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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 17, No. 3 pp , ISSN / eissn 고관절자기공명영상검사시 multitransmit 기법의적용에따른검사시간단축의유용성 최관우 1, 손순룡 2* 1 서울아산병원영상의학과, 2 원광보건대학교방사선과 An effectiveness of multitransmit parallel technique on scan time reduction in hip joint MRI Kwan-Woo Choi 1, Soon-Yong Son 2* 1 Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, 2 Department of Radiotechnology, Wonkwang Health Science University 요약본연구의목적은 MRI 검사시 multitransmit 기법의적용으로인한검사시간단축의유용성을알아보고자하였다. 연구방법은 2015년 7월부터동년 9월까지고관절 MRI 검사를시행한환자를대상으로 multitransmit 기법적용전 후고관절의 T1, T2 강조영상을획득하여대퇴골두와장요근의 SNR과 CNR, 그에따른검사시간을비교평가하였다. 연구결과, multitransmit 기법적용전 후 T1, T2 강조영상모두 SNR과 CNR은유의한차이가없었으며, 검사시간은적용전에비해 T1 강조영상은 42.8%, T2 강조영상은 49.7% 로감소하였다. 결론적으로 MRI 검사시본연구와같이 multitransmit 기법을적용하면, 기존의검사시간단축관련연구들에서문제가되었던영상의질저하없이검사시간을획기적으로줄일수있으며, 향후다양한검사에 multitransmit 기법을적용한다면 MRI 검사의고질적문제인검사시간을단축할수있어매우유용하리라사료된다. Abstract This study examined the effectiveness of the multitransmit parallel technique on the MRI scan time reduction by removing the dielectric effect. The T1 and T2 weighted images of the patients' hip joint were acquired with and without a multitransmit technique. The ROIs were located in the head of femur and iliopsoas muscle. The SNR, CNR and scan time were measured and compared. There was no difference in the images with and without multitransmit. In contrast, the acquisition time was decreased by 42.8% in T1WI and 49.7% in T2WI. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that significant scan time reductions can be accomplished without any differences in the image quality in hip joint MRI by applying the multitransmit parallel technique. Furthermore, the multitranstmit technique is useful in other body parts to resolve the long scan time of an MRI examination. Keywords : mlutitransmit technique, dual RF source, acquisition time reduction 1. 서론 Multitransmit 기법 (multitransmit parallel RF transmission technology) 은 RF pulse 인가시파장 (3.0 T에서약 26 cm) 이인체지름보다짧아서발생하는 dielectric effect 의문제점을해결하기위한방법이다 [1-3]. 이는 90 간격으로두개의 RF coil을위치시켜자동적으로검사부위마다 RF pulse의위상이나크기, 파형을최적화하여다르게적용하는특성이있다 [3]. Dielectric effect가발생하면전도성증가로인해조 * Corresponding Author : Soon-Yong Son (Wonkwang Health Science University) Tel: son6392@hanmail.net Received October 16, 2015 Accepted March 3, 2016 Revised (1st November 16, 2015, 2nd February 29, 2016) Published March 31,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 3 호, 2016 직에누설전류가부분적으로흐르게되어 standing wave 가형성되고, 형성된 standing wave는 RF pulse의반응을증대시켜영상의균일도를저하시킨다 [1, 3]. 이러한 dielectric effect를줄이기위한목적으로개발된방법이 multitransmit 기법이며 [5, 6], multitransmit 기법을사용하면대조도와균일도가일정한양질의영상을얻을수있다. 