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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 13, No. 12 pp , 실리콘을이용한자화율인공물의감소에관한연구 최관우 1, 이호범 1* 1 서울아산병원영상의학과 A study on the reduction on magnetic susceptible artifacts through the usage of silicon Kwan-Woo Choi 1 and Ho-Beom Lee 1* 1 Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center 요약본연구에서는인체조직밀도와유사한실리콘을이용하여공기와맞닿은굴곡진부분을보상함으로써자화율인공물을줄이고자하였다. 연구대상은정상인 16명을대상으로하였으며, 인체중굴곡이많고구조가복잡하며공기와접촉하는표면적이넓어자화율인공물이많이발생하는발을검사부위로하였다. 실험장비는 3.0T 초전도자기공명영상장치를이용하였으며, 자화율차이에민감한 SPIR 영상을종족궁의가운데부터 5개의말절골을모두포함하여중족골및족지골을연장한선에평행하게시상면으로얻었다. 분석방법은조직과공기간자화율차이를줄임으로서자화율인공물의감소를알아보기위하여실리콘적용전ㆍ후의 SNR과 CNR을비교하였으며, 대응표본 T검정을이용하여통계분석하였다. 연구결과굴곡진부분을보상한실리콘적용후영상이적용전영상에비해자화율인공물이감소하였으며, SNR은적용전 3.91±1.33에서적용후 21.69±4.52로유의한양의상관관계로증가하였고, CNR은적용전 28.97±8.20에서적용후 4.88±2.14으로유의한음의상관관계로감소하였다. 결론적으로본연구는체적소에영향을주지않으면서본질적인문제인공기와인체의자화율차이를보상한획기적인개선방법으로, 적용이용이하며저비용고효율로자화율인공물을줄일수있는방안을제시하였다는데에커다란의의가있다. Abstract This study used silicon that is similar to the density of the tissue of the human body to compensate for the uneven areas that are in contact with air in order to reduce susceptible artifacts. The subjects of the study were 16 normal people and the areas of the human body in which there are a lot of uneven areas with complicated structure and a lot of susceptible artifacts were formed since the surface area that comes into contact with the air is large were the areas that were chosen to be examined. A 3.0T superconducting magnetic resonance device was used as the test equipment and SPIR images that are sensitive to magnetic differences were obtained as sagittal planes on a line that extended the metatarsal and the phalanges, including the middle of the longitudinal arc and the 5 distal phalanxes. The method of analysis was to reduce the susceptibility between the tissue and the air to discover the reduction of susceptible artifacts by comparing the SNR and CNR before and after applying silicon. A statistical analysis was utilized for the sample matching T examination. The results of the study revealed that the susceptible artifacts were reduced in the images of the uneven areas that were compensated and applied with silicon. The SNR increased in significant amount in correlation from 3.91±1.33 before application to 21.69±4.52 after application and the CNR decreased in significant amount in correlation from 28.97±8.20 