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1 Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 44, No. 2, April, 2006, pp k i Š m Çm k, *Ç y Çmm Çm kç n e l ne v p * ne ne r 90 ( o 28p r, o 5p }ˆ) Characteristics of Disinfection Byproducts in Tap Water of Seoul Hyun Seong Chang, G Do Weon Lee, *, Chang Mo Kim, In Suk Lee, Su Won Lee and Hyeon Park Waterworks Research Institute, Seoul Metropolitan Government, 130-1, Guui-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul , Korea *Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 90, Cheonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul , Korea (Received 28 December 2005; accepted 5 March 2006) k h (chloroform), k Žle (dichloroacetic acid; DCAA), k Žle (trichloroacetic acid; TCAA) p p m e tn p. p t DCAA k v l pl pl l nep p kr p Ž o tn. 2002~2004 p 3 k p m. p t ˆ(total trihalomethanes; THMs)p r ql l mg/l, vr rp v l mg/l, o rp l mg/l ~ e p v l p v p ˆ., mp m p p l ~l r p l. THMs pnp le o p ˆ l. p kp v tp 1/4~1/6 r p p tp l ne p l pl kr p ˆ. Abstract Total trihalomethanes (THMs), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) that are the major disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are monitored continuously in drinking water in Seoul. Study on characteristics of DBPs is crucial to judge the safety of drinking water in Seoul. Analysis of THMs, haloacetonitriles (HANs), chloral hydrate (CH), and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was carried out in several distribution systems from January 2002 to December The concentration of THMs was mg/l in purified water, mg/l in tapwater by direct service, and mg/l in tapwater through watertank, respectively. It might be due to the increased contact time with chlorine by a process of the distribution system. And the other DBPs show a tendency to increase in its concentration by a process of the distribution system. Also, in summer, the concentration of DBPs was higher than in spring and winter. It might be due to the higher temperature of water in summer. In all cases, the quantities of detected DBPs were 4-6 times lower than those of regulation limits of drinking water in Seoul. In view of these results, the tapwater in Seoul is good to drink it all the times. Key words: Disinfection Byproducts(DBPs), Total Trihalomethanes(THMs), Haloacetic Acids(HAAs) 1. r } rl p p r eˆ o m p r rp q p jp p tp p. m n p } l np q p p l pn p p r rll q r To whom correspondence should be addressed. dlee@uos.ac.kr np pn, m l p p Ž, p Œ e, p p p l v. n l p lq lk o p s o q m p el 0.2 mg/l p, l mmp l mm n p nl 0.4 mg/l p p ov r p., q m p p 4 mg/l rr(2002 7o) l nl rl p [1-4]. 216

