0) 7 (3.1) 7 (1.6) Values are presented as number (%) or percent only. AAOS, American College of Orthopedic Surgeons; TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery; PE, pulmonary embolism; DVT, deep vein thrombosis. Table 9. Compliance and Outcome Analysis of the Guidelines Variable Compliance for guideline Preoperative thromboprophylaxis Postoperative thromboprophylaxis Mechanical thromboprophylaxis Occurence of venous thromboembolism All-cause mortality (3 mo) TKRA (n=95) 44 (46) 54 (57) 65 (68.4) 1 (1.0) 1 (1.1) THRA (n=80) 54 (65) 59 (71) 59 (73.7) 1 (1.2) 2 (2.4) ACCP AAOS p-value* HFS (n=216) 122 (57) 148 (69) 191 (88.4) 6 (2.8) 11 (5.1) Total (n=391) TKRA (n=141) 220 (56) (59.6) (67) 315 (80.5) 8 (2.0) 14 (3.6) 119 (84.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) THRA (n=65) 42 (64.6) 46 (70.8) 0 (0) 0 (0) HFS (n=223) 192 (86.1) 214 (96.0) 6 (2.7) 7 (3.1) Total (n=429) 318 (74.1) 379 (88.3) 6 (1.4) 7 (1.6) TKRA THRA HFS Total <0.001 < <0.001 < Values are presented as number (%). *p-value by Pearson chi-squared test, p-value by Fisher s exact test. ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; AAOS, American Acardemy of Orthopedic Surgeons; TKRA, total knee replacement arthroplasty; THRA, total hip replacement arthroplasty; HFS, hip fracture surgery. 수율은각 56%, 67% 이며, AAOS 가이드라인의준수율은 74.1% 로임상적으로모두높았고, 통계적으로도유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.001). 그밖에인공슬관절치환술군과인공고관절치환술군에서는 ACCP와 AAOS 준수율의통계적으로유의한차이는없었다. 물리적예방요법의비교분석에대하여, 인공슬관절치환술의 ACCP 가이드라인의준수율은 68.4% 이고, AAOS 가이드라인의준수율은 84.4% 로임상적으로높았으며, 통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.004). 고관절골절수술의 ACCP 가이드라인의준수율은 88.4% 이고, AAOS 가이드라인의준수율은 96.0% 로임상적으로높았으며, 통계적으로유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.003). 전체고위험군수술의 ACCP 가이드라인의준수율은 80.5% 이며, AAOS 가이드라인의준수율은 88.3% 로임상적으로높았고, 통계적으로도유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.002). 그외에인공고관절전 치환술에서의 ACCP 가이드라인과 AAOS 가이드라인의준수율에는통계적으로유의한차이가없었고, 정맥혈전색전증의발생빈도와 3개월내의 mortality에대해서도통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (Table 9). 고찰 정형외과수술중인공슬관절치환술, 인공고관절치환술및고관절골절수술은정맥혈전색전증정맥혈전색전증 (venous thromboembolism) 의고위험군으로알려져있다. 1,10) 이는인공슬관절및고관절치환술과고관절골절수술자체가정맥혈전색전증발생의중요한유발요인으로작용하기때문이며, 그원인으로수술중하지의자세및수술부위의국소적종창, 수술적조

8 324 You-Sung Suh, et al. 작자체및골시멘트에의한열손상, 수술중조직손상등이열거되고있다. 정맥혈전색전증은대부분이수술중발생된다고보고되고있으며, 또한수술후발생하는정맥혈전색전증의개인적인위험인자로는골반이나하지에서의정형외과적수술기왕력, 조직손상, 장기간의침상안정, 혈전색전증의기왕력, 하지정맥류, 울혈성심부전및만성하지부종창, 악성종양, 비만, 증가된혈액점성도, 과도한출혈및수혈, 경구용피임제의사용, 유전적요소그리고수술시의나이가 40세이상인경우등으로많은위험인자들이알려져있다. 1) 이러한여러가지요소가복합적으로작용하기때문에인공슬관절및고관절치환술과고관절골절수술후정맥혈전색전증의발생률이높다고하며, 인공고관절치환술시예방적항응고제의사용이없는경우문헌에따라약 40%-60% 의 DVT와폐색전증과같은치명적인합병증발생이보고되고있다. 1) 그러나앞에서언급된정맥혈전색전증과관련이있다고알려진어떠한인자도수술후발견되는정맥혈전색전증이나다른임상증상의발현없이초기증상으로나타나생명을위협하는폐색전증의발생을직접적으로예견할수없기때문에정맥혈전색전증은무엇보다도예방이가장중요하다고할수있겠다. 