Microsoft Word - 13__ _ 이성재
|
|
- 준석 십
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 4 호 pp J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 30, No. 4, pp ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) April 2013 / 고령층용국내개발및수입컴포트화의족저압및착화감비교분석 Comparative Analysis of Plantar Pressure and Comfort Level in Developed-Domestic and Import Comfort Shoes for Elderly 김재원 1, 최진승 3, 박태현 2, 탁계래 3, 최국렬 4, 이성재 2, Jae-Won Kim 1, Jin-Seung Choi 3, Tae-Hyun Park 2, Gye-Rae Tack 3, Kook-Lyeol Choi 4, and Sung-Jae Lee 2, 1 코렌텍중앙기술연구소 (R&D Center, Corentec Co., Ltd.) 2 인제대학교의용공학과 (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje Univ.) 3 건국대학교의학공학부의공학실용기술연구소 (Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk Univ.) 4 인제대학교데이터정보학과 (Department of Data Science, Inje Univ.) Corresponding author: sjl@bme.inje.ac.kr, Tel: Manuscript received: / Accepted: This study was to compare a domestic comfort shoes to the popular import(sas ) to gain a better understanding in biomechanical characteristics for shoe design for the elderly. For each shoe type, morphologic dimensions, shock absorption, and flexibility were assessed. From subjects(n = 20, 72.4±5.5 years, 67.7±7.9 kg), mean peak pressure(mpp) and contact area(ca) at the plantar surface were analyzed. The domestic shoes reflecting anatomic contour of the plantar surfaces of Asians resulted in wider CA(by 30.4 cm 2 ), higher shock absorption(by 2.4%) and stiffness(by 0.5 N/mm) than the import. With the domestic shoes, significantly less MPPs were found at the forefoot(by 42~49%) regions(p <.05) and higher CA was noted additionally at hallux and lessor toes(by 26~63%). More anatomically-contoured insole and favorable mechanical characteristics may help reduce the plantar pressures more effectively and more evenly, especially across the central forefoot and midfoot regions of the plantar surface, especially for the design of the comfort shoes for the elderly. Key Words: Elderly ( 고령층 ), Comfort Shoes ( 컴포트화 ), Mean Peak Pressure ( 최고압력의평균 ), Contact Area ( 접촉면적 ), VAS Score Test ( 주관적평가 ) 1. 서론 발은보행시지면과접촉하는유일한신체기관으로서신체의모든하중을지탱하는중요한역할을하고지면의충격을흡수하며, 전방으로몸을추진시키는힘을발생시켜보행을가능하게한다. 1 그러나고령화가진행됨에따라족부의외형, 족저면의근육및지방층두께와섬유성격막등이변하 고, 이에따라보행속도, 보폭, 족부감각등이감소한다고보고되었다. 2-6 이러한족부의구조적, 감각적변화에대한보상작용으로보행시족저면의압력분포가달라질수있으며, 이와같은족저면의변화는임상적으로전족부통증, 족저면의신경괴사, 중족골의피로골절등과같은족부질환을유발한다고보고되었다. 7,8 신발은보행시외부로부터족부에전달되는충