2 m p e ˆ(total trihalomethanes; THMs) p p ep p, l THMs k k Žle (haloacetic acids; HAAs), k Š (haloacetonitriles; HANs), p p (chloral hydrate; CH)m p vl l r rp mp, pp Š o p rm Ë l r(disinfectant/disinfection byproduct rule)ë l THMs 80 µg/l, HAAs 60 µg/l r p., l v tp v tp o l o t p 48 l 55 l q m, HAAs, HANs p pp k (formaldehyde), monochloroacetic acid(mcaa) p e p l [1]. m p r } r t m l m m t o p p l p t (chloroform) k Žle (dichloroacetic acid; DCAA) p k v l pl p l s l p kr p Žk o n tn., l l o o v ee r, v, p s l p m p THMs, HANs, CH, HAAs l k. p l m p l p Žk kn ne p kr p Ž q n pp p vp m n p Ž. 2. m 2-1. k p p r } l n rm p }lo (natural organic matter; NOM)p p l v DBPs(disinfected by-products), r l p rp m } m (chlorination byproducts; CBPs)p. r q~ p p l p rp p p, pm p o ˆ o s} m mmp ppˆ. ne l 217 e op n v m mm v p o~ r eˆ o l p } rp rp. r m (Cl 2 ) q jp po rl l rp p e, rp kr q e p n lp, q p p. (NHCl 2 /NH 2 Cl)p p n r m e q n v, m lv. p m (ClO 2 )m ms(o 3 )p n rp, np p } rp l. msp l v l kr, q p lp l p q qeˆ p p l m p ~ e k Š q ne l p THMs t bromodichloromethane(bdcm), HAAs t DCAA k p p p k r p. THMs, HANs, CH, HAAsp, n, v t r [1, 3-5] ep Table mm l pl l ƒ m p pq NOM, pm (ph), m, m tp p p. ~ w, NOMl m p p NOM v, o p q p humusm Ž Š(CH 3 CO ) o q p r qp v p. tp humus t ~ q p 100~1,000p humus fulvic acid q p 100,000 p p humic acid humic acid m m q p l chloroform p eˆ. m m p l THMs p r q o l acetone, acetaldehydem p v op v p eˆ p ethanol p p p l rp p r, l p v mmp p } q l sq., p p } e rl m m p l k Žle p l eˆ [6]. w, php m p p rp ph p THMsp p p k r p p php v l humic acid p ns ˆp halogen pp v p opp p [6]. Chloroform ˆ THMs pp m p Table 1. Standards, quantitation limits, health effect and structures of typical disinfection by-products regulated by Korea [unit: mg/l] Analytes Standard Quantitation limit Health effect Structure Trihalomethane (THMs) THMs chloroform liver damage CHCl 3 bromodichloromethane (BDCM) carcinogenicity CHCl 2 Br dibromochloromethane (DBCM) hepatic tumor CHClBr 2 bromoform intestinal tumor CHBr 3 HANs trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) available data are not sufficient CCl 3 CN dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) mutagenicity body weight loss CHCl 2 CN bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN) mutagenicity CHClBrCN dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) under test for chronic toxicity CHBr 2 CN HAAs chloral hydrate (CH) liver toxicity CCl 3 CH(OH) 2 trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) chromosomal aberration mutation CCl 3 COOH 0.1 dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) hepatic tumor CHCl 2 COOH Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 44, No. 2, April, 2006

3 218 q Ëp oë } Ëpp Ëp oë (base-catalyzed reaction)p ph p v l THMsp p v. p ph l r v m t ~ (chlorinated intermediates) p ph p d l THMs p v. DCAAp n ph v l v p pv TCAA ph v l p ˆ [7]. p p p p ph 5, 7p n e p v v, ph 9.4p nl 4e p l, l. DCAN p ph 5p n r ph 7p n, 4e p, ph 9.4p nl p p p [9]. DCANp pe l 1 p p, ph 5p nl r kr, ph kv pe l [9]. w ml m p p. p rp mp d p v. THMsp l p l l p q, nl q p p k p. v np p m l p s p p v. v p n THMs p p p k r p [3]. mp v l DBPFP(disinfection byproducts formation potential) v rp v, t THMFP (trihalomethanes formation potential) mp 10 o C v v, 10 o C p l mp d l p v., HAAFP (haloacetic acid formation potential) l e mp d