진료영역에서최첨단검사기법이라고할수있는자기공명영상 (magnetic resonance imaging, 이하 MRI) 이궁극적으로해결해야할고질적문제는상대적으로긴검사시간이다. 이를해결하기위해다양한방법들이시도되고있으나, 여전히만족스런효과를거두지못하고있으며, 오히려시간단축에의한신호대잡음비 (signal to noise ratio, 이하 SNR) 와대조도대잡음비 (contrast to noise ratio, 이하 CNR) 의저하등복잡한문제들이발생하고있다. 물론, 주자기장 (Static magnetic strength field) 을증가시키는방법이가장효과적이지만주자기장의증가는인체에대한안전성이담보되어야하기때문에무한정증가시킬수는없다 ( 임상용으로승인된주자장의가장높은세기는 3.0 T임 )[7]. Multitransmit 기법을적용하면 dual RF source를사용하기때문에영상의매개변수가동일한조건일경우 single RF source에비해영상획득시간이짧아전체적인검사시간이단축되며 [8], 반복시간 (repetition time, 이하 TR) 이낮아져인체에미치는비흡수율 (specific absorption rate, 이하 SAR) 을낮출수있는장점이있다 [2]. 그러나대부분의 multitransmit 기법과관련된연구는인가되는 RF pulse의파장보다두꺼운부위인복부나척추영상의대조도와균일도향상에초점이맞춰져있다. 이는개발의주목적이 26 cm 이상의두꺼운부위에대한영상대조도및균일도향상에두었기때문이며, 26 cm 이하의부위는두께가얇아균일도저하의가능성이낮다는판단으로적용하지않았기때문이다. 저자들은 multitransmit 기법에적용되는 dual RF source가이론적으로 single RF source에비해 TR이절반으로줄어든다는점에주목하였다. 이기법을 26 cm 이하의얇은부위에적용할경우, 영상의대조도와균일도향상에영향을미칠지장담할수는없지만, 영상획득시간을감소시켜전체적인검사시간을단축시킬수있으리라는판단하에, 본연구를진행하였다. 이를위해임상에서빈번히시행되고있는고관절 (hip joint) 의 MRI 검사를대상으로 26cm 이하의영상영역을설정하여적용전 후의 SNR과 CNR을비교하고, 영상획득시간을비교하여 multitransmit 기법의적용으로인한영상대조도와균일도의변화및검사시간의단축을통한적용의유용성을증명하고자하였다. 2. 연구방법연구대상은 2015년 7월부터동년 9월까지고관절 MRI 검사를시행한환자를대상으로하였다. 연구에대한심의는 2015년 3월에의뢰하여 6월에최종승인되었으며, 검사를위해병원에내원시동의여부를문의하여동의한환자를대상으로동의서수령후연구를진행하였다. 연구방법은 26 cm 이하의영상영역을설정하여 multitransmit 기법적용전 후고관절영상을획득하였으며, 대퇴골두 (head of femur) 와인접조직인장요근 (Iliopsoas muscle) 의 SNR과 CNR, 그리고검사시간을각각측정하였다. 영상획득장비및방법은 3.0 T MR system(achieva, Philips, Netherland) 과 8 channel SENSE cardiac coil을이용하여, T1, T2 강조영상의매개변수에기법적용에따른차이를알아보기위해 TR을최소한도 (minimum) 로설정하여획득하였다. 영상의매개변수는 T1 강조영상의경우 TR minimum, TE 20 ms, FA 90, FOV mm, slice thickness 3 mm, slice gap 1 mm, matrix , NEX 1, T2 강조영상의경우 TR minimum, TE 80 ms, FA 90, slice thickness 3 mm, gap 1 mm, FOV mm, matrix , NEX 1을사용하였으며, 영상획득은고관절에수평으로관골구 (acetabulum) 를포함하여관상면 (axial plan) 으로 20장획득하였다. 영상의측정방법은영상평가프로그램 (Image J, Ver. 1.47n, NIH, USA) 을이용하여 10 mm 2 의 ROI(region of interest) 를설정한후, 대퇴골두와장요근의신호강도를측정하였다 (Fig. 1). 104

3 고관절자기공명영상검사시 multitransmit 기법의적용에따른검사시간단축의유용성 Multitransmit 기법적용전 후의 SNR은대퇴골두의경우, 적용전대비적용후에 T1 강조영상은 1.3%, T2 강조영상은 1.8% 로낮았으며, 장요근의경우도 T1 강조영상은 3.0%, T2 강조영상은 2.5% 로각각낮게나타났다. 대응표본 T검정결과, 대퇴골두의 SNR은적용전에비해 T1 강조영상은 0.059, T2 강조영상은 head of femur 2 Iliopsoas muscle 3 background Fig. 1. The SNR and CNR of setting to ROI SNR은각각의측정된신호강도를백그라운드신호강도의표준편차로나누어계산하였고 ( 식 1), CNR은대퇴골두와장요근의신호강도차를구한다음, 백그라운드신호강도의표준편차로나누어절대값으로계산하였다 ( 식 2). (1) (2) 의차이로낮았으나, 통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 (p>.05). 