2 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 4 호 pp April 2013 / 443 격을흡수하고족부질환방지등과같이족부를보호하는중요한기능을수행한다. 그러나충격흡수기능이나안정성이미비할경우과내ㆍ외전등과같은비정상적인보행동작을유발시켜인대, 발목등하지관절에직접적인손상이발생된다. 9 일명효도신발이라고알려진고령층용컴포트화는고령자가일반보행용으로착용하는기능성신발로보행시착화감을증대시키고보행과관련된족부질환의예방및감소를목적으로제작되고있다. 하지만일반적으로대부분의고령층은족부에맞지않는신발을쉽게선택한다고보고되었고고령층에적합하지않은신발의착용은낙상의위험을증가시킨다. 10,11 또한시중에판매되고있는컴포트화대부분은고령층의보행특성과같은객관적이고과학적인연구결과들이디자인에충분히반영되지않고있으며, 인기제품은주로고가의수입품으로서양인의신체적, 보행특성적요인에적합하게제작된현실이다. 12 따라서한국인고령층의보행특성에적합한컴포트화개발의필요성이부각되고있는실정이며이와관련된정량적이고과학적인연구결과및데이터의체계적반영이요구되고있다. 신발의평가에대한가장일반적인방법으로족저압측정이있다. 족저압은실제보행시족저면에서발생하는압력분포를정량적으로표현한것으로많은연구자들이족저압을이용하여연구를수행해왔다. Kernozek et al. 2 는고령층 35 명과청년층 35 명을대상으로맨발보행시족저압실험을실시한결과, 후족부와전족부에서두그룹이유사한족저압결과를보였으나, 중족부에서고령층이감소된족저압을나타냄을보고하였다. Treadmill 에서고령층 9 명과청년층 6 명을대상으로동일한신발을착용한후족저압실험을실시한 Hessert et al. 13 의연구결과는고령층의후족부와중족부에서낮은족저압을보였다. 기능성신발에따른족저압특성을조사하기위한연구도이루어졌다. Kim et al. 14 는남성 12 명을대상으로유선형후방밸런스신발과일반신발의착화보행에대하여족저압을비교한결과, 유선형후방밸런스신발이일반신발에비하여전체적으로족저압을감소시켜편안함을증대시킬것으로예상하였다. Stewart et al. 15 는후족부에연질성소재를사용한 Masai Barefoot Technology(MBT) 신발과일반신발의족저압변화를알아보기위한실험에서 Table 1 The general characteristics of the subjects Subjects (n) Weight (kg) Shoe size (mm) Age (yrs) ± ± ±5.5 (M±SD) MBT 신발은보행시전족부, 중족부, 서있을때중족부, 후족부에서최대압력이감소함을보고하였고이는신발구조상후족부의연질의소재및서있는동안자세의불안정을유도하면서인체의중심이전방으로쏠리기때문인것으로나타낸바있다. 또한기능성신발에대한착화감을평가하기위해 Visual analog scale(vas) score test 도유용하게이용된다. VAS score test 는피험자의주관적편안함의평가항목에따라점수로나타내는방법으로 Mundermann et al. 16 의연구에서는동일한런닝화를대상으로안창에다양한경도의다른보조물을삽입하여주관적착화감평가에이용하였고 Stephan et al. 17 은신발디자인에따라당뇨환자들의보행시착화감의조사에활용하였다. 이에본연구에서는족저압을이용한정량적인비교를통해국내고령층용컴포트화개발에기초적인자료를제공하고자유명수입컴포트화와한국인고령층족형에기반하여제작된국내컴포트화를선택하여고령층을대상으로족저압을비교하였고, VAS score test 를이용하여피험자의주관적착화감을살펴보았다. 2. 연구방법 2.1 연구대상자본연구에참여한연구대상자는다리나발의구조적인기형이없고정상적인족부형태를가지며보행동작에무리가없는 65 세이상의고령층남성 20 명을피험자로선정하였다. 18 피험자의신체적특성은 Table 1 과같으며모든연구대상자는실험의목적과내용을확인하고참가동의서를작성후실험에참여하였다. 2.2 신발의특성분석실험대상신발은 Fig. 1 과같이현재시판되고있는유명한수입컴포트화인 SAS (San Antonio Shoemarkers, USA) 와한국인고령층족형에기반하여제작되었다고홍보하는 TES (Beesco, Korea) 컴포트화를사용하였다. 본논문에서는 SAS 를 Type I, TES 를 Type II 로표기하였다.
3 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 4 호 pp April 2013 / 444 (a) Type I (SAS, USA) (b) Type II (TES, Korea) Fig. 1 The experiment object shoes (a) Shock absorption test (left : SAS, right : TES) (a) Type I (SAS, USA) (b) Flexible test (left : SAS, right : TES) Fig. 3 The mechanical test of shoes (b) Type II (TES, Korea) Fig. 2 The experiment object insoles 안창 (Insole) 의특징족저면과직접맞닿아족저압에직접적인영향을끼치는두신발의안창 (insole) 특징을알아보기위하여 3D scanning 을통한기하학적형상모델을제작하여정확한치수를측정하였다. 그결과, Fig. 2 와같이 265 mm 안창을기준으로 Type I 은편평한 (flat) 형태, Type II 는굴곡 (curve) 형태를나타내고안창의상위부분은 Type II 가 Type I 에비해넓은면적 (30.4 cm 2 ) 을나타냈으며앞 - 뒤길이및좌 - 우폭은각각 0.4 cm, 0.5 cm 정도 Type II 가 Type I 에비하여높은값을나타냈다. 안창의 Arch 부분의형태는 Type II 가 Type I 보다 1.3 cm 높은높이를가지고족저면의 Arch 굴곡에맞는형태를가지는특징이있다. 또한 Type II 의후족부에는충격흡수소재인연질성 EVA(Ethylene vinyl acetate) 를삽입하였다 신발의역학적특징신발의역학적특성을알아보기위해 Fig. 3 과같이 MTS 858 Bionix(MTS System, USA) 를이용하여충격흡수 (Shock absorption) 및유연성 (Flexibility) 실험을수행하였다. 충격흡수실험은전족부, 중족부및후족부의충격흡수율을조사하기위해 Fig. 4 F-Scan system 시행하였고 ASTM F 에근거하여컴포트화의각영역에 displacement control 로 15 ± 5 ms 의시간내최대 5.0 ± 0.5 J 의동일한에너지를부여하였다. 신발의유연성을알아보기위한유연성실험은 ASTM F 에근거하여신발의후족부를고정시킨후전족부를초당 0.05 mm 로수직변위를인가하였다. 충분한데이터획득을위해실험은각각 5 번시행하였다. 2.3 실험장비및절차보행시족저면에나타나는압력분포를획득하기위해 Fig. 4 과같이 F-Scan system(tekscan Inc., USA) 을이용하였다. F-Scan system 은족저면의영역별로시간에따른압력변화를정량적으로측정