p v rp v [10]. v p DBPs p,, p m tp q m p m p. m l m p tp p q m p THMs HAAs l o., p m tp p di-, mono-l p trihalogenated HAAs p rm. DCANp n v p r v(protein precursor) m mp pl p, pp p m l ps p pp l e l ~ p r r }} p lv [9] r ˆ(THMs) tl m m p l THMsp o p THMs r vp p o ˆ (total organic carbon; TOC), r n (chemical oxygen demand; COD) p. THMs r vp e p ~, p p l p rl, s p rl v q r q vp rp v(humic substance) [7]. p p q l humic acid, hymatomelamic acid(mw=10,000~200,000),, m l n p fulvic acid(mw=200~1,000) pp, humic acid r sep Fig. 1l ˆ p 1978 Trussellp v q p rk m. p rp humic acid n p r sq(pv, r)l p d r THMs r v r p fulvic acid k r p [11]. Fulvic acidp l p rqr ˆ l OCl p ~(nucleophile) l haloform pp pl, Ž Š o44 o k Fig. 1. General structure of humic acid. [CH 3 CO-] acetaldehyde(ch 3 CHO), alcohols(roh) p r qp r v THMsp. THMs p r vp m, ph, m ~, m mp re l m p p m php m p p. r q r vp THMs p k Šp pl p THMsp q l p THMsp q. p THMsp r v p p m m p l k v k v k Žle (HAAs) p l r } l op k., p THMs r vp ph p yl (OH ) pl m qn THMsp v p k r p. Scheme 1l m p k Šp vr pp ppˆv Scheme 2l k m ~ k Ž p pp pl p p lv p p p. k Š p (-CN)qnl p p p v v k Š ˆ k Žle (HAAs) tp vp n p fulvic acids ˆp l k Žle p tn r vp p. ql tp ns o ˆ (DOC)p k p p v vp ˆ k Žle p. tp vp p q s pe p. t s e m(resorcinol) p meta-dihydroxybenzene(m-dhb) p, p m p p l k Žle m ˆp e ˆ p. Scheme 3m p HOCl tp m oq p hydroxyl pp o p l l l cyclohexanemeta-diketone ringp. HOClp ~ wp ketone o l pr ˆ oql 3 p m. e w ketone o l hydroxy p k Žle m ˆp [12] k Š (HANs) DCAN(dichloroacetonitrile)p p (-CN) v p t n m p. DCANp pe, m tp, pm l m p tp k p r vp p p. DCANp pe

4 ne l 219 Scheme 1. Haloform reaction mechanism.. Haloform reaction mechanism p r, DCANp (hydroxide), km m (hypochlorite), (water)p 3 v k r p [9]. n, DCANp v p vl m l p. ql tl k p v oq vl sq pv, tl p dihaloacetonitrile(dhan)p kt p p l, k p DHANp tn r vp k p. l, e rp t v p v m DCAN l r v p. w, DHAN p o pp s p o p r v p. w, NOM l p m pp m } p tp DCANp k r p. vl m p p 2 lv p. ~ p p p l pp ppˆ. p p m n p THMsm total organic halide(tox). p DHAN p v k, ˆp p ˆ DHANp p. v l sq k p rp p pv, ˆp p m p sq l }} p. p rp m l p rp HANs p v eˆ p [9]. Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 44, No. 2, April, 2006

5 220 q Ëp oë } Ëpp Ëp oë Scheme 2. Haloform reaction mechanism of others low molecular weight NOM. Scheme 3. Generation of haloacetic acid and trihalomethanes from aquatic humic substances. o44 o k

6 p p (CH) p p ( k k p hydrated form) } rl m m ql o v p p p p ˆ. p p l o m v tl v pv kv, (world health organization; WHO) v tp 10 µg/l r. p p l ƒ vp v p. k m mp pp, k m m mp pp. l v l ƒ vp k pv p v p k l n p t ~ p v p. er m ˆl p p p p p, ˆl k Žle (TCAA) p m [13]. t p p p tn opp k m mp pp p. k p r m } r tl l k m (-CN)p p. ql tl p k p qqrp r vp p., p p THMs TCAA p l r v r p [13] e q m 2002 ~2004 p 3 k ne q 6~8 p r q(w1~w8;, p,,, k, k, m, eor q) t r, v, p o 8~12 p samplep ee m r} r THMs US EPA 524.2[14], HANsm CH US EPA 551.1[15], HAAs US EPA 552.2[16, 17] e m. THMs purge & trap [15]p n l