before application to 4.88±2.14. In conclusion, this study did not affect the voxel but it was an innovative method of improvement that compensated for the fundamental issue of the difference in susceptibility between the air and the body. The application is simple and the study has great significance in that it proposed a method to reduce susceptible artifacts in a low cost and highly efficient manner. Key Words : Susceptibility, Magnetic susceptibility artifact, Silicone, SNR, CNR * Corresponding Author : Ho-Beom Lee (Asan Medical Center) Tel: hobeom35@naver.com Received August 27, 2012 Revised (1st September 28, 2012, 2nd October 10, 2012) Accepted November 6,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 13 권제 12 호, 서론 자기공명영상의신호크기는체적소 (voxel) 에있는핵스핀수와체적소에대한자장의균일성에의해좌우된다 [1]. 자장의균일성은각조직의자화율 (susceptibility) 에의해영향을받는데, 인체는근육, 혈관, 뼈, 지방, 공기와같이서로다른조직간에각각다른주파수정보를가지고있어인접한조직들의경계면에서자화율차이에의한자장의불균일 (field in homogeneity) 이항상발생한다 [2]. 자화율차이에의해자장의불균일이발생하면신호가감소한다. 왜냐하면자화율차이가없는균일한물질의경우, 즉근육과같이균일한부위로부터발생되는영상신호는체적소내의스핀들의위상이같으므로강한신호를발생하게되지만, 체적소내에자화율차이가있는물질로채워져있는경우, 균일한자장속에서도체적소내는불균일자장이형성되어자화율차이에의한위상차 (spin dephasing) 가증가하여감쇄된신호를발생하게된다 [3]. 즉, 서로성분이다른물질은다른자화율을가져경사 (gradient) 를발생시키고발생한경사는스핀을빨리탈위상시켜이완시간에영향을주어신호를감소시키는것이다 [4]. 이러한신호감소는공기와지방또는공기와근육과같이자화율차이가클수록신호의세기는급격히감소한다. 자화율차이에의해발생되는자장불균일은다른원인인화학적천이나, 전자위상에러로인한자장불균일성에비해서상대적으로강하기때문에작은체적소내에서도스핀들을서로다른위상을갖게하여자기공명영상에서자화율인공물 (magnetic susceptibility artifact) 을일으킨다 [3]. 자화율인공물의형태는신호감소로인한영상의소실이나왜곡, 뒤틀림형태로나타나는데이는병변의정확한진단에어려움을주는원인이되어진단과치료에커다란문제점이된다 [5]. 현재사용되고있는자화율인공물을줄일수있는방법으로는저자장이용, 경사에코 (gradient echo) 대신반복시간과에코시간 (echo time) 이긴스핀에코 (spin echo) 선택 [6, 7], 주파수부호화경사자장의세기의증가, 3차원경사에코기법시절편단면방향으로충분한위상부호화경사자장을가해얇은단면의영상을얻는방법이있다 [8, 9]. 위방법모두비균일한자장을어느정도보상해자화율인공물은줄일수있으나조직의자화율차이에의한인공물을줄일수있는근본적인대안이될수없다. 특히인체중굴곡이많아공기와접촉하는표면적이넓은손검사나발검사의경우체적소의부피감소와공기를 포함한복잡한구조로인한자화율의차이로신호가감소하고자화율인공물이많이발생하는구조적인문제점을내포하고있다. 그러나이러한문제점에도불구하고국내외의료기관에서는영상의매개변수 (parameter) 활용에국한된방법을이용할뿐마땅한개선안이없어신호가감소하고자화율인공물이발생한상태로검사하고있는실정이며개선에관한모델제시나그에관한연구는전무한실정이다. 실리콘은자기공명영상에서체적소에영향을주지않는범위에서미약한신호를내는물질중인체의조직밀도와유사하다. 이에저자들은영상의매개변수활용에 국한된방법이아닌, 조직의자화율차이에의한인공물을줄일수있는근본적인대안으로실리콘을공기와맞닿은굴곡진부분에보상하여조직과공기간자화율차이를줄임으로서자화율인공물을감소시키고자하였다. 2. 연구대상및방법 2.1 연구대상및방법 연구대상은 2012년 6월부터동년 8월까지정상인 16 명을대상으로하였다. 연구방법은인체중굴곡이많고구조가복잡하며, 공기와접촉하는표면적이넓어자화율인공물이많이발생하는발을대상으로, 조직과공기간자화율차이를줄임으로서자화율인공물의감소를알아보기위하여실리콘적용전ㆍ후의신호대잡음비 (signal to noise ratio, 이하 SNR) 와대조도대잡음비 (contrast to noise ration, 이하 CNR) 를비교하였다. SNR은 10 mm 2 의 ROI(resion of interest) 를이용하여자화율인공물이발생한부위의신호강도 (signal intensity) 를측정한후, 측정된신호강도를백그라운드신호강도의표준편차로나누어계산하였고 ( 식 1), CNR은자화율인공물이발생한부위의신호강도와주변조직의신호강도를측정한후, 자화율인공물이발생한부위와주변조직의신호강도차를구한다음백그라운드신호강도의표준편차로나누어절대값으로계산하였다 ( 식 2)[1]. (1) (2) 5938