4 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 4 호 pp April 2013 / 445 할수있는장비로서산업현장의자세안정성에대한연구, 환자들의임상적연구등에널리사용되는장비이다. 21 실험을통해측정된자료들은동사의 Software 인 Research foot version 5.23 으로분석을실시하였다. 실험방법은각피험자의체중을측정하여장비의교정 (Calibration) 을실시하였고, 맨발보행시피험자의우측족저면과컴포트화착용보행시우측신발의안창에 F-Scan 센서를부착하였다. 장비착용에대한이질감을최소화하기위해 2~3 회예비보행을실시한후, 피험자의평상시편안하게걷는보행속도로 7 m 이상의거리를 5 회이상걷도록실시하였다. 2 주관적인착화감을조사하기위하여, 각컴포트화착용보행직후, 설문지형식의 VAS score test 를실시하였다 데이터분석방법족저면의영역에따른압력분포를확인하기위해 Fig. 5 와같이족저면을해부학적으로전족부 (Forefoot), 중족부 (Midfoot, M2), 후족부 (Heel, M1) 로나누었으며, 전족부는전족부내측 (Medial forefoot, M3), 전족부중앙 (Central forefoot, M4), 전족부외측 (Lateral forefoot, M5), 엄지발가락 (Hallux, M6), 나머지발가락 (Lessor toes, M7) 영역으로구분하였다. 8 결과분석은영역별압력이집중되는부위를예측하고자영역내의최고압력값을평균으로나타낸 Mean peak pressure(mpp) 를이용하였고, 신체의지면지지측면에서족저면압력분산지지면적인 Contact area(ca) 를이용하여비교하였다. 14,22 또한 MPP 와 CA 는실제측정된데이터와맨발보행시측정된값을이용하여신발에따른변화를증감률로나타내었고수식은다음과같다. Fig. 5 Regional masking of the plantar surface Table 2 Results of shock absorption test Forefoot Midfoot Rearfoot (heel) Type I 35.4(±1.5)% 33.0(±0.9)% 36.7(±1.2)% Type II 35.9(±0.7)% 31.9(±0.6)% 39.1(±1.1)% (M±SD) 3. 결과 3.1 신발의역학적특성분석충격흡수실험을통한충격흡수율은 Table 2 과같이 Type II 가 Type I 보다전족부, 후족부에서각각 0.5 %, 2.4 % 증가된값을나타내었고중족부영역에서 Type I 이 Type II 에비해 1.1 % 높은충격흡수율이측정되었다. 신발의유연성은 Type I, Type II 각각 1.6 N/mm(± 0.6), 2.1 N/mm(± 1.2) 로 Type I 이 Type II 에비하여더낮은강성 (stiffness) 을나타냄에따라더유연한결과를보였다. % change (%) = {(shod - barefoot) / barefoot} ⅹ 100 (1) VAS 설문지는족저면전체및부위별착화감을파악하기위해 전체적인편한정도 ( 족부전체의착화감 ), 발이땅에닿을때 ( 후족부의착화감 ), 발이땅에떨어질때 ( 전족부의착화감 ), Arch 의편한정도 ( 중족부의착화감 ) 의 4 가지항목으로구성하였으며, 각배점은 0 ~ 10 점으로정하였고이는높을수록높은만족도를나타낸다. 측정된모든결과값은 SPSS v12.0(spss Inc., USA) 를이용하여 paired t-test 를이용하여통계처리를하였으며유의수준은 α <.05 로설정하였다. 3.2 족저압특성분석 Mean peak pressure(mpp) & Contact area(ca) Type I 과 Type II 의 MPP 는 Table 3 와같이전족부중앙 (M4, 26.3 %) 영역에서 Type II 가 Type I 에비하여통계적으로유의하게증가시켰다 (p <.05). CA 는 Table 3 에서나타낸바와같이통계적유의성을나타내는구간은보이지않았다 MPP & CA 의증감률맨발대비, 신발착화시 MPP 의감소율은 Fig. 6, Table 4 과같이 Type II 가 Type I 에비하여
5 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 4 호 pp April 2013 / 446 MPP (KPa) Type I Type II Table 3 Results of mean peak pressure and contact area M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M (±42.3) 73.9 (±44.3) 58.4 (±20.6) 45.5 (±25.7) 82.0 (±29.4) 78.3 (±26.4) (±43.8) 73.7 (±27.5) 80.4 (±33.6) 63.7 (±27.8) 74.3 (±37.8) 78.3 (±58.1) 63.4 (±18.3) 65.2 (±40.1) p-value * Type I 32.2 (±3.7) 16.2 (±5.7) 12.1 (±2.6) 14.3 (±2.2) 11.1 (±2.1) 7.1 (±1.3) 5.9 (±2.2) CA (cm 2 ) Type II 33.8 (±3.4) 19.1 (±6.0) 12.3 (±3.4) 15.8 (±2.1) 12.4 (±2.1) 7.7 (±1.8) 6.7 (±2.7) p-value * : p <.05 (M±SD) MPP (KPa) CA (cm 2 ) Table 4 