addressee loanee mentee mentor interviewee 2. (A) However (B) Furthermore However, those who have low self-esteem tend to feel awkward,

Transcription

1 08 Zoom In Exercises (A) For example (B) Nonetheless ~, forty-six percent of firms have flexible starting times and twenty-three percent permit compressed workweeks. +of+ cf. firms have Managers sometimes complain about flexible work schedules because they are complicated to manage. they are complicated to manage it is complicated to manage them(= flexible work schedules) manage them they are complicated to manage ex. It is easy to solve this question. This question is easy to solve. -er -ee -er -or employer trainer addresser = addressor loaner mentor interviewer -ee employee trainee 52

2 addressee loanee mentee mentor interviewee 2. (A) However (B) Furthermore However, those who have low self-esteem tend to feel awkward, shy, and unable to express themselves. feel (awkward, shy, unable) express those (themselves) Often they compound their problems by opting for avoidance strategies because they hold the belief [that whatever they do will result in failure]. the belief that whatever they do will result Smoking is prohibited within the school compound. n. Sulfur dioxide is a compound of sulfur and oxygen. n. Any argument will just compound the situation. v. I don t want to compound with him for this matter. v. This new plastic was compounded of natural materials. v. 3. compound (A) Conversely (B) Likewise

3 Economic distance relates to the time and cost [involved in traveling from the origin to the destination area and back]. involved the time and cost The higher the economic distance (is), the higher the resistance for that destination (is) and, consequently, the lower the demand (is). the+ + + the+ + + is Kevin Kevin Kevin has lost weight by 50kg Kevin Kevin has lost weight to 50kg Kevin by to 4. by to (A) In contrast (B) a sympathetic ear In turn What women want is a sympathetic ear; what they hear is an impatient, ~ often with the shaming message [that they are incompetent]. What[what] that the shaming message 5. (A) aunt For example (B) aunt however 54

4 aunt aunt The women [who marry the brothers of either the father or the mother] are also called aunts. who ~ mother The women are In other cultures, however, [where the father s sister and the mother s sister have different rights, obligations, and relationships to the individual], these female relatives are differentiated ~. where ~ individual other cultures these female relatives 6. (A) However (B) Thus For example, I needed only to look sternly at my son or speak in an assertive tone, and he would comply with [what was asked of him]. sternly look look at ask A of B A B A be asked of B with what was asked of him ~ before she realized [paying for them was more painful than getting up earlier to find even a distant parking space from her class and walking]. realized (paying ~ walking) that realized paying getting walking assert assert v. They continued to assert that they were not guilty. assertion n. I m sure of his assertion that he is innocent. asserter[assertor] n. My friend is an asserter. How do I get her to be more flexible? assertive a. 55

5 While it s not bad to be assertive, don t be too much. 7. (A) Nonetheless (B) Similarly MP3 Little scientific research has been done to find exactly [which kinds of music tend to put people in which moods]. little find Rather, they hope [that the music will put you in a relaxed mood, which will in turn make you more sensitive to happy thoughts, ~]. that hope which a relaxed mood make (sensitive) Our objective is to develop useful new products. n. She is cold and objective by nature. a. cf. subjective 8. a. objective History is always subjective. (A) In actuality (B) In other words 56

6 09 ~ the image [cast on the retina] is the same whether the moon is overhead or at the horizon. cast on the retina the image Since we think of the moon as being farther away than the trees and buildings [seen with it on the horizon], we perceive it as larger. think of A as B A B seen with it on the horizon the trees and buildings cast The shocking news cast a shadow over their faces. v. He s casting a welcoming smile in her direction. v. That is the statue cast in bronze. v. He didn t say anything and refused to cast a vote. v. The whole cast s performance was perfect. n. Why did you get a cast on your leg? n. Zoom In Exercises Giorgio Vasari 1511 Arezzo 1550 Vasari Vasari 1571 Pius 5 1. Anthony Burns 19 Boston Boston Virginia Anthony Burns Virginia

7 Richmond Boston Boston Boston Burns Virginia Despite [the desperate mobilization of the abolitionists to save him], government forces succeeded in shipping Burns back to Virginia ~. Although [ ] Despite In spite of Despite In spite of Although auto- This book is not an autobiography nor is it a book of recollections. n. Can I have your autograph? n. Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain. Galicia a. Teachers are given considerable individual autonomy. n. My camera is fully automatic. a. Automation meant the loss of many factory jobs. n. 2. The Complete Herbal 3 (an immediate success) Nicholas Culpeper The Complete Herbal 1652 Culpeper 3 Culpeper The Complete Herbal 250 Nicholas Culpeper ~ the information [that would allow ordinary people to identify medicinal plants {(that) they could find growing in fields and bushes near their homes} and use them to make home remedies that would heal them]. [ ] that the information would allow allow to to identify use allow { } medicinal plants find that The book sold for three pence, [which made it available to the poor]. [ ] which 58