e tp l GC/MS m, HANs, CH 50 mlp e nkp ph 4l MTBE(methyl t-butyl ether) 3 ml kk l GC/ECD m. HAAs 40 ml ne l 221 p e nkp ph < 1 p l MTBE 4 ml kk 10Í H 2 SO 4 /methanolp pn l o ~ (methylation), NaHCO 3 nkp t GC/ECD m s THMsp r} Tekmar 3000 concentrator purge & trap, HP 5890 series Gas Chromatograph, HP 5972 series Mass selective detector n m. HANs, CHp Varian Star 3600CX GC/ECD n m. HAAsp nl Varian CP 3800 Gas Chromatograph GC/ECD n m. vp s p Table 2m. 4. m m Žs 4-1. LRB(laboratory reagent blank) ˆnk e } e ~ sr rl r l l m p v kk o l LRB r [14-17]. THMsl pl GC/MSD n l SIM(selected ion monitoring) p ee m, p n r pmp 2~3 p m p r o rp ee m. p e p 7.87 p, 0.1 µg/lp abundance 82,536pl. THMsl LRB e 7.87 p abundance 264 l m p e sp tp ˆ. LRB p r~ e p 10Í r l e r r e r n e ee lk rp t l v ee m [14-17]. GC/ECD(Varian GC 3600CX DB-1, 30 m 0.25 mm 0.25 µm) r k Š m p p l LRBl p v p e p TCAN, DCAN, CH, BCAN, DBAN p 12.08, 13.84, 15.64, 25.41, p p e l ˆ sq v kk. Carboxylic acid(-cooh)m p p k Žle p q GC/MS p GC/ECD o eˆ Ž p o ~ qlp n., r} rp l q v l l ~ ek p rl r l m p v p n p. GC/ECD(Varian CP-3800/ECD, Column: DB-1701) p n k Žle, k Žle p Table 2. Operating parameters for analysis of THMs, HANs, CH, and HAAs Item Conditions (THMs) Conditions (HANs, CH) Conditions (HAAs) Instrument GC/MS GC/ECD GC/ECD Carrier gas HeG(1.0 ml/min) N 2 G(1.0 ml/min) N 2 G(1.0 ml/min) Column HP-VOCG(60 m 0.32 mm I.D 1.8 µm film thickness) DB-1G(25 m 0.25 mm I.D 0.25 µm film thickness) DB-1701G(25 m 0.25 mm I.D 0.25 µm film thickness) Injector temp.( o C) Detector temp.( o C) Column temp. program init.: 2 min at 40 o C init.: 5 o C/min to 120 o C, init.: 5 min at 120 o C init.: 10 o C/min to 210 o C init.: 3 min at 210 o C init.: 22 min at 40 o C init.: 10 o C/min to 145 o C init.: 2 min at 145 o C Retention time 35 min 34 min 52 min init.: 10 min at 35 o C init.: 5 o C/min to 75 o C init.: 10 min at 75 o C init.: 5 o C/min to 100 o C init.: 10 min at 75 o C init.: 5 o C/min to 135 o C init.: 10 min at 75 o C Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 44, No. 2, April, 2006

7 222 q Ëp oë } Ëpp Ëp oë Table 3. MDL results of analytes Analyte Spiked conc. Meas. conc. MeanG recoveryg( ) RSD ( ) [unit: µg/l] MDL chloroform BDCM DBCM bromoform TCAN DCAN BCAN DBAN CH MCAA MBAA DCAA TCAA BCAA DBAA Table 4. Precision and accuracy of analytes [unit: µg/l] Analyte Spiked Meas. MeanG RSD conc. conc. recoveryg( ) ( ) chloroform BDCM DBCM bromoform TCAN DCAN BCAN DBAN CH MCAA MBAA DCAA TCAA BCAA DBAA e p p p e l sq v kk } (method detection limits, MDL) t(detection level)p p (method detection limits), (instrument detection limit) p p. tlv e p, 0 mm vp q p p [14-17]. r l p MDLp 99Íp e l 7 e t l 3.14 [14-17]. THMsp n GC/MSD(HP5890/HP5972) pn l MDL rp ee m. tp 1 µg/l m, p 7 p replicate m., Table 3l m p vl p r p p 0.5 µg/l, v 3 p 1µg/Lp MDLp s p ˆ. HANs CHp n GC/ECD MDL rp ee v tl r 0.5 µg/l s p p 0.25 µg/l 7 p replicatel l r mp v l p Table 3 p v p p r 0.5 µg/lp tl kt k tp ˆ p., TCAN CHp n p RSD rp m p n vl kr p p Ž. HAA 