Barefoot results of mean peak pressure and contact area M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M (±21.1) 24.3 (±3.2) 82.8 (±39.2) 12.9 (±2.9) 97.8 (±30.5) 9.15 (±2.6) (±29.4) 12.5 (±2.1) (±32.1) 10.4 (±1.9) 63.1 (±33.4) 5.2 (±1.0) 50.9 (±16.6) 4.6 (±1.1) (M±SD) 중족부 (M2, 42.6 %) 및전족부중앙 (M4, 49.1 %) 영역에서유의하게감소시켰다 (p <.05). CA 의증가율은 Fig. 7, Table 4 과같이 Type II 가 Type I 에비하여중족부 (M2, 45.8 %), 전족부중앙 (M4, 42.8 %), 전족부외측 (M5, 63.1 %), 엄지발가락 (M6, 26.3 %), 나머지발가락 (M7, 35.2 %) 영역에서유의하게증가시켰다 (p <.05). 3.3 Visual analog scale(vas) score test Type I 과 Type II 의 VAS score 는 Fig. 8 에나타낸바와같이평균 7 점이상의좋은착화감을보였고, 모든항목에서통계적인유의차가없었다. 4. 논의 일반적으로고령층과청년층의족부의형태및족저압차이는이미선행연구를통하여알려져있다. 2,13,23,24 이에따라고령층족부에적합한구조의디자인을적용한신발들이출시되고있으나그효과에관한연구는미흡한실정이다. 따라서본연구에서는유명수입컴포트화 (Type I) 와국내고령층족형에기반하여제작되었다고홍보 하는컴포트화 (Type II) 를선택하여족저압및 VAS score test 를이용한착화감을비교하고자하였다. 두신발의특징은 Type II 의경우 Type I 에비하여넓은면적의안창을가지고후족부의높은충격흡수율을가지며높은강성 (stiffness) 을가짐에따라낮은유연성을나타내는것으로확인하였다. 세부적으로신발의충격흡수율및유연성은두신발모두각각 40 % 이하, 1.6 N/mm 이상의결과를나타내었다. Wang et al. 25 는런닝화의후족부충격흡수율을측정한결과, 약 51% 의충격흡수율을나타내었고 Majewski et al. 26 은런닝화의유연성이 1.1 N/mm 를가진다고보고함에따라본연구에서사용한컴포트화는런닝화에비하여낮은충격흡수율및유연성을가지는것으로확인하였다. 본실험결과에따르면전반적으로두신발의 MPP 와 CA 비교시, Type II 가 Type I 에비해 CA 가증가되었고, MPP 는감소되었다. 이는족저면과직접적으로맞닿는안창의형태에기인할수있으며, 즉 Type II 는굴곡진형태, Type I 은편평한형태임으로부터족저형상을고려한 Type II 의넓은 CA 가족저면의압력을고르게감소시킨것으로유추할수있다. 이와관련하여 Park et al. 9 은보행시변형및복원이가능한기능성안창과기존
6 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 4 호 pp April 2013 / 447 Fig. 6 Variation of mean peak pressure (*p <.05) Fig. 7 Variation of contact area (*p <.05) Fig. 8 Results of VAS score test 안창의족저압의비교를수행한결과, 기능성안창이기존안창의미접촉부위가족저면과접촉함에따라더넓은 CA 를가지게되었고이에따른압력분산의효과가높게나타남을보고하였다. Jung et al. 27 이수행한맞춤형인솔이 CA 를증가시켜발의특정부위에집중되는압력을감소시켜준 다는연구결과와부합하는결과임을확인할수있다. 따라서 Type I 에비해낮은 MPP 와넓은 CA 를보인 Type II 가보행시고령자에게긍정적인역할을수행할것으로판단된다. 특히 Type II 의 MPP 는영역별로중족부영역 (M2) 및전족부중앙 (M4) 영역에서통계적으로유의한감소량을보였다. 이는 Park et al. 9 의연구와유사한결과로족저면형상에기인한 Type II 의굴곡진안창형태차이에인한효과로사료된다. 또한통계적인 CA 증가와 MPP 감소를보인중족부 (M2) 영역은족궁의높이를고려해유선형으로디자인된안창의영향에인한것으로판단된다. 이는청년층남성을대상으로유선형후방밸런스신발과일반신발의족저압비교시중족부영역의넓은 CA 로인해 MPP 가증가한다는 Kim et al. 14 의연구와상반된결과를나타내었다. 이러한결과는피험자대상및신발형태의차이에의한것으로사료된다. 족저면의불규칙한압력분포로인해족저압이어느한영역에집중이되면족부궤양 (plantar ulceration) 과같은질병을유발할가능성이높다는사실은이미선행연구에의해알려져있다. 26 집중된족저압을분산시켜족부를보호하는기능은신발의가장중요한역할이라고할수있다. 이러한점을미루어볼때넓은 CA 를유도하고족저압을고르게분산시킨 Type II 는고령층에게족부질병유발가능성을감소시키는효과를기대할수도있을것이다. 14 서로다른특징을가진두신발의족저압결과와관련하여, 신발의주관적인착화감을살펴본 VAS score 의결과에서모든항목이평균 7 점이상으로보통 (5 점 ) 이상의좋은착화감을보였으며, 신발사이에통계적인유의차를나타내지않았다. 이는본실험에서나타난족저면의 CA 증가와 MPP 감소가착화감에큰영향을미치지않을것으로예상할수있다. 또역학적실험결과에서나타난 Type II 가후족부에서높은충격흡수율을보인점과유연성실험에서 Type I 이더유연한결과를나타내었던차이가착화감에서는큰영향이없던것으로추론할수있다. 물론본실험을통해신발의경도및재질등에따른착화감혹은기능적인차이에대한심도있는고찰에는어려움이있으며, 15,29,30 현재비교된두신발의경우에국한된다는제한점이있다. 즉, 본연구에서는신발의재질및경도차이를정량적으로고려하지않았으므로이러한점은추후연구에서수행되어야할것으로판단된다.