8 made it(= the book) available This is a complete waste of time. a the complete works of Shakespeare a Work on the new building is nearly complete. a The bookshelf comes complete with tools and instructions for assembly. a Students must complete the course. v In all, more than 800 people completed the questionnaire. 800 v 3. complete Rosalind Elsie Franklin 1945 Franklin Cambridge Watson, Crick, Wilkins Rosalind Elsie Franklin 1945 Cambridge 3 King s College Franklin DNA DNA Maurice Wilkins Franklin Cambridge James Watson Francis Crick DNA Franklin Watson, Crick, Wilkins Franklin ~ Franklin should have been honored with them. should have+ describe description : The police asked her to describe the man. prescribe prescription : If these don t work, I may have to prescribe you something stronger. transcribe transcription : The interview was recorded and then transcribed. subscribe subscription : You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as $32 a year scribe Canella 59

9 20 Canella A typical village is about nine hundred feet in diameter, [with the houses arranged along the circular boundary]. with with the houses In the center of the village is {a circular plaza about one hundred and fifty feet in diameter}, [with which each house is connected by a path kept clear for festive occasions], ~. is which diameter { } [ ] with There is pressure on the unions to settle. It s settled then. I ll go back to the States in June. 6 This territory was settled in the mid-1850s by German immigrants She breathed deeply to settle her nerves. = settle down These insurance companies take forever to settle a claim. 5. settle 2000 Hattusilis Sea-people Hattusilis 1 Hattusa 1285 Kadesh Seapeople 60

10 Anatolia 7 Following the Battle of Kadesh in 1285 B.C. between the Hittites and the Egyptians, a peace treaty divided Syria. Following (after an event or as a result of it) Attacks by Sea-people led to a rapid collapse of the empire, which occurred practically overnight. which which a rapid collapse of the empire clash crash clash The two teams clash in tomorrow s final. There are two good movies on TV tonight, but they clash. TV crash A truck went out of control and crashed into the back of a bus. Max stormed out of the room and crashed the door shut behind him. Max Files can be lost if the system suddenly crashes. 6. Sergio Leone Akira Kurosawa A Fistful of Dollars Yojimbo Leone Kurosawa Kurosawa Leone Kurosawa Leone Akira Kurosawa 1961 Yojimbo Sergio Leone A Fistful of Dollars Fistful Leone Kurosawa Fistful Leone Yojimbo Kurosawa Leone Leone Fistful Kurosawa Leone Kurosawa Fistful 15 Leone s production company told [everyone (who was) concerned] to refrain under any circumstances from mentioning the word Yojimbo. told everyone (who was) concerned to refrain to refrain from from 61

11 ~, he sent Leone a letter [{praising the Italian s film} and {asking for his cut of the pie}]. [ ] { } and un- (not) (opposite) Such behavior is totally unacceptable in a civilized society. Funding for the new school is unavailable. Mike seems unaware of the trouble he s causing. Mike We aim to provide a service that is balanced and unbiased. This couch is so uncomfortable. 7. un- Sally Kristen Ride Sally Kristen Ride Sally Kristen Ride Encino Stanford 1977 NASA Ride Ride Challenger Ride ~, Ride spent much of her time encouraging young women [to study science and math] and [to become scientists and engineers]. spend time -ing encourage to to and encouraging astro- astro- (star) (planet) (outer space) Do you believe in astrology? n The first astronaut in space was Yuri Gagarin from Russia. n They used astronomy to figure out that there are 365 days in a year n My best friend Sasha s dad is Carl Sagan, the astronomer. Sasha Carl Sagan n The cost of the new government program is astronomical. a 62

12 8. Lance Mackey 4 Iditarod 4 Lance Mackey Mackey 2010 Iditarod 9 38 Iditarod Lance Mackey Nome Iditarod 1 Iditarod 1,100 Willow Nome Mackey 9 51 Nome 38 1,000 Mackey 4 Iditarod This victory landed Mackey his fourth win in a row a title no Iditarod musher has claimed before. landed give Mackey his fourth win claim It was claimed that some doctors were working 80 hours a week. 80 You can claim on the insurance if you have an accident while on holiday. Max has finally claimed a place on the team. Max The earthquake has so far claimed over 3,000 lives Carl Rogers Carl Rogers Carl Rogers Chicago Rogers Rogers 1922 Rogers When Rogers was twelve, his family moved to a farm (which was) farther from the city [to protect the children from {what his father perceived to be immoral influences}]. [ ] to 63

13 { } what from perceived It was during this period that he wrote his parents proclaiming his independence from their conservative views. It was ~ that during this period that proclaiming he and he proclaimed proclaim proclaim The President proclaimed [the republic s independence]. The emperor immediately proclaimed [his son] [king]. that Protesters proclaimed [that the girl was innocent] TV Frank Lloyd Wright [The method behind split-level mania] is that a house with a stacked floor plan does not require a level lot. The method behind splitlevel mania method in[to] one s madness method internal external internal They ve knocked down a couple of internal walls. The medicine is not for internal use. We have no interest in interfering in the internal affairs of other countries. external Hard drive which is another example of an external device can store gigabytes of information. China will not tolerate any external interference in its affairs. 64

