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1 J. of the Korean Sensors Society Vol. 19, No. (010) pp MOSFETx w xá«*á yá Á ³ Á **Á w ** Detection of deoxynivalenol using a MOSFET-based biosensor Lim Byounghyun, Kwon Insu*,G Lee Hee-Ho, Choi Young-Sam, Shin Jang-Kyoo, Choi Sung-Wook**, and Chun Hyang Sook** Abstract We have detected deoxynivalenol(don) using a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor(mosfet)-based biosensor. The MOSFET-based biosensor is fabricated by a standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(cmos) process, and the biosensor's electrical characteristics were investigated. The output of the sensor was stabilized by employing a reference electrode that applies a fixed bias to the gate. Au which has a chemical affinity for thiol was used as the gate metal to immobilize a self-assembled monolayer(sam) made of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid(mhda). The SAM was used to immobilize anti-deoxynivalenol antibody. The carboxyl group of the SAM was bound to the antideoxynivalenol antibody. Anti-deoxynivalenol antibody and deoxynivalenol were bound by an antigen-antibody reaction. In this study, it is confirmed that the MOSFET-based biosensor can detect deoxynivalenol at concentrations as low as 0.1 µg/ml. The measurements were performed in phosphate buffered saline(pbs; ph 7.) solution. To verify the interaction among the SAM, antibody, and antigen, surface plasmon resonance(spr) measurements were performed. Key Words : deoxynivalenol, mycotoxin, biosensor, antibody-antigen reaction 1. q ƒ (deoxyni- valenol). [3α,7α,15-trihydroxy-1, y w ƒœt 13-epoxytrichothec-9-en-8-one] 96.3 g/mol w q w»(hydroxy group) s w w ƒ ƒ š, wwš [1]. ww ƒ sw w š,,, x, t l w ƒ tƒœ w yw š. ƒ q w q w. w t mw w (mycotoxin) w, ƒœ z m,, x, v j w p ƒ š, t w ù ƒ k. w öe [,3]. x q w» w q ƒ ƒ w w [-6] ƒ š, r Ÿ (optical measure- w»fulw (School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kyungpook National University) * w v œw (Department of Sensor and Display Engineering, Kyungpook National University) **w t (Korea Food Research Institude) Corresponding author : jkshin@ee.knu.ac.kr (Received : March 18, 010, Revised : May 5, June 8, 010 Accepted : July 5, 010) ment) [7-10],» yw (electrochemistry) [11,1], (mass measurement) [13-16]. ù w šƒ ƒ v wš j» v w, { ƒ š. w ³ ù œ ƒ y j. w 306