6 l l MDL tp v tl r 0.5 µg/lpv, HAN S CHl l r l TCAA tp l 1µg/L m, p 7 p replicate m. vl 7 p replicate l p, RSD(Í), MDL p Table o (precision)j o (accuracy) rr l vp t v ~ l p s t kl p v, p r r p ˆ p v e p o44 o k kk kp [4], Table 4m p THMs 4 µg/l, HANs, CH 1.0 µg/l, HAAs TCAA tp 5.0 µg/l tp m. r l r RSD(relative standard deviation)p ˆ, Table 4m p THMs 1.9~5.2Í, HANs, CH 6.86~14.18Í, HAAs 6.5~13.3Íp o ˆ US EPA Method t(thms: 20Í p, HANs: 20Í p, HAAs: 30Í p )[14-17]p s m. r ˆ p THMsp n 92~104Í, HANs, CH 99~117Í, HAAs 93~116Íp o ˆ p US EPA Method tp 70~130Í(THMs, HANs: 80~120Í)[14-17] s m o (calibration curve) THMs Supelco 200 mg/lp tokp pn 1 nk (2 mg/l)p sr p v l rp tp[14] l 5 points(1, 5, 10, 20, 50 µg/l)p r p, HANs, CH Accustandard 5,000 mg/l tokp pn l 1 nk(10 mg/l)p p v l tp[15] l ql tnkp 4 points(1, 3, 5, 10 µg/l) r p, HAAs Accustandard 20 mg/l tokp v l tp ep l TCAA tp ql tnk p l 4 points(2.5, 5, 10, 20 µg/l) r p q m [16]. v p p ˆ. 5. y 5-1. m i q m r, r 0.87 mg/l(0.61~1.17 mg/l), v 0.65 mg/l(0.30~1.08 mg/l), 0.43 mg/l (0.05~0.88 mg/l) p p m. p n ~ p, r l q m r k. p p rl p r p p p l r p p v p Ž. l o q m, l p sq v kk l ~l r q m ˆ.

8 ne l 223 l., mp m l p l ~p 7~9o tl r ˆ p m. THMsl v tp 0.1 mg/lp l p v tl l k 15Í~25Í v, p p tp 1/2 p ( mg/l) l l m l p r k r p ˆl THMsl kr p Ž. Fig. 2. Monthly variation of THMs in distribution system (tapwater 1: tapwater by direct service; tapwater 2: tapwater through watertank). q m 0.2 mg/l p p vrp 261 n 4vrp ˆ, p l q p m ml p p Ž. v, q r e l p ˆ l q m p r kr l p pl [18] {Š (THMs) o o v ne p THMs Fig. 2l ˆ l., r mg/l(0.004~0.033 mg/l), v, mg/l(0.003~0.043 mg/l), mg/l(0.004~0.050 mg/l) THMsp v m. Fig. 3l l THMsp ˆ l, 2002 ~2004 vp 3 pv k d tp l. THMsp p v p nl r mg/l(0.0030~ mg/l), v mg/l(0.0026~ mg/l), mg/l(0.0016~ mg/l) p v m. p q m m qs o p v rp rl p p r. kl p q m p q m m ˆ 5-3. g Š (HANs)j m mš(ch) o o v l p ee HANs, CH t TCAN DBANp r vrl v kk. l k Š (DCAN)p r mg/l(0.0007~ mg/l), v mg/l, (0.0008~ mg/l), mg/l(0.0018~ mg/l) l. p p (CH)p n r l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o, v l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o, l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o ˆ. e p r Fig. 4m 5l m Fig. 4. Monthly variation of DCAN in distribution system (tapwater 1: tapwater by direct service; tapwater 2: tapwater through watertank). Fig. 3. Yearly and monthly variation of THMs. Fig. 5. Monthly variation of CH in distribution system (tapwater 1: tapwater by direct service; tapwater 2: tapwater through watertank). Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 44, No. 2, April, 2006