14 Vence 1940 Henri Matisse came late to painting, [having trained to be a lawyer to please his father]. having [ ] having trained Henri Matisse because[as] he had trained Matisse left for Paris to study art, [with his father shouting], You ll starve! with give donate Last year he gave [the graduate student] [large sums of money]. Last year he gave [large sums of money] to the graduate student. Last year he donated [large sums of money] to cancer research. Last year he donated [cancer research] [large sums of money]. give donate donate announce, confess, demonstrate, describe, explain, introduce, report, say, suggest 12. Akkad give donate Akkad Sargon Sargon Umma Lugalzagesi Babylonia Sumeria Akkad Babylonia Akkad Sargon Sargon Naram-sin Naram-sin Akkad Naram-sin 65

15 Sharkalisharri 10 The northern part of Sumeria, known as Babylonia, gave rise to the earliest successful attempt to unite the Near East [when Sargon crushed the power of Lugalzagesi of Umma, securing control over the region]. when securing when and he (= Sargon) secured [A calendar was introduced for the whole of Babylonia], [new systems of taxation and standardized weights and measures were imposed], and [Akkadian became the language of government]. [ ] and succeed Scientists claim they have succeeded in finding a cure for cancer. v. Who will succeed him to the throne? v. We congratulated them on the successful completion of the project. a. Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue. a. Over the succeeding weeks things went from bad to worse. a. Zoom In Exercises Stephanie Betty Stephanie Best Wedding Stephanie Betty Betty Stephanie Betty Greg Greg Greg Greg 5 66

16 As he was painting an upstairs bedroom, the young boy watched him curiously for a while and then asked if he could help. if asked The youngster had been painting the wall for about five minutes when his older brother leaned on the door to observe. (had been painting) 2. Malcolm X Malcolm X 1957 Harlem Malcolm X Malcolm Malcolm Malcolm Harlem When the Muslim protested, the police beat him senseless and carted him off to jail. senseless beat him An angry crowd gathered outside the police station, ready to riot. ready to riot being dis- not, opposite of, differently, away, apart disperse disintegrate disinterested discontented disparity discharge disclose disregard dissent dismount dispatch distaste disperse a public meeting disclose a secret disregard the rule 3. Tanya Tasmika Tanya Victor Tasmika Tasmika Victor Tasmika Tanya Tasmika Tasmika Victor 1 Tasmika dis- She was a small child with quick dark eyes and long 67

17 braids of hair [that reached her waist]. that long braids of hair reach She added with a smile [that Tasmika was also in first grade] and [that she was a good reader]. that added and in a straight line a. a straight punch to the face a straight speech a He looked me straight in the eye. ad Come straight home after school. ad Sit up straight! ad I told him straight that I didn t like him. ad He has been working for twelve hours straight. ad 4. Charlie Chaplin Marlon Brando straight Marlon Brando Charlie Chaplin 1967 A Countess from Hong Kong Brando Chaplin Brando Chaplin Brando 15 Chaplin Chaplin Chaplin Brando The two men never went together well, and Brando emerged from the experience with considerable bitterness for the filmmaker [he had once called probably the most talented man the medium has ever produced]. he filmmaker called probably the most talented man the medium has ever produced called One time when Brando showed up fifteen minutes late to the set, Chaplin chewed him out in front of the entire cast and crew, scolding him as a disgrace to the acting profession. scolding him as a disgrace to the acting profession and Chaplin[he] scolded him as a disgrace to the acting profession 5. (financial consultant) (photographer) 68

18 The financial consultant, by no means a timid soul, protested. by no means being because he was by no means a timid soul Finally, with the sun setting in the background, the photographer announced [that he had all the shots {he needed}]. with+ + that announced all the shots -graph/-graphy She is a famous biography writer. n This book falls into the category of autobiography. n May I have your autograph? n Geography is my favorite subject. n Please keep still while I take the photograph. n Write a paragraph on each of the topics given below. n 6. Seth Seth Justin Seth Seth Seth Justin Seth Seth Seth It wasn t easy for Seth to talk about his feelings, so he started out making small talk. It to to talk about his feelings for Seth to His brother replied that he had never thought of Seth as someone [who needed emotional support]. (had never thought) who someone 7. 69

19 Hughie Alan Trevor Hughie Alan Trevor Hughie Alan Trevor Trevor Hughie Hughie Hughie He had been very much attracted by Hughie at first, it must be admitted, entirely because of his personal charm. it must be admitted Trevor Hughie (had been attracted) because of because However, after he got to know Hughie better, he liked him quite as much for his bright, cheerful spirits, and his generous, careless nature, and had asked him to come to see him whenever he liked. as much ~ careless nature as much for his bright, cheerful spirits, and his generous, careless nature as he liked him for his personal charm as He admitted to having stolen the money. Each ticket admits two adults. Women were not admitted to most institutions of higher education in the past. This admits of no doubt. 8. Martha Graham Agnes de Mille Martha Graham Agnes de Mille 25 4 De Mille Graham Graham De Mille Graham Martha admit She admits (that) she still has a lot to learn. The death of Martha Graham on April 1, 1991 finally permitted Agnes de Mille to publish her 70

20 biography of the dancer, after nearly twenty-five years of work and four years of waiting. permit to It is a measure of de Mille s respect for Graham that she should have withheld until after the subject s death [what is by any standard an affectionate and appreciative account of her life and art], rather than risk offending Graham s own sense of herself in the slightest degree. It that what should have withheld risk offending accompany approach attend address await discuss enter greet marry mention reach resemble Students should be able to approach teachers for advice. I discussed my problem with my parents. cf. enter into business attend on patients attend to the matter 11 Zoom In Exercises Hobbiton Institute of Photography 20 71