7 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 4 호 pp April 2013 / 결론 본연구의목적은고령층을대상으로유명수입컴포트화와한국인족형에기반하여제작되었다고홍보하는컴포트화를족저압및 VAS score test 를통하여비교하고자하였다. 한국인족형에기반하여제작된컴포트화는굴곡형태의안창의특징으로인해유명수입컴포트화에비하여전반적으로넓은 CA 와낮은 MPP 를나타냈으며, 이는중족부와전족부중앙에서두드러졌다. 하지만이러한족저압의특징은 VAS score 가차이가나지않는것으로미루어보아실제착화감에는큰영향을끼치지않은것으로판단된다. 본연구의결과는고령자용컴포트화개발에있어서기초자료가될수있을것이다. 후기 이논문은정부의재원 ( 지식경제부 ) 으로지역산업기술개발사업 ( 과제번호 : ) 의지원을받아수행되었습니다. 참고문헌 1. Scott, G., Menz, H. B., and Newcombe, L., Agerelated differences in foot structure and function, Gait & Posture, Vol. 26, pp , Kernozek, T. W. and LaMott, E. E., Comparisons of plantar pressures between the elderly and young adults, Gait & Posture, Vol. 3, pp , Hsu, T. C., Wang, C. L., Tsai, W. C., Kuo, J. K., and Tang, F. T., Comparison of the mechanical properties of the heel pad between young and elderly adults, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 79, pp , Burnfleld, J. M., Few, C. D., Mohamed, O. S., and Perry, J., The influence of walking speed and foot wear on plantar pressures in older adults, Clinical Biomechanics, Vol. 19, pp , Brown, H. E. and Mueller, M. J., A step-to gait decreases pressures on the forefoot, The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Theraphy, Vol. 28, pp , Kenshalo, D. R., Somesthetic sensitivity in young and elderly humans, The Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 41, pp , Jahss, M. H., Kummer, F., and Michelson, J. D., Investigations into the fat pads of the sole of the foot: heel pressure studies, Foot & Ankle, Vol. 13, pp , Menz, H. B. and Morris, M. E., Clinical determinants of plantar forces and pressures during walking in older people, Gait & Posture, Vol. 24, pp , Park, S. B., Lee, K. D., Kim, D. W., Yoo, J. H., and Kim, K. H., Comparative analysis of foot pressure distribution by functional insole to be transformed and restored during walking, Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp , Burns, S. L., Leese, G. P., and McMurdo, M. E., Older people and ill fitting shoes, Postgraduate Medical, Vol. 78, pp , Menz, H. B. and Lord, S. R., Footwear and postural stability in older people, Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, Vol. 89, No. 7, pp , Kwak, C. S. and Yi, K. O., A study on the foot measurement data shoe LAST design for the Korean aged women, Journal of Korean Physical Education Association for Girls and Women, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp , Hessert, M. J., Vyas, M., Leach, J., Hu, K., Lipsitz, L. A., and Novak, V., Foot pressure distribution during walking in young and old adults, BMC Geriatics, Vol. 5, pp , Kim, Y. J. and Chae, W. S., The plantar pressure comparison between the curved rear balance shoes and normal shoes, Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp , Stewart, L., In-shoe pressure distribution in MBT shoes versus flat-bottomed training shoes: A preliminary study, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, SSC4 Report, Mundermann, A., Nigg, B. M., Stefanyshyn, D. J., and Humble, R. N., Development of a reliable method to assess footwear comfort during running, Gait & Posture, Vol. 16, pp , Praet, S. F. and Louwerens, J. W., The influence of shoe design on plantar pressures in neuropathic feet, Diabetes Care, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp , An, E. S., Eom, G. M., and Lee, S. H., Comparison
8 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 4 호 pp April 2013 / 449 of Plantar Foot Pressure and Impulse in Various Shoe Types, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 22, No. 8, pp , ASTM No. F , Standard test method for shock attenuating properties of materials systems for athletic footwear, ASTM No. F911-86, Standard test method for flexibility of running shoes, An, E. S., Eom, G. M., and Lee, S. H., Analysis of Impulse under Foot in Various Shoes, Proc. of KSPE Autumn Conference, pp , Wiegerinck, J. I., Boyd, J., Yoder, J. C., Abbey, A. N., Nunley, J. A., and Queen, R. M., Differences in plantar loading between training shoes and racing flats at a self-selected running speed, Gait & Posture, Vol. 29, pp , Jung, S. G. and Lee, S. D., A study on anthropometric measurement and type classification of foot for the elderly, Journal of Korean Society of Design Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp , Lee, K. D., Kim, D. W., Yoo, J. H., Kim, K. H., Lee, T. Y., Park, K. S., Chung, G. S., and Park, S. B., Comparative analysis on gait patterns of the elderly and the young regarding to foot pressure, Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp , Wang, L., Li, J. X., Hong, Y., and He Zhou, J., Changes in heel cushioning characteristics of running shoes with running mileage, Footwear Science, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp , Majewski, C. E., Toon, D., Zarringhalam, H., Hopkinson, N., and Caine, M. P., Tailoring the mechanical properties of selective laser sintered parts, Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, Jung, J. Y., Kim, J. H., Kim, K., Won, Y. G., Kwon, D. K., Kim, J. J., and Trieu, P. H., Evaluation of insoleequipped ankle foot orthosis for effect on gait based on biomechanical analysis, Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp , Boulton, A. J., Hardisty, C. A., Betts, R. P., Franks, C. I., Worth, R. C., Ward, J. D., and Duckworth, T., Dynamic foot pressure and other studies as diagnostic and management aids in diabetic neuropathy, Diabetes Care, Vol. 6, pp , Jeong, B. Y. and Hah, H. B., The change of the foot pressure according to the material and height of the shoe insole during exercises, Korea Sports Research, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp , Park, C. C., The effects of hardness and thickness of midsole on the bending properties of footwear, Elastomers and Composites, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp , 2006.