3 실리콘을이용한자화율인공물의감소에관한연구 평가의정확성을위하여자화율인공물의관심영역선정시주변조직과차이를크게두는부위를선정하였고, 백그라운드표준편차는 SNR과 CNR의효과를정확하게하기위하여신호를얻은위상부호화방향으로상, 하두부분의관심영역을선정하여측정한평균값을백그라운드표준편차로정하였다 [1]. 본연구에사용된실리콘은규소원료를합성한규소수지로서실리콘베이스에상온경화방지제를첨가하여상온에서는경화되지않아여러번재사용이가능한제품을사용하였다. 실리콘베이스는주성분인실리콘중합체에폴리디메틸실록산과실리카및실리콘오일이혼합되어있고, 경화방지제는메틸비닐실리콘검과실리콘오일이혼합된제품으로총사용량은 200g, 밀도는 2.336g/cm 3 이었다. 2.2 영상획득및기법영상획득장비로 3.0T 초전도자기공명영상장치 (Archieva, Philips medical system) 와 8 channel SENSE Foot/Ankle 코일을사용하였다. 영상기법은주파수선택여기방법과반전시간회복기법의장점을접목시켜자화율차이에민감한공간반전회복기법 (Spectral Presaturation with Inversion Recovery, SPIR) 을이용하였으며 [14], 사용된영상변수로는 TR 3000 msec, TE 80 msec, 숙임각 (flip angle) 90, FOV(field of view) 150 mm 100 mm, matrix , 절편두께 (slice thickness) 2 mm, 절편간격 (slice gap) 0.5 mm, NEX(number of excitation) 2로하였다. 영상의포함범위는종족궁 (arcus pedis longitudinalis) 의가운데부터다섯개의말절골 (distal phalanges) 을모두포함하였으며중족골 (metatarsal bone) 및족지골 (phalanges) 을연장한선에평행하게시상면 (sagittal plan) 영상을 30절편 (slices) 씩얻었다. 검사시간은 1분 48초였다. 이 11명, 여성이 5명이었고, 평균연령은 29.5±3.98세 (38 세-24세 ) 였다. [Table 1] Socio-demographical variables 구분항목빈도 ( 명 ) 비율 (%) 성별 연령 남성여성 25세이하 26세~30세 31 세이상 조직과공기간자화율차이를줄임으로서자화율인공물의감소는그림 1과같이공기와맞닿은굴곡진부분을보상한실리콘적용후영상이적용전영상에비해말절골에발생한자화율인공물이감소하였다. Before window width : 1838 window level : 분석방법분석방법은조직과공기간자화율차이를줄임으로서자화율인공물의감소를알아보기위하여실리콘적용전ㆍ후의 SNR과 CNR을비교하였다. 통계적분석방법은대응표본 T검정 (paired sample T-test, SPSS 버전 18) 을이용하였으며, p값이.05보다작은경우유의한차이가있는것으로판단하였다. 3. 연구결과연구대상자의인구사회학적특성은표 1과같이남성 After window width : 2562 window level : 1367 [Fig. 1] The SPIR images before and after the application of silicon 자화율인공물의감소를위해실리콘적용전ㆍ후에따른자화율인공물발생부위와주변조직간의 SNR의차이는적용전 3.91±1.33에서적용후 21.69±4.52로 17.78(454.7%) 증가하였고, CNR은적용전 28.97±8.20에서적용후 4.88±2.14로 24.09(83.2%) 감소하였다 ( 표 2). SNR의증가의미는조직과공기간자화율차이에의 5939
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 13 권제 12 호, 2012 한자화율인공물이실리콘적용후효과적으로감소한것을의미하며, CNR의감소의미는실리콘적용후동일한주변조직과의대조도의차이가감소한것으로이또한실리콘적용후자화율인공물이효과적으로감소한것을의미한다. [Table 2] Both SNR and CNR where the magnetic susceptible artifacts occurred and the surrounding tissues before and after the application of silicon 구분 Before (mean±sd) After (mean±sd) t-value : 11.97(sig=0.000) SNR 3.91± ±4.52 CNR 28.97± ±2.14 