21 [What we have accomplished together] is truly incredible, ~. What is have accomplished What ~ so I urge you: press on to meet new challenges, for they surely await, and will always be waiting for, those who strive to keep the earth fit for life in all its many beautiful forms. ~ so I urge you to press on to meet new challenges for they for await will always be waiting for those those who The food was not fit for human consumption. I can t find clothes that fit me He canceled the order in a fit of anger. 2. fit ~ the fabric [we chose for your curtains] is incredibly popular ~. we chose for your curtains the fabric the fabric we that [which] the fabric is incredibly popular we chose it for your curtains complement compliment complementary complimentary A good wine is a complement to a good meal. The team needs players who complement each other. She paid him a nice compliment on his success. I complimented him on his performance. 3. complement compliment 72

22 Part 2 Second National Second National First Mutual First Mutual 20 I also understand that [what other banks charge Second National customers for using their machines] is out of your control. that understand that what other banks charge Second National customers for using their machines is Because ~ I will be moving my accounts to First Mutual, whose ATM fee policy seems much more reasonable. whose and its New York Times Pittsfield 1 Colonial Theater Colonial Theater 8 29 Pittsfield James Ruberto Pittsfield Pittsfield Ruberto Pittsfield This extraordinary endeavor has adopted a bold economic revitalization strategy centered on the arts and historic preservation involving the restoration of the popular Colonial Theater of a century ago. centered a bold economic revitalization strategy involving the arts and historic preservation ~ and I am proud of all [that Pittsfield mayor James Ruberto and the entire Pittsfield community have accomplished]. that all 5. simulation 73

23 Part 5 STI STI PC PC PC AFRICA@home PC It has developed a computer program to study the cause, distribution and controls for malaria [that simulates possible treatments and transmission patterns]. that a computer program simulates So the STI researchers have chopped the program up into little chunks [that can be processed simultaneously by thousands of home PCs around the world]. chop up particle (phrasal verb) have chopped the program up up have chopped up the program up have chopped it up that little chunks trans- move across move through Education can prevent transmission of disease. n. Joy transformed her face. v. She was in need of a blood transfusion. n. He received the lung transplant. n. The city is providing free transportation for the elderly. n. 6. Baku Tiflis Oriental trans- ~ from here I am travelling by rail to Tiflis and on to 74

24 Part Istanbul, where I shall be from March. where and there confirm conform confirm conform confirm confirmation conform conformity I m calling to confirm my reservation. He refused to conform to the local customs. 7. Janice Noreen Hamilton My wife, Janice, and I have seen a marked decrease in our daughter, Noreen s, performance in your science class during the last two grade periods. My wife Janice our daughter Noreen our daughter s Noreen s We d like to make an appointment with you to discuss your ideas on what might be causing the problem and how we might work with you to help her. on 8. One was a transfer course for psychology majors, 75

25 Part and the other was designed for the non-major. one the other Existing texts were so encyclopedic or high-level that many students couldn t read the material and were frustrated. so that Do you think it s an appropriate example? This movie is not suitable for young children. You have to have the proper tools for the job Zoom In Exercises The sun was just far enough in the west to send inviting shadows. enough to Then she arose, never minding the bits of straw [that clung to her black hair, to her red sweater, and to the blue cotton skirt {that did not reach her ankles}]. never minding to her black hair to her red sweater to the blue cotton skirt clung that the bits of straw the blue cotton skirt 76

26 Part All goods lay on the floor. It s hard to distinguish whether he is lying or not. These boxes should be laid down carefully. 2. lie lay lain lying lie lay lie lied lied lying lay laid laid laying mama papa mother father ma papa pa dad pop parents mother father On the other hand, the words [I heard neighborhood kids call their parents] seemed equally unsatisfactory. I heard neighborhood kids call their parents the words the words I that which I used to refer to the girl as Abigail. Abigail They didn t confer an intellectual property right. We have to defer payment for up to thirty days. 30 Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context. She prefers an aisle seat. 3. -fer 77

27 Part Jokubas Szedvilas Lucija Most of them prefer the two-step, especially the young, [with whom it is the fashion]. whom the young it the two-step The older people have dances from home, [strange and complicated steps {which they execute with grave solemnity}]. strange ~ solemnity dances from home (which they execute with grave solemnity) strange and complicated steps 4. Ara worried pleased Ara Urgh Urgh Ara Ara worked hard on the field that day, and her husband, Urgh, had departed several days before to go hunting with some adults in the clan. worked had departed Her husband was with the leading males, a small animal dangling around his shoulders. a small animal and a small animal was dangling around his shoulders 5. Jurek! George 78

28 Part On the day [we were to leave Warsaw], we formed a long line. we were to leave Warsaw the day the day we when be to were to leave My mother immediately made him sit under the train and she put some flour on his head to make him look as if he had grey hair. make sit look flour flower flour flower heal wail sew air mail pair night right steel 6. heel whale sow heir male pear knight write steal 20 I laced up her tiny white skates, my fingers performing the act as if I did it every day, and then we hobbled to the rink. my fingers ~ every day I performing my fingers With a big grin on my face I watched the small figure outstretching her arms and gliding away and thought she would soon be skating through life on her own. watched the small figure outstretching, gliding thought watched f r My mother brought up three children all by herself. I will finish this project for myself. 79