장요근도 T1 강조영상은 0.070, T2 강조영상은 0.034의차이를보였으나, 통계적유의성은없었다 (p>.05), (Table 2). Table 2. Quantitative SNR results of hip joint image in two groups T1 T2 Category Before After Sig. Head of femur 4.61± ± Iliopsoas muscle 2.33± ± Head of femur 3.87± ± Iliopsoas muscle 1.57± ± 영상의정성적평가는영상의학과전문의 3명이해부학적구조물의명확도와연부조직의대조도, 전반적인영상의질등세가지항목으로구분하여 multitransmit 기법적용전 후매우우수 (1), 우수 (2), 보통 (3), 나쁨 (4) 의 4점척도로평가하였다. 통계적분석방법은대응표본 T검정 (paired t-test, SPSS Ver. 18) 이용하여 multitransmit 기법적용전 후검사시간단축에따른유의한차이를평가하였다. 3. 연구결과연구대상자의인구사회학적특성으로남성이 14명, 대퇴골두와장요근의 CNR은 SNR과비슷한유형이었으며, T1과 T2 강조영상모두적용전에비해 2.2% 와 3.0% 로낮게나타났다. 대응표본 T검정결과, 대퇴골두와장요근의 CNR은 SNR과마찬가지로적용전에비해 T1 강조영상은 0.053, T2 강조영상은 0.066의차이를보였으나, 통계적유의성이없어 multitransmit 기법적용에따른차이는없다고볼수있다 (p>.05), (Table 3). Table 3. Quantitative CNR results of hip joint image in two groups Category Before After Sig. T1 2.28± ± T2 2.30± ± 여성이 18 명이었고, 평균연령은 53.43±12.24 세 (28 세 -72 세 ) 였다 (Table 1). Table 1. Socio-demographical variables Category Division Frequency Percent(%) Male Gender Female Age 30 under up 해부학적구조물의명확도, 연부조직의대조도, 전반적인영상의질등의세가지항목에대한정성적평가결과, T1과 T2 강조영상모두통계적유의성이없어 multitransmit 기법적용에따른차이는없다고볼수있다 (p>.05), (Table 4). 105

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 3 호, 2016 Table 4. Qualitative results of hip joint image in two groups T1 T2 Category Before After Sig. Clarity of anatomy Contrast of soft tissue Overall image quality Clarity of anatomy Contrast of soft tissue Overall image quality 1.66 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 검사시간은 multitransmit 기법적용전에비해 T1, T2 강조영상모두감소하였다. T1 강조영상은 42.8%(1 분 11 초 ) 감소하였으며, T2 강조영상도 49.7%(1 분 26 초 ) 로감소한것으로나타났다 (Table 6). Table 6. Scan time according to multitransmit apply Category Before After Difference T1 166sec 95sec 71sec(42.8%) T2 176sec 87sec 86sec(49.7%) 4. 고찰및결론 RF pulse를인가하여수소원자를공명시킨후, 그신호를영상화하는 MRI는조직간대조도가뛰어나병소의진단및예후평가에매우유용하다. 그러나진단적가치가있는영상을얻기위해서는 matrix를증가시켜야하고 matrix의증가는 TR 횟수를증가시켜전체적인검사시간이길어지는구조적인문제점이있다. 이러한검사시간을단축시키고자그간많은연구들이시행되어왔다. Pruessmann 등 [9] 과 Bauer 등 [10] 은 SENSE(Sensitivity encoding) 기법과 GRAPPA 기법을사용하여검사시간을단축시키려고하였고, Excobedo 등 [11] 은 TSE(turbo spin echo) 기법을사용하여검사시간을줄이고자하였다. 그러나검사시간을줄이기위해 SENSE 기법과 GRAPPA 기법은 reduction factor를증가시켜 SNR이낮아지는단점이있었고, TSE 기법은 turbo factor 증가시킴에따라흔들림 (blurring) 인공물과 SAR가높아지 는문제점이있었다 [12]. 이에반해, Golay 등 [13] 은 FOV를줄임으로써검사시간을줄이고자하였고, Song 등 [14] 은영상획득시 multislice를이용하여검사시간을단축시키려고하였다. 그러나두기법모두단순히영상의매개변수를변경한연구로서근본적인해결책이되지못하였고, 오히려 SNR이낮아지는문제점을도출시켰다. 이외에도검사시간을줄이기위해다양한기법들이보고되어있으나, 검사시간단축에따른인공물이나 SNR과 CNR의저하등여러가지문제점을수반하고있다. Kukuk 등 [8] 과 Nelles 등 [15], Rahbar 등 [16] 은이러한문제점의해결방안으로 dual RF source를이용하면 single RF source에비해 TR을획기적으로줄일수있다는 multitransmit 기법을적용하여그유용성을보고하였다. 그러나이연구들은 RF pulse의파장보다두꺼운부위의영상대조도및균일도향상에한정된반면, 본연구는적용한사례가없는 26 cm 이하의얇은부위에 multitransmit 기법을적용하여그효과를계량적으로입증하였다는데에차별성이있다. 연구결과에서알수있듯이, multitransmit 기법적용전 후 T1, T2 강조영상모두 SNR과 CNR, 정성적평가에서유의한차이가없었고, 검사시간은 T1 강조영상은 42.8%, T2 강조영상 49.7% 로감소하였다. 