아동용신발사이즈조절에따른생체역학적분석 Biomechanical Analysis of Size Adjustable Children s Shoes 박승범 *, 이경득 *, 이정호 *, 김대웅 *, 박상균 ** * ( 재 ) 부산경제진흥원신발산업진흥센터, ** 캘거리대학교
아동용신발사이즈조절에따른생체역학적분석 Biomechanical Analysis of Size Adjustable Children s Shoes 박승범 *, 이경득 *, 이정호 *, 김대웅 *, 박상균 ** * ( 재 ) 부산경제진흥원신발산업진흥센터, ** 캘거리대학교 교신저자 : 박승범 (sbpark@kfiglobal.or.kr) ABSTRACT 본연구에서는성장기아동성장속도에맞추어변화하는발사이즈를고려하여신발을알맞은사이즈로맞추어착용할수있도록전후신발사이즈조절이가능한신발을개발하여발과신발의크기변화가발의생체역학적영향에어떠한영향을미치는지에대해관찰하였다.
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More informationKinematic analysis of success strategy of YANG Hak Seon technique Joo-Ho Song 1, Jong-Hoon Park 2, & Jin-Sun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Scienc
Kinematic analysis of success strategy of technique JooHo Song 1, JongHoon Park 2, & JinSun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Science, 2 Catholic Kwandong University, 3 Yonsei University [Purpose] [Methods]
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method
More information<4D F736F F D E20BFF6C5B7C8ADC0C720C3E6B0DDC8EDBCF620BCBAB4C9C0C720BAF1B1B320C6F2B0A120B9D720B0B3BCB1B9E6BEC82E646F63>
워킹화의충격흡수성능의비교평가및개선방안 A Comparative Evaluation of Shock-absorbing Performance of Walking shoes and Suggestions 강민주 *, 이동춘 *, 부진후 ** * 동아대학교산업경영공학과 ** 비케이씨디엔이 교신저자 : 이동춘 (dclee@dau.ac.kr) ABSTRACT 신발과발은인간의보행그리고인간의신체에있어중요한역할을한다.
More information09È«¼®¿µ5~152s
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol.23, No.2, 2007, pp.45~52 Measurement of Backscattering Coefficients of Rice Canopy Using a Ground Polarimetric Scatterometer System Suk-Young Hong*, Jin-Young Hong**,
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More informationEffects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jun.; 27(6),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2016 Jun.; 27(6), 495 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.6.495 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Design
More informationÆ÷Àå82š
Lee, Kyungbae (E-mail : kblee6078@ex.co.kr) Lee, Jaehoon (E-mail : ranian74@ex.co.kr) Sohn, Duecksu (E-mail : mgsds@ex.co.kr) Kwon, Soonmin (E-mail : soonmini2@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The purpose
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More informationAnalysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ
Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More information<36395FB1E8BBF3C8AF2DC1F6B9DDC1B6B0C7B0FA20BDC5B9DFC0C720C1BEB7F9BFA12028BAAFB0E62E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 16, No. 4 pp. 2899-2905, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2015.16.4.2899 ISSN 1975-4701 / eissn 2288-4688 김상환 1*, 이혜윤 1, 김연덕 1 1 호서대학교토목공학과
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
한국소음진동공학회 2015추계학술대회논문집년 Study of Noise Pattern and Psycho-acoustics Characteristic of Household Refrigerator * * ** ** Kyung-Soo Kong, Dae-Sik Shin, Weui-Bong Jeong, Tae-Hoon Kim and Se-Jin Ahn Key Words
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More information<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 2 pp. 1051-1058, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.2.1051 멤리스터의 전기적 특성 분석을 위한 PSPICE 회로 해석 김부강 1, 박호종 2, 박용수 3, 송한정 1*
More information달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있
대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Sep.; 30(9),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2019 Sep.; 30(9), 712 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2019.30.9.712 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) MOS
More information03-서연옥.hwp
농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥
More information( )Kjhps043.hwp
Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,
More information09권오설_ok.hwp
(JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of
More informationAnalyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong
Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More information03이경미(237~248)ok
The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).