SNR t-value : (sig=0.000) CNR t-value : 11.97(sig=0.000) 적용전ㆍ후에따른대응표본 T검정결과, SNR은대응차의평균과표준편차 ±4.26, 표준오차 1.07, T값이 (sig=0.000) 로나타나실리콘적용후가적용전보다유의하게증가하였다 ( 그림 2). t-value : (sig=0.000) [Fig. 2] A box chart of the areas where the magnetic susceptible artifacts occurred and the SNR of the surrounding tissues before and after the application of silicon CNR의경우는대응차의평균과표준편차 24.09±8.05, 표준오차 2.01, T값이 11.97(sig=0.000) 로나타나실리콘적용후가적용전보다유의하게감소하였다 ( 그림 3). [Fig. 3] A box chart of the areas where the magnetic susceptible artifacts occurred and the CNR of the surrounding tissues before and after the application of silicon 4. 고찰및결론 자화율인공물은인체내서로다른자화율을갖는인접한두조직의경계면에서자장의국소적인변형이발생되어형성되는인공물이다 [10]. 자화감수성이서로다른두조직의경계면은각물질의자화율차이에의해자장이불균일해지고, 불균일한자장으로인해자화율인공물이발생하며이러한자화율인공물은영상의소실이나왜곡을일으킨다 [11]. 이러한현상은자화감수성차이가큰물질즉, 물과공기, 공기와지방, 물과지방등경계면에서더욱현저하게나타나다른병리학적인상태로보이게하여병변의오진을초래한다 [5]. 이로인해자화율인공물을감소시키고자많은연구가있었다. Bellon EM 등 [6] 과 Dujovny M 등 [7] 은자화율인공물을감소시키는방법으로자장강도가높은장비보다는저자장장비의이용과경사에코기법보다스핀에코기법을사용해야한다고하였다. 그러나이연구들은고자장과경사에코기법의특징인 SNR의증가와검사시간단축, 얇은절편의선택등여러가지장점을간과한연구라는한계점이있다. Kanal E 등 [8] 과 Hartnell GG 등 [9] 은주파수부호화경사자장의세기를높여주고, 짧은에코시간을이용하여얇은단면을얻음으로써자기감수성인공물을최소화할수있다고보고하였다. 그러나주파수부호화경사자장세기의증가나짧은에코시간으로인한얇은단면은장비의성능및자장의강도와관련된문제로기존장비의교체또는고자장인최신장비의도입이선행되어야한다. 5940
5 실리콘을이용한자화율인공물의감소에관한연구 이에반해 Kim[12] 과 Smith AS 등 [13] 은 flip angle의증가와수신신호대역이좁을수록자화율에의한인공물이증가하므로 flip angle을감소시키고수신대역폭을넓혀야한다고하였다. 그러나 flip angle을감소하고수신신호대역이넓어지면자화율인공물은감소하지만, SNR이감소하여전반적인신호가약해지고공간분해능이저하되어영상의진단적효율이떨어진다. 또한 Cho 등 [5] 은자화율인공물발생시주파수경사방향을적절히변경함으로써자화율인공물의발생을줄일수있다고보고하였고 Lee 등 [1] 은중심주파수 (center frequency) 정렬과송신호강도값 (transmission gain) 의변화로자화율인공물을줄일수있다고보고하였다. 그러나이연구들은영상의매개변수 (parameter) 활용에국한되었다는한계점이있다. 본연구에서는자기공명영상에서체적소에영향을주지않는범위에서미약한신호를내면서, 인체의조직밀도와유사한실리콘을사용하여공기와인체의자화율차이를보상함으로써, 자화율인공물을감소시켰다는데에커다란의의가있다. 연구결과자화율인공물발생부위와주변조직간의 SNR의차이는적용전 3.91±1.33에서적용후 21.69±4.52로 17.78(454.7%) 증가하였고, CNR은적용전 28.97±8.20에서적용후 4.88±2.14로 24.09(83.2%) 감소하였다. 이는 Kim[12] 의 flip angle 및수신대역폭의변화나 Cho 등 [5] 의주파수경사방향의변경의정성적평가보다도진일보한방법으로구체적인수치로서증명하였다. 또한 Lee 등 [1] 의송신호강도값 110에서자화율영역과주변조직의 SNR(pre: 1.44±0.31, 4.33±0.04, post: 1.86±0.2, 7.1±0.21) 이높아지고 CNR(pre: -2.89±0.43, post: -5.23±0.02) 이낮아진다는연구결과와비교해도본연구결과가획기적인개선방법이라고할수있다. 본연구는연구특성상실험대상자가적다는점과실리콘의두께차이에따른자화율인공물의변화를측정하지못했다는제한점이있다. 그럼에도불구하고국내외적으로선행연구가없고, 적용이용이하며저비용고효율로자화율인공물을줄일수있는방안을제시하였다는데에커다란의의가있다고하겠다. 