29 Part In itself, it s a difficult problem to solve. Between ourselves, I know he wants to marry her. She was beside herself with rage when I told her what I had done. 7. K K K might be down there somewhere, buried in the sand... buried in the sand buried being I knew from experience [that big waves often came in twos and threes]. that knew wonder v. I m wondering where they are. wonder n. What are the Seven Wonders of the World? 7 wander v. She wandered aimlessly around her house. 8. Brown Lula wonder wander It took me a second to remember [that there were a dozen or so steps up to the stage and she was walking up them]. it takes to 80

30 Part that that remember practice It takes a lot of practice to play the guitar well. We ve decided to put our new ideas into practice. We should ban the practice of dumping waste into the sea. He is in practice as a physician. Exercises Zoom In During the ensuing period of iconoclasm, which lasted until 843, [images were officially banned in the empire] and [early depictions of Jesus, his mother, Mary, and the saints were destroyed]. which the ensuing period of iconoclasm images early depictions and and his mother 81

31 Part Mary Elsewhere in the Byzantine empire, different regional image styles coexisted, [some more abstract than others but each reflecting the varied conditions of its area]. (Elsewhere ~ empire) [ ] and some were more abstract than others but each reflected co- col- cor- together with The illness frequently coexists with other chronic diseases. v Who collaborated with James on the book, Prediction? James Prediction v Tom s account of how the fight started did not correspond with the other boy s version. Tom v 2. co- col- cor A historian, for example, can follow the changing patterns of dieting and weight reduction by studying newspaper and magazine ads from the midnineteenth century to the present day. follow the changing patterns of dieting and weight reduction This preference was largely promoted by the rapidly expanding movie industry [which began putting a premium on slender, girlish figures]. promote This preference which the rapidly expanding movie industry 3. 82

32 Part Through experience, I ve learned to associate car horns with danger, or at least with someone [trying to get my attention]. associate A with B or (associate A) at least with C ( ) someone trying Many animals make certain sounds [for their mate, offspring, or others in their group] [to tell them that there is food]. for their mate ~ group to to tell to tell them that William Baze Just Elephants As William Baze, [who spent forty years in the Indonesian jungle], puts it in Just Elephants, the footprints of elephants, like those of human beings, are all different. As As who ~ jungle William Baze puts it the footprints ~ different those the fingerprints These distinct variations make it possible [to provide every trained elephant in Indo-China with its own identity card]. make it to provide provide A with B A B make it to make believe find think etc. it to ex. I think it difficult to read his handwriting. identify identify v. We should identify what the source of the information is. identify with 83

33 Part It was not easy to identify with the movie s main character. identification n. You can use a passport as identification. identity n. All passengers must provide proof of identity at check-in. 5. CRM CRM CRM 2030 CRM By 2030, however, the entire travel experience from start to finish, [where airlines, hotels, and rental car companies served the same traveler], could be tailored or customized to order. where the entire travel experience Clearly, the higher the cost of services at a destination, the higher the resistance to travel to that destination will be and, therefore, the lower the demand. the the 6. Job relatedness, the foundation of effective human resource management, requires that all employment decisions (should) be based on the requirements of a position; that is, the criteria [used in hiring, evaluating, promoting, and rewarding people] must be tied directly to the jobs being performed. requires that 84

34 Part should be based and used the criteria It is for this reason that teenage girls tend to be most interested in the latest trends in fashion and hair styles. It is ~ that for this reason 7. P2P The Internet has not only created a place [for people to come together to share information], but now people can take information from others and distribute it freely. not only A but (also) B A B a place to [ ] for people to The problem is [that if the laws become too restrictive in one country, the people {supporting the server} will simply relocate to another country]. [ ] the people supporting the server 8. One principle asserts [that social work clients have the right to hold and express their own opinions and to act on them, ~ ]. that [ ] asserts [ ] to hold and express to act on and the right to 85

35 Part This principle is in sharp contrast to the layperson s perception [that social workers seek to remold clients into a pattern {chosen by the workers}]. that the layperson s perception a pattern chosen by the workers 1. the box a pill box 14 Zoom In 1 DNA Exercises In the medical community, not taking medicine is known as patient noncompliance and it s a huge problem. not never no Fortunately, devices to help people remember to take their pills have been around for years. remember[forget] to remember[forget] -ing 2. also These methods 86

36 Part established methods DNA DNA DNA Science consists not just of a method, but of a body of knowledge and of technique. A B not just[only] A but (also) B A B A B consists of If you ignore this guidance you may end up sequencing your own DNA instead of that of the target organism. the that that of+ that of the target organism that the DNA end up end up -ing I hope you don t end up in hospital. If he carries on driving like that, he ll end up dead. Don t chase after another. You ll end up losing both of them. 3. that 1950 But our kids are growing up ~ 1950 Our grandparents grew up in an age [when a longdistance telephone call was an expensive luxury, to be scheduled and kept short]. when an age Even today many people find it hard to keep people of that generation on a long-distance call for long they still hear a meter ticking in their head and rush to finish. it find to keep ticking hear 87