More informationMicrosoft PowerPoint - 발표자료(KSSiS 2016)
Sang Jun Kim, MD, PhD Application of 3D Printing in the Orthotic Fields Hallux Valgus, Charcot Marie Tooth, ADL Kit, Foot Insole, Wrist Pain, Foot Drop Development of Automated Program for Ankle Foot Orthosis
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More informationStudy on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Mar.; 28(3),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2017 Mar.; 28(3), 163 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2017.28.3.163 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) PCB
More information14.531~539(08-037).fm
G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked
More information9(3)-4(p ).fm
w wz J. Kor. Soc. Cloth. Ind. 9«3y, 2007 Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.319-326(2007) w xk x p w q w Analysis of Foot Characteristics According to the Classification of Foot Types of Junior High School Girls Ji-Young
More information<31372DB9CCB7A1C1F6C7E22E687770>
미래지향 고령친화 주거디자인을 위한 예비노인층의 라이프스타일 특성 Characteristics of Lifestyle of the Pre-Elderly for Future Elderly-friendly Housing Design 류 혜 지 청운대학교 인테리어디자인학과 교수 Ryu hye-ji Dept. of Interior Design, Chungwoon University
More information. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( )
. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ,. (, 2011),, 1980 5 49.9%, 4 (20.3%). 1985, 5 (39.0%), 4 (25.3%).
More information12.077~081(A12_이종국).fm
J. of Advanced Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No. 1 (2008) pp. 77-81 y w» e wx Á w œw Fabrication of Ceramic Batch Composition for Porcelain by Using Recycled Waste Ceramic Powder Hyun Guen Han, and
More information54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3
27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,
More informationISSN 제 3 호 치안정책연구 The Journal of Police Policies ( 제29권제3호 ) 치안정책연구소 POLICE SCIENCE INSTITUTE
11-1320082-000013-09 ISSN 1738-2963 2015 제 3 호 치안정책연구 The Journal of Police Policies 2015. 12 ( 제29권제3호 ) 치안정책연구소 POLICE SCIENCE INSTITUTE : 통학버스를중심으로 차례 전병주 * 최은영 ** Ⅰ. 서론 1) Ⅱ. 이론적배경 Ⅲ. 연구방법 Ⅳ. 연구결과
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis
More informationÆ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š
Cho, Mun Jin (E-mail: mjcho@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More information大 韓 不 姙 學 會 誌 : 第 27 卷 第 4 號 2000
클라이밍동작의족저압력분석을통한스포츠클라이밍화개발 Seung Bum Park 1 *, Kyung Deuk Lee 1, Kyung Hun Kim 1, Jong Jin Park 2, Sung Pyo Jun 3, Won Ho Ryu 3 1 Footwear Biomechanics Team, Footwear Industrial Promotion Center, Busan
More information:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )
:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More informationÀå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö
Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment
More information(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) ISSN 228
(JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) (Regular Paper) 1 1, 016 1 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.016.1.1.60 ISSN 87-9137 (Online) ISSN 16-7953 (Print) a), a) An Efficient Method
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More information27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :
27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT
More information367 족저압검사의유용성및방사선검사와의관련성 것으로보고되고있다. 1) 편평족의병리는전족부, 중족부, 후족부사이에복합적인변형이동반된다. 2) 대부분거종관절 (talocalcaneal joint), 설상중족관절 (cuneiform-metatarsal joint) 부분에서내
366 pissn : 1226-2102, eissn : 2005-8918 Original Article J Korean Orthop Assoc 2014; 49: 366-373 http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2014.49.5.366 www.jkoa.org 소아의유연성편평족환아에서족저압검사방법의유용성과방사선검사와의관련성 설영준 정성택 양현기
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency
More information433대지05박창용
Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social
More information???? 1
The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial
More information<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>
기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를
More information스포츠과학 143호 내지.indd
https simtk.org,, sanghyuk0620@kspo.or.kr.... 48 SPORT SCIENCE . 33 55% 1 2 Iwamoto and Takeda 2003 3 1 3.......?... 4 SPORT SCIENCE 1. 2 3 12 16 3 6.. 5 strain gauge. 1970. 6 1) Brukner, P., Bradshaw,
More information<353420B1C7B9CCB6F52DC1F5B0ADC7F6BDC7C0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120BEC6B5BFB1B3C0B0C7C1B7CEB1D7B7A52E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 13, No. 2 pp. 866-871, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.2.866 증강현실을 이용한 아동교육프로그램 모델제안 권미란 1*, 김정일 2 1 나사렛대학교 아동학과, 2 한세대학교 e-비즈니스학과
More information10(3)-10.fm
w y wz 10«3y 259~264 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment w gj p p y Á Á½k * w m œw Á* w y œw (2010 9 28, 2010 10 12 k) Characteristics of Antiwashout Underwater Concrete for Reduction
More information歯1.PDF
200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)
More information03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö
25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo
More information878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu
한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Dec.; 27(12),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2016 Dec.; 27(12), 1036 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.12.1036 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online)
More information인문사회과학기술융합학회
Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement
More information(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re
EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern
More information<313630313032C6AFC1FD28B1C7C7F5C1DF292E687770>
양성자가속기연구센터 양성자가속기 개발 및 운영현황 DOI: 10.3938/PhiT.25.001 권혁중 김한성 Development and Operational Status of the Proton Linear Accelerator at the KOMAC Hyeok-Jung KWON and Han-Sung KIM A 100-MeV proton linear accelerator
More informationMicrosoft Word - P02.doc
전자제품 설계를 위한 가독성 평가 Legibility evaluation for the letter sizing of an electronic product 박세진 *, 이준수 *, 강덕희 *, 이현자 ** * 한국표준과학연구원, ** ACE침대 교신저자: 박세진(sjpark@kriss.re.kr) ABSTRACT Size of suitable letter
More information<31325FB1E8B0E6BCBA2E687770>
88 / 한국전산유체공학회지 제15권, 제1호, pp.88-94, 2010. 3 관내 유동 해석을 위한 웹기반 자바 프로그램 개발 김 경 성, 1 박 종 천 *2 DEVELOPMENT OF WEB-BASED JAVA PROGRAM FOR NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF PIPE FLOW K.S. Kim 1 and J.C. Park *2 In general,
More informationA Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More information27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability
27 2, 71-90. 2009. 3 * ** 3, 3,. B 2003 4 2004 2.,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability Development) ** ( : heyjun@gmail.com) 72 한국교육문제연구제
More informationYI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w
497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More information-07-......