2 형 바이오 센서를 이용한 디옥시 니발레놀의 검출 9 MOSFET Fabrication process flow Step Process 1. Initial cleaning Standard solvent and acid cleaning. Field oxidation 1000 oc, wet oxidation(6000 Å) 3. Source-drain define Implantation. Gate oxidation 1000 oc, dry oxidation(500 Å) LPCVD Si3N/SiO 5. Insulator layer (1000 Å/6000 Å) 6. Al metalization Sputter Plasma CVD SiO/Si3N 7. Passivation (1000 Å/1000 Å) 8. Cr/Au define Evaporation(500 Å/5000 Å) Table 1. Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of MOSFET-based biosensor. 이트로 널리 사용되어 지고 있다. Fig. 1은 제작된 MOSFET형 바이오 센서의 단면도이며, Fig. 는 센싱 영역의 구조를 나타내고 있다. Au의 센싱 영역은 30 m 00 m(length와 width)의 크기로 제작하였다. 센서의 공정은 크게 표준 CMOS 공정과 Cr/Au층을 형 성하는 공정의 두 부분으로 나누어진다. Table 1에 센 서의 공정순서를 나타내었다. n형 실리콘 웨이퍼가 기 판으로 사용되었고, SiO (silicon dioxide)의 field oxide 층이 wet oxidation으로 형성된다. 소스와 드레인 형성 을 위하여 붕소 이온의 implantation( 10 ions/cm, 50 kev)을 수행 하고, SiO 의 게이트 oxide 층이 dry oxidation으로 형성되며, insulation 층의 형성을 위하여 Si N (silicon nitride)/sio 가 LPCVD(low pressure chemical vapor deposition) 방법으로 증착된다. Si N /SiO 와 contact 부분의 SiO 가 etching이 되면 metalization을 위하여 Al을 증착하고, 이어서 SiO /Si N 가 plasma CVD를 통하여 passivation 층을 형성한다. 그 다음으 로 이 passivation 층이 etching 되면 Cr/Au 층이 thermal evaporation으로 형성되고 lift-off 공정을 통하여 패터닝 된다. [1] µ Fig.. Photograph of the fabricated device. 점들을 보완하고 개선하기 위하여 여러 형태의 바이오 센서들이 개발되고 있는데, 그 가운데 MOSFET형 바 이오 센서는 집적회로 제조 공정을 활용하여 제조되므 로 소형화, 규격화 및 양산화가 가능할 뿐만 아니라 센 서와 회로를 함께 집적화 함으로서 스마트 센서 개발 에도 유리한 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 표준 CMOS(complementary metaloxide-semiconductor) 공정을 이용하여 MOSFET형 바 이오 센서를 제작하였고, 이를 이용하여 곰팡이 독소인 디옥시 니발레놀의 검출을 시도 하였다. 또한 표면 플 라즈몬 공명(SPR: surface plasmon resonance) 실험을 통해 그 타당성을 검증하였으며, 센서의 출력을 안 정화하기 위하여 게이트에 고정 전압을 인가해 주는 은/염화은 기준 전극(Ag/AgCl reference electrode)을 사용하였다. [17-19] [0]. 소자의 제작 디옥시 니발레놀을 검출하기 위한 MOSFET형 바이 오 센서는 표준 CMOS 공정으로 제작되었다. p형 MOSFET으로 제작되어진 센서는 SAM(self-assembled monolayer)을 형성시키기 위하여 게이트 물질로 Au를 사용하였다. Au는 액체 혹은 공기 중에서 수개월 이상 의 기간 동안 안정한 상태로 존재하기 때문에 센싱 게 µ 측정 시스템 및 화학 물질 Fig. 3은 측정시스템의 구조이며, 제작된 본딩 PCB 를 Fig. 에 나타내었다. 제작된 소자는 본딩 PCB위에 고정시키고 와이어 본딩(wire bonding)을 통하여 센서 의 패드 부분과 금속 배선을 한다. 그 후 와이어 본딩 된 부분은 에폭시로 절연을 시킨다. 은/염화은 기준 전 극을 통하여 게이트 바이어스를 인가하고, 반도체 분석 장비를 이용하여 제작된 MOSFET형 바이오 센서의 전기적인 특성을 측정한다. 측정 시 용액의 ph 조절 및 디옥시 니발레놀의 활성화 조건을 형성하고 유지시 307 J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No., 010

3 임병현 권인수 이희호 최영삼 신장규 최성욱 전향숙 50 Fig. 3. Measurement systems. Fig.. Photograph of bonding PCB. Fig. 5. I-V characteristics of MOSFET (a) I -V characteristics (b) I -V characteristics. D D 키기 위하여 ph 7.의 PBS(phosphate buffered saline) 용액속에서 측정을 실시한다. SAM과 항원 및 항체는 각각 그들이 갖고 있는 전하들의 영향으로 센서의 전 류변화를 일으킨다. 먼저 센서와 은/염화은 기준 전극 표면의 유기물과 무기물을 제거하기 위하여 아세톤, 메 탄올, D.I. water 순으로 세척한다. 센서를 PBS 용액에 담그고 센서의 출력값이 안정화 될 때까지 측정한다. SAM을 1 10 M의 농도로 에탄올 속에서 1시간 동 안 형성시킨다. SAM 형성 후 금 표면에 고정화되지 못한 SAM을 제거하기 위해 새로운 에탄올과 PBS에 세척한 후 전류를 측정한다. 항체를 형성하기 전 SAM 의 카르복실기( COOH)를 활성화하기 위하여 EDC (N-ethyl-N-(3-diethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide) 0. M 과 NHS(N-hydroxysuccinimide) 0.1 M을 PBS 용액속 에서 5분간 반응시킨다. PBS로 충분히 세척한 후 디옥 시 니발레놀 항체를 시간 동안 형성시킨다. SAM과 -3 센서학회지 제 권 제 호 19, 010 DS GS 반응을 하지 못한 항체를 제거하기 위해 새로운 PBS 용액에 세적한 후 전류를 측정한다. 이어서 디옥시 니 발레놀을 시간 동안 형성시킨 후, 항체와 반응을 하지 못한 항원을 제거하기 위해 새로운 PBS 용액에 세척 한 후 전류를 측정한다. 본 연구에서 사용한 화학 물질은 다음과 같다. SAM 은 Aldrich의 16-Mercaptohexadecanoic acid(st. louis, MO, USA)를 사용하였으며, 항체는 Beacon Analytical System Inc.의 Anti-deoxynivalenol antibody(saco, ME, USA)를, 항원은 Sigma의 Deoxynivalenol(st. louis, MO, USA)을 사용하였다 결과 및 고찰 반도체 분석 장비를 이용하여 MOSFET형 바이오