37 Part second thought second thought on second thought(s) without a second thought give ~ a second thought On second thought, the last one would be better. You should give it a second thought before you answer. 4. It is not at all hard to understand [why having a good start increases the likelihood of a young person eventually becoming an especially capable adult]. It to understand understand why why having a good start increases a young person of becoming an especially capable adult As a result, those children [who gain the advantages {that are brought by the early acquisition of language skills}] will have their capacity to learn from their experiences broadened considerably. who those children that gain the advantages have their capacity to learn from their experiences broadened considerably consider considerable considerate considerable He is the man of considerable talent. considerate She is always polite and considerate. 5. considerable considerate however Moreover 88

38 Part 19 More recently, however, new sources of information have begun to emerge through the application of techniques [borrowed from archaeology, linguistics, and other disciplines]. borrowed techniques emerge For a long time, historians had little understanding of these periods because few written records survived. little few a little a few little, a little few, a few discipline Discipline is strict in the army. n teach children discipline n Yoga is a good discipline for learning to relax. n the interchange of ideas from different disciplines n Children should be disciplined when the need arises. v The workman was disciplined by his company. v 6. Rather This is not a matter sitting By seeing ~ they[them] consequences They may not be aware of how foolish they look, but it is plain to everyone else. be aware of of how foolish they look it In a sense, we are making use of the fact [that it is much easier to identify others failings than it is to 89

39 Part acknowledge their virtues]. that the fact the fact that ~ that it to at home: Please make yourself at home. on one s[the] way home: I met her on my way home. find a home for: Finally I found a home for reading books. come home to: It suddenly came home to him that he was never going to see Claire again. Claire bring A home to B: B A B A The price of food will bring a war home to citizens. 7. home 60 Since neither the people nor the Earth-mother was offended by plastics technology, the ploughs were finally accepted and used. Since neither A nor B A B accepted used and the ploughs In the religious beliefs of the inhabitants, metal makes the soil sick and offends the Earth-mother. In ~ inhabitants metal makes the soil sick offends makes and 8. The pattern 90

40 Part Sooner or later, since you cannot do what you are trying to do, you quit. Sooner or later since you quit what you are trying to do cannot do Believing that artwork should be perfect, you gradually become convinced that you cannot make such work. Believing Because [As] you believe that ~ become convinced that 15 Zoom In (B) (A) (C) Exercises t t delay procrastinate hesitate postpone = put off 1. I don t know why I procrastinated for so long. Don t hesitate to express your opinion. We ll have to postpone the meeting until next week. (C) hard bargaining (A) (C) (Such an attitude) (B) (A) 91

41 Part (C) (A) (B) Being flexible means protecting and fulfilling your own interests, [while finding creative ways to minimally satisfy the interests of others as well]. -ing Being flexible means protecting fulfilling your own interests [ ] while finding being flexible un- un- learn un- unlearn un- undo, undress, unfasten, unfold, unload, unlock, unpack, untie, unwrap, unzip Customs officials uncovered a plot to smuggle weapons into the country. v. As the story unfolds, we learn more about Max s childhood. Max v. The driver unloaded some boxes from the back of the truck. v. 2. (B) (A) (B) (C) (B) (A) 1980 Nancy Reagan Raisa Gorbachev (C) Gorbachev ~, it is normal for a listener [to chime in when someone is talking {in order to show enthusiastic participation or involvement with others}]. 92

42 it [ ] to { } to chime in [Probably (being) unaware of the one speaker at a time ethic], Mrs. Gorbachev might have been wondering why her U.S. counterpart never said anything and made her do all the conversational work. [ ] Probably since[as] Mrs. Gorbachev was unaware of the one speaker at a time ethic might have late late lately He shouted a warning but it was too late. The bus came ten minutes late. 10 What have you been doing lately? = recently late lately -ly hard hardly, high highly, near nearly, short shortly, wide widely He had short curly hair. All too often you pitch the ball short. Ms. Jones will be back shortly. Jones = soon 3. late lately (C) (B) (A) (C) 1620 Chozaemon (B) Chozaemon (A) 10 After the harvest came in, he stored the rice for several months, [selling it for a tidy profit {once the north s poor harvest had driven prices up}]. [ ] selling and he sold { } once once [ ] [The idea of forward trading buying now goods that are to be delivered later ] is said to have originated around 1620, ~. [ ] be to pass pass away 93

43 His mother passed away last year. pass by They all waved as they passed by. pass down The tradition has been passed down from father to son for generations. pass out He almost passed out with the pain. pass over I think we should pass over the last chapter. 4. (B) (C) (B) (A) (C) (This approach) (B) John Tierney (C) (A) If people want to take risks, shouldn t they be allowed to do so? do so if take risks The columnist John Tierney has suggested a novel way [that states might promote safety {while maintaining freedom}]. [ ] that { } while maintaining states promote Perhaps they were created to help hunters or to promote fertility. The band has gone on tour to promote their new album. Helen was promoted to senior manager. Helen demote They were promoted to the First Division last season (C) (that line) (A) (C) (similarly) (B) 94