A Depth Interview on Qualification, Role, and Professionalism of Infant/Toddler Teachers Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University Associate Professor : Ahn, Sun Hee Department of Early
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on the Opti
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.127-148 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/11024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.127 A Study on the Optimization of Appropriate Hearing-impaired Curriculum Purpose:
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social
More information04_이근원_21~27.hwp
1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일
More informationMicrosoft Word - 9. 운줂싎 장쟆민
1 아웃도어워킹화개발을위한근피로도및지면반력의생체역학적분석 2 3 4 The Biomechanical Analysis on Muscle Fatigue and GRF for Outdoor Walking Shoes Development 5 6 7 Young-Min Jang 1 Joong-Sook Lee 2 Jong-Ok Yang 2 Bom-Jin Lee 2 8 9
More informationThe characteristic analysis of winners and losers in curling: Focused on shot type, shot accuracy, blank end and average score SungGeon Park 1 & Soowo
The characteristic analysis of winners and losers in curling: Focused on shot type, shot accuracy, blank end and average score SungGeon Park 1 & Soowon Lee 2 * 1 Program of Software Convergence, Soongsil
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: NCS : G * The Analy
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.133-158 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.133 NCS : G * The Analysis of the Cognitive Level of Basic Job Skills of Specialized
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More informationV V V α Azam, M. Z. M. & Park, Dong-Ho (2012). The relationship between Digit Ratio(2D:4D) and Physical Fitness in Children. Journal of Korean Society of Living Environmental System, 19(1), 101-110.
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.335-363 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.335 Awareness, Supports in Need, and Actual Situation on the Curriculum Reconstruction
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Sep.; 26(10),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Sep.; 26(10), 907 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.10.907 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Prediction
More information(01) hwp
Journal of Life Science 2013 Vol. 23. No. 2. 157~166 ISSN (Print) 1225-9918 ISSN (Online) 2287-3406 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2013.23.2.157 α μ δ κ 158 생명과학회지 2013, Vol. 23. No. 2 Journal of
More information975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호
Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology
More informationPJTROHMPCJPS.hwp
제 출 문 농림수산식품부장관 귀하 본 보고서를 트위스트 휠 방식 폐비닐 수거기 개발 과제의 최종보고서로 제출 합니다. 2008년 4월 24일 주관연구기관명: 경 북 대 학 교 총괄연구책임자: 김 태 욱 연 구 원: 조 창 래 연 구 원: 배 석 경 연 구 원: 김 승 현 연 구 원: 신 동 호 연 구 원: 유 기 형 위탁연구기관명: 삼 생 공 업 위탁연구책임자:
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jun.; 27(6),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2016 Jun.; 276), 504511. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2016.27.6.504 ISSN 1226-3133 Print)ISSN 2288-226X Online) Near-Field
More information,......
The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of
More information자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jul.; 27(7),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 16 Jul.; 27(7), 64662. http://dx.doi.org/./kjkiees.16.27.7.646 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226 (Online) 2D Microwave Image
More information10(3)-09.fm
w y wz 10«3y 253~258 (2010.12.) Journal of Korean Society of Urban Environment ³ w Á» Á Á y w y œw (2010 11 22, 2010 12 9 k) Study on Determine of Detention Pond in Small Developed Area In-Soo Chang ½
More information45-51 ¹Ú¼ø¸¸
A Study on the Automation of Classification of Volume Reconstruction for CT Images S.M. Park 1, I.S. Hong 2, D.S. Kim 1, D.Y. Kim 1 1 Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, 2 Dept. of Radiology,
More information<28BCF6BDC320323031352D31332920B0E6B1E2B5B520C1F6BFAABAB020BFA9BCBAC0CFC0DAB8AE20C1A4C3A520C3DFC1F8C0FCB7AB5FC3D6C1BE2830312E3036292E687770>
수시과제 2015-13 경기도 지역별 여성일자리 정책 추진 전략 연구책임자 : 최 윤 선 (본원선임연구위원) : 남 승 연 (본원연구위원) 연 구 지 원 : 이 상 아 (본원위촉연구원) 연 구 기 간 : 2015. 9 ~12 2015 발 간 사 여성 일자리는 사회 내 여성과 남성간의 차이를 좁히고 개개인의 삶을 윤택하게 만드는 중요 한 부분입니다. 이에 정부는
More informationγ
경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical
More information