9 224 q Ëp oë } Ëpp Ëp oë p l DCAN CH THMs } op v p lt p., mp m p p 7o~9op k. DCAN CHl v tp 0.09, 0.03 mg/lp l p v tl l DCANp n 10Í, CHp n 30Í p ˆ l m l p r kr p ˆl DCAN CHl kr p Ž g Ši (HAAs) o o v r l r v l p ee m, MCAA, monobromoacetic acid(mbaa), dibromoacetic acid(dbaa), bromochloroacetic acid(bcaa) p r vrl v kk, p tp ~0.001 mg/lp v 48/204p l (BCAA). DCAA r l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o ˆ. v l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o l l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o ˆ. TCAA r l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o, v l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o, l mg/l, ~ mg/lp o s l. q v t p r l p DCAA TCAAp p n r l mg/ll ~ mg/lp o m. p p v l mg/ll 0.076~ mg/lp o mp l mg/ll ~ mg/lp o m. Fig. 6l k Žle (DCAA+TCAA)p m. v k Žl e p v p ˆ., o k Žle p n ml p m p THMs, HANs, CH v kkv, DCAAm TCAAp p l ~p 7o~9op r k. k Žle (DCAA+TCAA)l l vr Fig. 6. Monthly variation of DCAA+TCAA in distribution system (tapwater 1: tapwater by direct service; tapwater 2: tapwater through watertank). v tp 0.1 mg/lp l p v tl l 14Í~20Íp o lp 36.2Í p ˆ l m l p r kr p ˆl k Žle t t n p DCAAm TCAAl kr p Ž Š tn p THMs,, BDCM, DCAA, TCAA, HAA 2 (DCAA+TCAA), DCAN, CHl pp Table 5l ˆ l. p t 80Í p p THMs k Žle (DCAA+TCAA)p, THMs k Žle r l 42.0Í, 40.9Í v l 42.9Í, 40.4Í, l 43.4Í, 38.9Í d p p k p. r~ THMs 42.9Í, HAA Í l. THMsm HAA 2 rn k Š l p p 6Ím 10Í np pp ˆ. l, THMsp n p 80Íp p p l, v t BDCMp k 20Íp p l, v v p v kk. k Žle Table 5. Characteristics of disinfection byproducts on distribution system GG [unit: µg/l] Section Purified water( ) Tapwater1( ) Tapwater2( ) Total( ) THMs THMs (42.0 ) (100 ) (42.9 ) (100 ) (43.4%) (100 ) (42.9 ) (100 ) chloroform (80.8 ) (80.7 ) (80.0 ) (80.3 ) BDCM (19.1 ) (19.7 ) (20.0 ) (19.6 ) DBCM (0 ) (0 ) (0 ) (0 ) bromoform (0 ) (0 ) (0 ) (0 ) HAA 2 HAA (40.9 ) (100 ) (40.4 ) (100 ) (38.9%) (100 ) (39.9 ) (100 ) DCAA (43.6 ) (44.8 ) (43.2 ) (44.0 ) TCAA (56.3 ) (55.1 ) (56.3 ) (56.0 ) HANs TCAN (6.3 ) (0 ) (5.9 ) (0 ) (6.2%) (0 ) (6.1 ) (0 ) DCAN (100 ) (100 ) (100 ) (100 ) DBAN (0 ) (0 ) (0 ) (0 ) etc. CH (10.6 ) (10.5 ) (11.3%) (10.9 ) (6.3 ) o44 o k

10 p n DCAA r, v, 43.6Í, 44.8Í, 43.2Í p pp ˆ, TCAA 56.3Í, 55.1Í, 56.3Íp pp ˆ l TCAA DCAA l. op p s l p pp THMsl p 80Í p p p p, k Žle DCAA, TCAA ˆ, r~ p pp kp THMsm HAA 2 p v., pp r, v, ll p pr ov p ˆ. p l ~ e p v p p v p d p ˆ. 6. ne l 225 p ˆ. m p tp s v v v tl 1/4~1/6 tp ˆ p kr rl ppp p pl., chloroform, DCAA p p l ~(7~9 o)l p p l(chloroform mg/l) pl p n tn. rp l p lk, p p rl o r } rl l lk p. y q m 0.2 mg/l p p vrp 261 n 4vrp ˆ, p l rp ~ e p ml p p Ž. v, q r e l p v kk q m p r kr l p pl. THMsp r, v, p p mg/l, mg/l, mg/l DCANp mg/l, mg/l, mg/l, CH mg/l, mg/l, mg/l, HAA 2 (DCAA+TCAA) mg/l, mg/l, mg/ L THMsp v p l tl. p l q m m qs o p v rp rl p p r. p o THMsp n l ~p 7~9o tl r p l. DCAA, TCAAm DCAN, CH le THMs v kv p p ˆ. p mp m krp o p q m ov k l p p Ž. t 80Í p p THMs k Žle (DCAA+ TCAA)p, THMs k Žle r l 42.0Í, 40.9Í v l 42.9Í, 40.4Í, l 43.4Í, 38.9Í d p p k p. r~ THMs 42.9Í, HAA Í l. THMsm HAA2 rn k Š l p p 6Ím 10Í np pp ˆ. l, THMsp n p 80Í p p p p l, v t BDCMp k 20Íp p l, v v p v kk. k Ž le p n DCAA r, v, 43.6Í, 44.8Í, 43.2Íp pp ˆ, TCAA 56.3Í, 55.1Í, 56.3Íp pp ˆ l TCAA DCAA s l. op p s l p pp THMsl p 80Í p p p p, k Žle DCAA, TCAA ˆ, r~ p pp kp THMsm HAA 2 p v., pp r, v, ll p pr ov p ˆ. p l ~ e p v p p v p d 1. lawmst= Rho, B. S. and Ha, H. J., Water Quality Analysis in 2002, The Annual Report of Waterworks Research Institute Seoul Metropolitan Government, 4th ed., 70-75(2002). 