44 (C) 2 9 (A) 5 (B) Everyone should [make a determined movement down the line and overcome obstacles and interruptions in order to get ahead. ] should [ ] make overcome and ~ we think this way [without thinking {about the way (that) we are thinking}]. [ ] without thinking this way { } the way about take take ~ into account We will take your personal aptitudes and abilities into account. take ~ into consideration The candidates experience and qualifications will be taken into consideration when the decision is made. take ~ for granted We take having an endless supply of clean water for granted. 6. Kant Kant (C) (This duty) (B) (C) (A) Kant Kant (C) Kant (B) (A) Kant Kant concludes [that a person has no more right to kill himself than to kill someone else]. no more ~ than [ ] 95

45 According to Kant, murder is wrong because it [uses the victim as a means] rather than [respects him as an end]. it murder [ ] rather than treat treat She treats [me]. She treats [me] [like one of the family]. Penny doesn t think her co-workers treat [her]. Penny doesn t think her co-workers treat [her] [as an equal]. Penny Please treat [this information]. Please treat [this information] [as completely confidential]. treat Because of a shortage of medicine, it was difficult to treat [patients]. 7. Langer (C) Langer (the same routine) (A) Langer (B) (grandmother) Langer (this routine) Ellen Langer (C) Langer (A) Langer (B) Langer As a little girl [she would watch as her mother cut off a small bit from one end of the meat {before placing it in the roasting pan}]. as As a little girl [ ] as { } placing her mother ~ one day she wondered [what the purpose of cutting off the end of the roast was]. [ ] wondered end in the end What did you decide in the end? 96

46 the end of the line Our marriage had reached the end of the line. make ends meet When Mike lost his job, we could barely make ends meet. Mike at a loose end Come and see us, if you re at a loose end. 8. (A) (C) (A) (B) (C) (A) (C) (B) Obviously, [using physical punishment on a child for social misbehavior] is likely to have the opposite effect and make the youngster less empathic in the future. [ ] using have make and likely to ~, [the best way to bring out one s mature empathic potential] is through induction, in which parents highlight the other s perspective, point up the other s distress, and make it clear {that the child s action caused it}. [ ] way induction which in highlight, point up, make and make it clear clearly make make collocation Anyone can make a mistake. I can t make a decision just yet. I need to make a quick phone call. You could have made an effort to talk to him. He made no attempt to apologize. Could I make a suggestion? There are a few points I d like to make. 97

47 Zoom In In 1959, the poverty rates for older people, which were about 33 and 38 percent, were higher than the poverty rate for children (Ages 0-15) or the population as a whole. which the poverty rates older people decline decline He declined in health. Exercises (significantly) (only slightly) ~ poverty among older women differed significantly( only slightly) from the average for all ages The number of people buying their own homes has declined. He declined to explain. = He declined explaining /2010 smaller bigger 2006/ / /

48 2009/2010 1,900 each, any, every The teacher gave five books to each boy. each Any student can do it. any Every man, woman, and child had to leave the area. every The only other period of significantly rising real food prices since this data series began occurred in the early 1970s, during which nominal food prices also significantly rose. The only other period ~ since this series began occurred which the early 1970s during which ~ rose and during that period nominal food prices also significantly rose double double Whatever he s offering, we ll pay you double. pron The index of real food prices began rising in 2002( in 2005) (FAO) FAO It will cost you double what you paid last time. The number of people out of work has doubled in the last five years. 5 v Allow the loaves to rise until just about double in size. a Although the pace of deforestation ~ per year from 2000 to 2005( from 1990 to 2000)

49 Similar deforestation happened in Asia, where over 2,700,000 hectares of forest disappeared per year over the same period. where Asia and there(= and in Asia) The difference in the proportions ~ was smaller( bigger) in 2005 ~ The difference in the proportions [occupied by water heating and appliances & electronics] was smaller in 2005, ~. The difference was occupied the proportions (ROW) (ROW) Even though Europe remained the largest producing region in the 1980s, Japan s share of global production rose rapidly after the late 1960s, overtaking that of the United States in Even though overtaking and it overtook 100

50 that share 7. 65~74 45~54 The biggest gap between the two genders can be seen in the age group of 16 to 24, while the smallest gap in the age group of 65 to 74( 45 to 54) The proportion of men meeting the guidelines in the age group of 55 to 64 is four times as high as that of men meeting the guidelines in the age group of 75 and over. ~ times as - as that the proportion stable staple People have become accustomed to a stable economic situation. a. It s like locking the stable door after the horse is stolen. n. The shops are running out of staples such as rice and cooking oil. n. This stapler needs more staples. n. Do I have to staple these leaflets? v. 8. R&D/GDP 1998 R&D/GDP R&D/GDP 1998 South Korea s R&D/GDP ratio fell behind that of the U.S. from 1996( 1998) to 2003 ~. EU R&D/GDP R&D/GDP EU R&D 2007 GDP 3.4 R&D GDP 3.5 R&D/GDP R&D/GDP 2004 R&D/GDP R&D/GDP R&D/GDP EU R&D/GDP 101