4 MOSFETx w 51 Fig. 6. I D -V DS characteristics of SAM, anti-deoxynivalenol antibody, and deoxynivalenol(concentration of deoxynivalenol: 10 µg/ml).» p PBS d w. SAM, w, - p PBS ü d w, d ƒƒ x w (I D ) l (V T ) I D = K(V GS -V T ) y w. w (» K ) []. w mw ƒ w x y l y( V T ) t w. Fig. 6 SAM, w w v Fig. 7 ùkü. l l ƒƒ x y y x, 10 µg/ml.» ƒ. l p w p 3 V š, - w w 5 V, SAM w ƒ, w / p 5 µa, w 10 µa, w x w x 3 µa y. SAM ƒ [3]. p x, p Au SAM MOSFETx - y w w ƒ (thiol) w k w t v œ ƒ ƒw [17,18]. w (SPR) x ww. w ƒ»( NH ) SAM w w SPR Au gq»q BK7 v e ƒ w. w x w ƒ w Fig. 7. Variation of drain current and thresholdvoltage with concentration of deoxynivalenol. p x ƒ w š. Fig. 7 y I D /I D0 l y V T š Fig. 5 MOSFETx - p š. I D0 x w» š. d sy V DS =, I x z 5 V, V GS = 5 V 7.5 µa d š, Fig. 5(a).» w p 3 V px MOSFET, - 3 V ƒw d w p š. Fig. 5(b) w. w -w y MOSFETx p w ƒ 10 µg/ml 1.18, 1 µg/ml 1.08, 0.1 µg/ml p. 1.06, 0.1 µg/ml ¾ ƒ w. MOSFET sy w, v Au»q optical contact refractive index matching fluid(merck, san diego, CA)»( OH) w ƒ ƒw nm ρ-polarized He-Ne laser MOSFETx y mw set probe beam, v mw 309 J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No., 010

5 5 xá«á yá Á ³Á Á w Fig. 8. Resonant characteristics of interactions between anti-deoxynivalenol antibody and deoxynivalenol. beam»(intensity) sm» d w. v ƒ w ƒ 0.00 o D80 motorized rotary stage fp (suruga seiki, shizuoka, Japan). Fig. 8 SPR x ùkü. SPR d MOSFETx mw w y xw. w w œ ƒ 0.0 o G [5]G Y. Hanazato, M. Nakako, and S. Shiono, Multi- y š, m enzyme electrode using hydrogen ion-sensitive field w y w. effect transistor, IEEE. Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-ee. pp. 7-51, G [6]G S. Caras and J. Janata, ph-based enzyme potentiometric sensors. part 1 - part 3, Anal. Chem., vol. t CMOS œ 57, pp , MOSFETx w q w š,» p wì w. g» š j, Au» d(self-assembled monolayer, SAM) MOSFETx q. MOSFETx x p ww» w wz w / p w ƒ v w ƒ. w t BK1 w. š x G [1]G K. Miller, Toxicological aspects of food, Elsevier Applied Science, p. 139, G []G B. A. Rotter, D. B. Prelusky, and J. J. Pestka, Toxicology of deoxynivalenol, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, vol. 8. pp. 1-3, G [3]G J. J. Pestka, Enhanced surveillance of foodborne mycotoxins by immunochemical assay, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., vol. 71, pp , G []G E. Tamiya and I. Karube, Micro-biosensors for clinical Analysis, Sensors and Actuators, vol. 15, pp , G [7]G H. Zhu, M. Bilgin, R. Bangham, D. Hall, A. Casamayor, P. Bertone, N. Lan, R. Jansen, S. Bidlingmaier, T. Houfek, T. Mitchell, P. Miller, R. A. Dean, M. Gerstein, and M. Snyder, Global analysis of protein activities using proteome chip, Science, vol. 93, pp , 001. G [8]G C. S. Effenhauser, G. J. M. Bruin, A. Paulus, and M. x w w wš w w -w š k. SAM f w q Ehrat, Integrated capillary electrophoresis on flexible silicone microdevices: Analysis of DNA w -w ƒ MOSFETx restriction fragments and detection of single DNA p w y yw molecules on microchips, Anal. Chem. vol. 7, pp. mw ƒ š w w MOSFET , 1997.» p y g» y y ƒ G [9]G S. A. Zugel, B. J. Burke, F. E. Regnier, and F. E. w. w SPR x mw SAM w Lytle, Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis w y w. of leucine aminopeptidase using two-photon excited l q w -w fluorescence detection on a microchip, Anal. Chem., w w vol. 7, pp , 000. [10]G J. R. Webster, M. A. Burns, D. T. Burke, and C. H. y mw w, wz 19«y,