1.5 Tesla MRI". Korean Journal of Medical Physics, 20, pp , [2] ZH Cho, et al. "Reduction of Susceptibility Artifact in Gradient-Echo Imaging". Magn Reson Med, 23, pp. 193, 1992, Article(CrossRefLink) [3] YM Ro, et al. "A Study of Susceptibility Decomposition in MRI". Journal of Biomedical Engineering Reserch, 16, pp , [4] S. Ogawa, et al. "Magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessel at high field". Magn Reson Med, 16, pp. 68, 1990, Article(CrossRefLink) [5] JH Cho, et al. "The usability of the image according to the frequency encoding gradient direction conversion in fixation using the non magnetic metal screw". Journal of Digital Content Society, 12, pp , [6] Bellon EM, et al. "MR artifacts a review". AJR, 147, pp , [7] Dujovny M, et al. "Aneurysm clip testing for ferromagnetic properties". Radiology, 202, pp. 637, [8] Kanal E, et al. "Aneurysm clip testing for ferromagnetic properties". Radiology, 202, pp. 641, [9] Hartnell, et al. "Safety of MR imaging in patients who have retained metallic materials after cardiac surgery". ARJ, 168, pp. 1157, [10] KK Kim, et al. "The Analysis of Static Magnetic Field Atrtifact in Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging", The Suseong College journal, 14, pp , [11] Romner B, et al. "Magnetic resonance imaging and aneurysm clips". J Neurosurg, 70, pp , 1990, Article(CrossRefLink) [12] YS Kim. "Interfaces on MRI : A phantom study". The Kyungpook University medical journal, 90, pp , [13] Smith AS, et al. "Intracranial chemical-shift artifacts on MR images of the brain: observations and relation to sampling bandwidth". Am J Roentgenol, 154, pp , [14] HM Lee, et al. "Selection of TI for Suppression Fat Tissue of SPAIR and Comparative Study of SPAIR and STIR of Brain Fast SE T2 Weighted Imaging". The Radiologic Technology Research, 32, pp , References [1] JS Lee, et al. "A Study on Compensation for Imaging Qualities Having Artifact with the Change of the Center Frequency Adjustment and Transmission Gain Values at 5941
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 13 권제 12 호, 2012 최관우 (Kwan-Woo Choi) [ 정회원 ] 2010 년 7 월 : 고려대학교의용과학대학원의료영상공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2001 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 서울아산병원영상의학과 < 관심분야 > 방사선영상학, 디지탈영상학, 의용영상공학 이호범 (Ho-Beom Lee) [ 정회원 ] 2008 년 2 월 : 고려대학교보건대학방사선과졸업 2009 년 6 월 ~ 현재 : 서울아산병원영상의학과 < 관심분야 > 방사선영상학, 디지털영상학 5942
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