51 Japan s R&D expenditures amounted to about 3.4% of its GDP in 2007, and those of South Korea increased steeply in the 2000s, accounting for about 3.5% of its GDP in that those those R&D expenditures accounting for and they accounted for sur- sur- India s population now surpasses that of Africa. v Just eight passengers survived the plane crash. v If there is any surplus, it will be divided equally. n (D) Los Angeles 20 (C) 17 Zoom In (A) 1 2 Record Exercises (A) (D) 102

52 (C) (B) (A) (D) (C) (B) For many years praise was viewed as a tool to make children feel good about themselves and to motivate learning and good behavior. to make to motivate and a tool to ~, it has been suggested by recent work, [they are less likely to continue the activity when the adult leaves or to repeat the activity in the future]. it they work they that to continue to repeat mean(s) What do you mean? v. He used a mean trick. a. The mean of these numbers is n. She lives on her own means. pl. 103

53 The safest means of travel is by train. pl (A) Harold (D) (C) (B) 5. Harold 6. (D) (Almost immediately after the surgery, he saw that his pain was greatly diminished, ~) 18 (A) Harold (D) Harold (C) Harold Harold Harold (B) Harold 18 When he came to see me, he had been living with back pain for several years. came (had been -ing) He saw several doctors, many of whom recommended surgery. whom several doctors (and) He saw several doctors, and many of them recommended surgery. 104

54 But he did none of those things because he still had hope [that his life would be just the way {it had been before}]. that hope it had been before the way depress The news didn t depress me at all. express I can t express how happy I am now. impress His performance impressed me a lot. oppress A possibility of failure always oppresses her. suppress The government couldn t suppress the riot press 7. (A) Gabriel Winters (C) (D) Gabriel (B) Gabriel 8. (a), (b), (c), (d) The Boy (e) Gabriel(Gabe) 9. (C) (After graduation, he got married young, became a well-known author himself ~.) Gabriel Gabriel Gabriel Rochester (A) The Boy Gabriel Winters (C) The Boy Gabe(Gabriel Gabe Gabe (D) The Boy The Boy Gabriel Winters The Boy Rochester Gabe The Boy (B) Gabe 105

55 The Boy The Boy Gabe The Boy The Boy The Boy In the coming weeks he received nine form letters [apologizing about {how busy the authors were}] and ~. apologizing nine form letters how about ~ the letters became more like two friends getting each other s comments on a work than a famous author helping out a little kid. like than getting helping two friends a famous author getting helping ~, he got married young, became a well-known author himself and always wrote to Gabe. young got married he She was born healthy. healthy plot This film has a typical plot about love and marriage. n. They couldn t discover his plot until this morning. n. We need a small vegetable plot. n. They were suspected of plotting a coup to overthrow the government. v (A) Rohner Textil (D) 38 (C) (B) McDonough 11. McDonough 12. (A) Rohner Textil (D) Bill McDonough Michael Braungart 8 106

56 7, McDonough 38 (C) McDonough McDonough (B) McDonough 20 McDonough To address this problem, Bill McDonough and Michael Braungart studied 8,000 chemicals [commonly used in the textile industry]. To address to commonly used in the textile industry 8,000 chemicals Amazingly, using just those thirty-eight chemicals, they were able to create a complete line of fabrics [containing every color but black]. using (they) containing a complete line of fabrics foot feet ox oxen criterion criteria stimulus stimuli medium media custom customs pain pains damage damages manner manners moral morals 18 Zoom In 107

57 Exercises Dean Radin A core theme throughout this book is the idea that we each have a natural bond with the cosmos, even though it may be largely unrecognized and undeveloped. the idea that is it the idea that we ~ the cosmos ~, he concluded [that we do participate in a subtle field of consciousness {where we can both send and receive. }] concluded [ ] do participate where a subtle field of consciousness In keeping with these findings, a recurring theme of this book is [that consciousness is not confined within the brain but is an infusing presence throughout the universe {that enables us, in cooperation with the brain, to connect meaningfully with the world beyond our physical body}]. [ ] is [ ] not A but B A B an infusing presence { } enable A to A 108

58 respect v. Mary has always been honest with me, and I respect her for that. Mary respected a. Kate, a former nun, is now a respected schoolteacher. Kate respectable a. Jason was adopted into a respectable family. Jason respectful a. The children were brought up to be respectful of authority. respective a. Jason and Peter are each recognized specialists in their respective fields. Jason Peter respect While we hope most agents read our communications, seldom did we receive any direct replies. seldom did we receive After learning about the principle of scarcity we realized [(that) we were missing out on an opportunity {that had been right in front of us all along}]! realized [ ] that that had been ~ along an opportunity 109

59 It s our sincere hope [that your agency will be one of those remaining agencies {we appoint before year end}]. It that [ ] { } those remaining agencies pro- forward forth To a freshman, graduation might be a pleasant prospect. n Jet-propelled planes travel at high speeds. v Huge streams of water were projected by the fireboat s powerful engines. v It does not pay to procrastinate. v pro- (Sea Gypsies) Anna Gisle n 22 Gisle n By learning to lower their heart rate, they can stay under water twice as long as most swimmers. by -ing as as But [what distinguishes these children] is [that they can see clearly at great depths, without goggles]. what is is that 110