6 MOSFETx w 53 Mastrangelo, Monolithic capillary electrophoresis device with integrated fluorescence detector, Anal. Chem. vol. 73, pp , 001. [11]G D. Piscevic, W. Knoll, and M. J. Tarlov, Surface plasmon microscopy of biotin-streptavidin binding reactions on UV-photopatterned alkanthiol selfassembled monolayers, Supramolecular Science, vol., pp , [1]G J. Wang, M. P. Chatrathi, and B. Tian, Microseparation chips for performing multienzymatic dehydrogenase / oxidase assays: Simultaneous electrochemical measurement of ethanol and glucose, Anal. Chem., vol. 73, pp , 001. [13]G M. A. Schwarz, B. Galliker, K. Fluri, T. Kappes, and P. C. Hauser, A two-electrode configuration for simplified amperometric detection in a microfabricated electrophoretic separation device, Analyst, vol. 16, pp , 001. [1]G C. Yuan, A. Chen, P. Kolb, and V. T. Moy, Energy landscape of streptavidin-biotin complexes measured by atomic force microscopy, Biochemistry, vol. 39, pp , 000. [15]G J. Wen, Y. H. Lin, F. Xiang, D. W. Matson, H. R. Udseth, and R. D. Smith, Microfabricated isoelectric focusing device for direct electrrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, Electrophoresis, vol. 1, pp , 000. [16]G L. Licklider, X. Q. Wang, A. Desai, Y. C. Tai, and T. D. Lee, A micromachined chip-based electrospray source for mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., vol. 7, pp , 000. [17]G D.-S. Kim, Y.-T. Jeong, H.-J. Park, J.-K. Shin, P. Choi, J.-H. Lee, and G. Lim, An FET-type charge sensor for highly sensitiveg detection of DNA sequence, Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 0, pp. 69-7, 00. [18]G D.-S. Kim, J.-E. Park, J.-K. Shin, P. K. Kim, G. Lim, and S. Shoji, An extended gate FET-based biosensor integrated with a Si microfluidic channel for detection of protein complexes, Sens. Actuators B, vol. 117, pp. 88-9, 006. [19]G B. Lim, B. Cho, J.-K. Shin, H.-J. Choi, S.-H. Seo, S.-W. Choi, and H. S. Chun, Detection of zearalenone using a metal-oxide-semiconductor fieldeffect-transistor-based biosensor employing a Pt reference electrode, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 06FJ FJ06-, 009. [0]G J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review, Sens. Actuators B, vol. 5, pp. 3-15, [1]G M. Mrksich and G. M. Whitesides, Patterning selfassembled monolayers using microcontact printing: A new technology for biosensors?, Trends Biotechnol., vol. 13, p. 8, []G B. Razavi, Fundamentals of Microelectronics, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, pp , 008. [3]G P. Estrella, D. Paul, Q. Song, L. K. J. Stadler, L. Wang, E. Huq, J. J. Davis, P. K. Ferrigno and P, Migliorato, Label-free sub-picomolar protein detection with field-effect transistors, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 9, pp , 010. x 008 w»fulw (œw ) x w w»ful w «007 w ful p œ w m œw (œw ) x w w v œw 311 J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No., 010

7 5 xá«á yá Á ³Á Á w y 008 w»fulw (œw ) x w w»ful w 008 w»fulw (œw ) x w w»ful w ³ wz 3«, 1y p. 6, x w»fulw 007 w w» w x w t : t w w 1993 y w t w x w t : t w wz 19«y,

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