이는영상의질저하없이검사시간을획기적으로단축시킬수있음을의미한다. 검사시간의단축측면에한정시켜선행연구들과비교해보더라도결코뒤처지지않음을알수있다. TSE 기법을이용하면검사시간을 30% 줄일수있다는 Excobedo 등 [11] 과 FOV를줄이면약 35% 를줄일수있다는 Golay 등 [13] 의연구보다감소율이오히려높았으며, GRAPPA 기법을사용하면 44.2%(T1 영상 ) 와 44.1%(T2 영상 ) 줄일수있다는 Bauer 등 [10] 과 multislice를이용하면약 50% 줄일수있다는 Song 등 [14] 의연구와유사한감소율을보여본연구의우수성을알수있다. 여기에 SNR과 CNR의변화가없었다는점에서상기선행연구들에비해진일보한연구라할수있다. 또한, 상기에서언급한 multitransmit 기법을이용한많은연구 [8, 15-19] 가영상의균일도향상에국한한반면, dual RF source로인한검사시간단축을입증한최초의연구라는점에학술적의미를부여할수있다. 106

5 고관절자기공명영상검사시 multitransmit 기법의적용에따른검사시간단축의유용성 본연구는 multitransmit 기법의장점중하나인 SAR 의감소를측정하지않았다는제한점이있다. 그럼에도불구하고 multitransmit 기법을 26 cm 이하의인체부위에처음적용하였다는점과, 영상의질저하없이 MRI 검사의고질적문제인검사시간을획기적으로줄일수있었다는데에커다란의의를두고싶다. References [1] Jerrolds, J. Keene. S. MRI Safety at 3T versus 1.5 T, Internet Journal of Radiology, vol.11, no.1, [2] Rasper M, Gramer BM, Settles M, Laugwitz KL, Ibrahim T, Rummeny EJ, Huber A, Dual-source RF transmission in cardiac SSFP imaging at 3T: systematic spatial evaluation of image quality improvement compared to conventional RF transmission. Clin Imaging, vol.39, no.2, pp , DOI: [3] Obara M, Next RF transmission technology "MultiTransmit": theory and clinical application Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi, vol.69, no.3, pp , DOI: [4] Willinek WA, Gieseke J, Kukuk GM, Nelles M, König R, Morakkabati-Spitz N, Träber F, Thomas D, Kuhl CK, Schild HH. "Dual-Source Parallel Radiofrequency Excitation Body MR Imaging Compared with Standard MR Imaging at 3.0T", Radiology. vol.256, no.3, pp DOI: [5] Graesslin I1, Homann H, Biederer S, Börnert P, Nehrke K, Vernickel P, Mens G, Harvey P, Katscher U. "A specific absorption rate prediction concept for parallel transmission MR", Magn Reson Med, v.68, no.5, pp DOI: [6] Van den Bergen B, Stolk CC, Berg JB, Lagendijk JJ, Van den Berg CA. "Ultra fast electromagnetic field computations for RF multitransmit techniques in high field MRI", Phys Med Biol, vol.54, no.5, pp , DOI: [7] Son CH, "3.0 Tesla MR Clinical Application: Advanced Neuroimaging", Medical Postgraduates, vol.33, no.2, pp , [8] G. M. Kukuk, J. Gieseke, M. Nelles, R. König, M. Andersson, E. Muschler, P. Mürtz, J. Stout, M. Nijenhuis, F. Träber, N. Morakkabati-Spitz, D. Thomas, C. K. Kuhl, H. H. Schild, "Clinical liver MRI at 3.0 Tesla using parallel RF transmission with patient-adaptive B1 shimming", Intl. Soc. Mag. Reson. Med., [9] Pruessmann KP, Weiger M, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P, "SENSE: sensitivity encoding for fast MRI", Magn Reson Med., vol.42, no.5, pp , DOI: 42:5%3C952::AID-MRM16%3E3.0.CO;2-S [10] Bauer JS, Banerjee S, Henning TD, Krug R, Majumdar S, Link