4. Chang, H. S. and Kim, C. M., A Study on Quality Control Application and Assessment in Chlorinated Disinfection Byproducts Analysis, The Annual Report of Waterworks Research Institute Seoul Metropolitan Government, 4th ed., (2002). 5. WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 3rd ed., (2004). 6. Nam, S. H. and Lee, U. G., A Study on The Evaluation of Influencing Factors in THM Analysis, Kor. J. Environ. Health Soc., 18(2) 82-91(1992). 7. Min, B. S., Rhee, D. S., Ryu, J. K. and Park, S. K., Formation Characteristics of Haloacetic Acids in Water Treatment Plant, J. Kor. Soc. Environ. Anal., 6(1), 41-48(2003). 8. Singer, P. C., Obolensky, A. and Greiner, A., DBPs in Chlorinated North Carolina Drinking Waters, J. AWWA, 87(10), (1995). 9. Reckhow, D. A., Platt, T. L., MacNeill, A. L. and McClellan, J. N., Formation and Degradation of Dichloroacetonitrile in Drinking Waters, J. IWA. AQUA, 50(1), 1-13(2001). 10. Kim, Y. Y., Formation and Control of Disinfection By-products in Water Treatment Process, Master Thesis, Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk, Korea(2002). 11. Kim, H. S., Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in Water Treatment Processes for Han River Water, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea(2004). 12. Pome, M. L., Green, W. R., Thurman, E. M., Orem, W. H. and Lerch, H. E., DBP Formation Potential of Aquatic Humic Substances, AWWA, 91(3), (1999). 13. Barrott, L., Chloral Hydrate: Formation and Removal by Drinking Water Treatment, J. IWA. AQUA, 53(6), (2004). 14. Method : Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry., National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(1992). 15. Method : Determination of Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts, Chlorinated Solvents, and Halogenated Pesticides/Herbicides in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection., National Expo- Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 44, No. 2, April, 2006

11 226 q Ëp oë } Ëpp Ëp oë sure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1995). 16. Method : Determination of Haloacetic Acids and Dalapon in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection., National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(1995). 17. Method : Determination of Haloacetic Acids and Dalapon in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection., National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(2003). 18. Chung, K. J., Lee, S. W. and Chang, H. S., Tap Water Quality Analysis in 2004, The Annual Report of Waterworks Research Institute, Seoul Metropolitan Government(2004)., go.kr. o44 o k

44(3)-16.fm

44(3)-16.fm Korean Chem. Eng. Res., Vol. 44, No. 3, June, 2006, pp. 270-276 지능형헬스케어욕조시스템개발을위한온수온도변화 r ~r l o l l e l 561-756 r rte v v 1 664-14 (2006 3o 9p r, 2006 6o 20p }ˆ) Change of the Warm Water emperature for