이에미국에서는 1986년이래로 ACCP, IUA, NICE 등의정맥혈전색전증예방을위한가이드라인들을발표하였지만일선정형외과의사들은그동안발표된 ACCP, IUA, NICE 가이드라인들은강력한항응고제를지나치게오랜기간사용할것을강조하고있으며, 이러한약제의사용에따른출혈과그에동반되는감염의위험이나관절강직같은부작용에대한고려가부족하다는문제점을꾸준히제시하였고, 이에따라 2007년도 AAOS에서처음으로인공관절치환술후폐색전증예방을위한 AAOS 가이드라인을발표하였다. AAOS 가이드라인의특징은 ACCP, IUA, NICE 가이드라인들과는달리증상이있는폐색전증의발생을변수로하여작성되었으며, 폐색전증의위험도뿐만아니라출혈의위험도도고려하여권고사항을달리하였다는사실이다. 11) 또한우리나라에서도대한고관절학회에서는 2009년진료지침위원회를구성하여고관절학회회원을대상으로한설문조사내용, 정맥혈전색전증에관한문헌과외국에서발표된예방권고안을참고하여대한고관절학회안으로고관절수술시우리나라실정에맞는가이드라인을 2011년최종확정하였다. 그내용의특징은정맥혈전색전증위험인자와출혈위험인자를구분하였고, 이들의위험도에따라인공고관절전치환술, 고관절골절수술로분류하여각기다른예방권고안이적용되도록하였다. 9) 이러한정맥혈전색전증의예방을위한노력에도불구하고실제임상에서는정형외과의사에따라예방을하지않는경우도있으며, 예방을한다고하여도실제가이드라인에따라지켜지지않는경우도있다. 예를들어미국에서는수술의성격에따라 38%-94% 가예방요법을시행하고있으며예방요법을시행한다 고해도 ACCP 가이드라인을준수하여시행되는경우가고관절골절수술에서는 45%, 인공고관절치환술에서는 84% 로보고한바있다. 6) 본연구에서는정맥혈전색전증의고위험군인인공슬관절치환술, 인공고관절치환술및고관절골절수술중술전 12시간이전부터투여해서최소 10일에서 14일이상투여한것이 ACCP 가이드라인을준수하였다고정의하였으며, 이에따라술전에는 56%, 술후에는 67% 의준수율을보였고, AAOS 가이드라인에따라서는 74.1% 의준수율을보였고, 통계적으로유의한차이 (p<0.005) 를관찰하였다. 이렇게여러가이드라인이있음에도이대로지켜지지않는이유를여러저자들은의사요인, 환경요인, 가이드라인자체의요인으로나눈바있다. 본연구에서는 ACCP 가이드라인에비해 AAOS 가이드라인의준수율이높은원인으로는의사의지시부족, 지시에따른실행누락, 응급수술등얘기치못한환자의투여시간부족등이술전원인, 전원, 퇴원및전과등의이유로추적관찰이누락된경우등이술후원인이될수있겠다. 본연구에서 TKRA, THRA 군에서는 ACCP와 AAOS 가이드라인의준수율에는유의한차이는없었다. 그러나 HFS군에서화학적 (p<0.001), 기계적예방 (p=0.003) 모두 AAOS 가이드라인의준수율이 ACCP 가이드라인의준수율보다통계적으로유의하게높은이유를생각해보면외래에서부터계획화된수술로준비하는 TKRA와 THRA는좀더엄격한 ACCP 가이드라인을충족시키면서관리할수있지만대부분응급실에서부터몇일사이에수술을준비하고비교적변수가많은수술후관리를하게되는 HFS 군에서는좀더완화된 AAOS 가이드라인의준수율이높았을것으로생각된다. 또한흥미로운점은 ACCP와 AAOS 가이드라인을준수한군사이의정맥혈전색전증발생빈도 (p=0.592) 와 3개월 mortality (p=0.078) 에는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다는점이다. 이와같이 ACCP 가이드라인이 AAOS 가이드라인에비해더엄격하여일선정형외과의사들의선호도가더높다는점을가장큰원인으로보고있으나이에따른정량적인분석이이루어지지않은것을연구의한계로들수있겠다. 또한본연구는각고위험수술군에서 ACCP와 AAOS 가이드라인에대한준수율만을비교하였고개개의환자가갖고있는위험인자에따른가이드라인준수율에대한비교는시행되지않아이에대해서는비교연구가추후에더필요하다. 결론 본연구에서인공관절치환술및고관절골절환자에서정맥혈전색전증예방을위한가이드라인이적용되고있으나실제로가이드라인에따라준수하고있는경우가 ACCP 가이드라인에따라서화학적요법에서는수술전에 56%, 수술후에는 67%, 물리적요법에서는 82.1% 의준수율을보였고, AAOS 가이드라인에따

9 325 A Comparison of Compliance of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis 라서화학적요법에서는 74.1% 로임상적으로더높은준수율을보였으며, 통계적으로유의하였다 (p<0.001). 물리적요법에서는 88.3% 의준수율을보이며통계적으로유의하였다 (p=0.002). 고위험군수술에서정맥혈전색전증예방요법의가이드라인에따른준수율을전반적으로높여서적절한예방이이루어져야할것이며, 일선정형외과의를위한통일된방향의가이드라인이필요할것이다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors have nothing to disclose. REFERENCES 1. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133:381S-453S. 2. Kerr J, Linkins LA. High incidence of in-hospital pulmonary embolism following joint arthroplasty with dalteparin prophylaxis. Thromb Haemost. 2010;103: Hirsh J, Guyatt G, Albers GW, Harrington R, Schünemann HJ. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133:110S-2S. 4. Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2016;149: Bratzler DW, Raskob GE, Murray CK, Bumpus LJ, Piatt DS. Underuse of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for general surgery patients: physician practices in the community hospital setting. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158: Stratton MA, Anderson FA, Bussey HI, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: adherence to the 1995 American College of Chest Physicians consensus guidelines for surgical patients. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160: Nicolaides A, Fareed J, Kakkar AK, et al. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism: international consensus statement (guidelines according to scientific evidence). Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2013;19: SIGN. Prevention and management of venous thromboembolism. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN); Park YS. Guideline for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in hip surgery patients. J Korean Orthop Assoc. 2011;46: Guyatt G, Gutterman D, Baumann MH, et al. Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an American College of Chest Physicians task force. Chest. 2006;129: Mont MA, Jacobs JJ. AAOS clinical practice guideline: preventing venous thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing elective hip and knee arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19:777-8.

10 326 pissn : , eissn : Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2019; 54: 정맥혈전색전증고위험군에서시행한혈전색전예방요법 (American College of Chest Physicians 지침및 American College of Orthopedic Surgeons 지침 ) 의준수율비교연구 서유성 노재휘 장병웅 강덕원 원성훈 순천향대학교부속서울병원정형외과 목적 : 인공관절치환술및고관절골절환자에서시행한 2가지정맥혈전색전증예방요법의준수율을비교분석하고자하였다. 수술후발생하는정맥혈전색전증은인공슬관절치환술이나인공고관절치환술및고관절골절수술후발생하는가장심각한합병증이다. 이에대한적절한예방이무엇보다중요하기때문에항응고제사용의필요성또한증가하고있다. 대상및방법 : 2009년 3월부터 2011년 2월, 2012년 3월부터 2014년 2월까지순천향대학교부속서울병원에서인공슬관절치환술, 고관절전치환술및고관절골절로고관절반치환술및내고정술을시행받은환자들을의무기록과영상검사를검토하여각각 American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) 가이드라인과 American College of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) 가이드라인에따라시행한정맥혈전색전증예방요법의준수율을후향적으로비교분석하였다. 결과 : 인공관절치환술및고관절골절환자에서정맥혈전색전증예방을위한가이드라인이적용되고있으며실제로 ACCP 가이드라인에따라준수하고있는경우가화학적요법에서는수술전에 56.0%, 수술후에는 67.0%, 물리적요법에서는 80.5% 의준수율을보였다. 또한 AAOS 가이드라인에따라준수하고있는경우가화학적요법에서는 74.1%, 물리적요법에서는 88.3% 의준수율을보이며 ACCP 가이드라인에비해높은준수율을보였다. ACCP 가이드라인의수술전후화학적예방요법과물리적예방요법의준수율과 AAOS 가이드라인의화학적예방요법과물리적예방요법의준수율을비교분석하였으며, 인공슬관절치환술의수술전과후, 고관절골절수술의수술전과후, 전체고위험군수술에서수술전과후유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.05). 결론 : 정맥혈전색전증고위험군수술에서정맥혈전색전증예방요법의가이드라인에따른준수율을전반적으로높여서적절한예방이이루어지도록해야하며, 일선정형외과의를위한통일된방향의가이드라인이필요할것이다. 색인단어 : 준수율, 정맥혈전색전증, 가이드라인, 정형외과수술 접수일 2018 년 7 월 11 일수정일 2018 년 10 월 1 일게재확정일 2018 년 10 월 22 일책임저자원성훈 04401, 서울시용산구대사관로 59, 순천향대학교부속서울병원정형외과 TEL , FAX , orthowon@gmail.com, ORCID 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 54 권제 4 호 2019 Copyright 2019 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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