TM, "Fast high-spatial-resolution MRI of the ankle with parallel imaging using GRAPPA at 3 T", AJR Am J Roentgenol., vol.189, no.1, pp , DOI: [11] Escobedo EM, Hunter JC, Zink-Brody GC, Wilson AJ, Harrison SD, Fisher DJ. "Usefulness of turbo spin-echo MR imaging in the evaluation of meniscal tears: comparison with a conventional spin-echo sequence", AJR Am J Roentgenol., vol.167, no.5, pp , DOI: [12] D. W. McRobbie, E. A. Moore, M. J. Graves, M. R. Prince. "MRI From Picture to Proton", [13] Golay X, Gillen J, van Zijl PC, Barker PB, "Scan time reduction in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of the human brain", Magn Reson Med., vol.47, no.2, pp , DOI: [14] Song HK, Wright AC, Wolf RL, Wehrli FW, "Multislice Double Inversion Pulse Sequence for Ef/span>cient Black-Blood MRI", Magn Reson Med., vol.47, no.3, pp , DOI: [15] Nelles M, König RS, Gieseke J, Guerand-van Battum MM, Kukuk GM, Schild HH, Willinek WA, "Dual-Source Parallel RF Transmission for Clinical MR Imaging of the Spine at 3.0T: Intraindividual Comparison with Conventional Single-Source Transmission" Radiology, vol.257, no.3, pp , DOI: [16] Rahbar H, Partridge SC, Demartini WB, Gutierrez RL, Parsian S, Lehman CD. "Improved B1 homogeneity of 3Tesla breast MRI using dual-source parallel radiofrequency excitation", J Magn Reson Imaging, vol.35, no.5, pp , DOI: [17] Berger A, Schnackenburg B, Schneeweis C, Kelle S, Klein C, Kouwenhoven M, Fleck E, Gebker R, High-dose dobutamine stress steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine MRI at 3T with patient adaptive local radiofrequency (RF) shimming using dual-source RF transmission J Magn Reson Imaging, vol.42, no.3, pp DOI: [18] Chafi H, Elias SN, Nguyen HT, Friel HT, Knopp MV, Guo B, Heymsfield SB, Jia G, Effect of parallel radiofrequency transmission on arterial input function selection in dynamic contrast-enhanced 3 Tesla pelvic MRI J Magn Reson Imaging, [19] Schär M, Ding H, Herzka DA. Improvement in B1+ Homogeneity and Average Flip Angle Using Dual-Source Parallel RF Excitation for Cardiac MRI in Swine Hearts PLoS One, vol.10, no.10, DOI: 107

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 17 권제 3 호, 2016 최관우 (Kwan-Woo Choi) [ 정회원 ] 2010 년 7 월 : 고려대학교의료영상공학과졸업 ( 공학석사 ) 2015 년 8 월 : 한양대학교보건학과졸업 ( 보건학박사 ) 2001 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 서울아산병원영상의학과 < 관심분야 > 자기공명영상학, 보건학, 방사선영상학, 의료영상공학 손순룡 (Soon-Yong Son) [ 정회원 ] 2013 년 8 월 : 한양대학교보건학과졸업 ( 보건학박사 ) 1990 년 6 월 ~ 2016 년 2 월 : 서울아산병원영상의학과 2016 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 원광보건대학교방사선과교수 < 관심분야 > 방사선영상학, 디지털영상학, 보건학, 연구조사방법론 108

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