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1 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Vol 4 No 3 pp (2007)» s w w ½ 2 Á 2 w BK2 w 2 w w x w A New Aspect in Cartilage Regeneration Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells Yun Hee Kim 2 and Jin Woo Lee 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery-29 2 Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea (Received: July ; Accepted: July )» s(msc) s s s s yw s in vitro p w y w» s w ƒ ùe y w s e ƒ w ƒ w š w w z e w nw nw y w w k x ù e wš ù e w y w k l y» j w ƒ s w s x k y š s w û t w» s w q w z s e se w y y»» y w g e ƒ w (Fig ) š» yw s» w w w ƒ w w *Tel: ; Fax: ljwos@yumcyonseiackr Figure (A) y w w e (B)» š» š w» s w ƒ w š ù ü ù w ÿ ww» w» s p q w w š w x œw s w d š w w r š w 2 2» s l x j q x ù y (Fig 2) 23» s s y ù ƒ x sƒ š s» y k sƒ l kw w y» 36

2 » s w w Figure 3 w s Figure 2» s l x w wš w j» e w s» y š s s x s w s yw» w s j ù l mw y w (Fig 2) 2 y» s y» s w w w» x r ¼ š s k z TGF-β y TGF-βs x (BMPs) w y k TGF-β w s y x s w w s y y y s y j»» w w s e (N-Cadherin) s (N- CAM) y» š yƒ w x š» q 45 š p (COMP) e g e y z» 2x g x xw y( ) x x x 22 y z» - y z» s yƒ ù z 2x wš x x ƒw x w x w w y ƒ s w ƒ 4 ü š wì x x ƒw š x w ƒ» s 67 s w x»» s w w x l yw w š š 23 y w s s w txx y k (Fig 3) 8 s» q s w w x y w ù w š š w ³x s» ( s k y) s yƒ s w x x MMP-3 l sp x zy x ùkù x w x » s w y x x 22 In vitro y w x x x w s x x 3 ù ü š r» s w y x ƒ x šwš TGF-β» s y x s p 2x x 300 ƒ jù x x w 60 ƒ j» w 4 x y ¼ r j w 3 y w» s(bmsc)» s(es cell) y s w x (Fig 4) 56 w x MMP-3 e s ql x wì ƒw» ƒ j 37

3 김윤희 이진우 타남을 보고하였다 이와 같이 줄기세포를 이용하여 특정 조직만을 유도하기 위해서는 해결해야 할 일들이 아직 많 이 남아있다 원하는 표현형 확인에만 그치는 것이 아니 라 그 외 조직 형성에 대한 가능성을 항상 염려해야 할 것이며 이러한 문제점이 해결되어야만 안전하고 유용한 세 포치료제 개발이 현실화 될 것이다 연골비대화의 억제 연구 위에서 언급한 바와 같이 연골비대화는 최근 연골 재생 을 위한 줄기세포의 이용에 큰 제한점으로 인식되고 있다 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 노력이 일부 연구 결과에서 보고된 바 있다 성장인자 종류에 따라 제 형 교원질 유 전자 발현을 억제하고자 하였으며 와 를비 교하였을 경우 가 제 형 교원질은 증가시키고 제 형 교원질 발현은 최소화하였다 뿐만 아니라 는 골아 세포의 표현형인 의 발현도 현저히 억제시켰 다 그러나 어떠한 기전으로 에 의한 및제 형 교원질 합성은 억제되고 연골 분화는 촉진되는지 아 직 밝히지는 못하였다 이러한 다양한 성장인자의 사용뿐 만 아니라 생체재료에 대한 비대화 억제효과가 보고된 바 있다 세포는 생체재료 표면의 화학적 특징에 매우 민감 하게 반응하며 이는 곧 세포내 다양한 신호로 전달되어 새 로운 조직을 형성하는데에 영향을 미친다 이미 오래전부터 교원질을 코팅한 재료 위에서 골아세포의 분화 및 증식이 촉진되는 결과가 보고된 바 있다 이와 같이 재료의 스 크리닝을 통해 제 형 교원질 발현이 최소화되는 방법을 모색하고자 하였고 그 결과 질소도입 고분자필름에서 중 간엽 줄기세포를 연골세포로 분화시킬 때 제 형 교원질 합성 및 알칼라인 포스파테이즈 발현이 분화 일까지 억 제되었다 그러나 제 형 교원질은 억제되지 못한 한계 를 보였다 이러한 연구 결과는 표면처리 기술이 세포의 분화 조절에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 증명한 것에 그 의미를 둘 수 있으며 향후 연골 재생에 있어서 비대화를 개선시키기 위한 연구가 더욱 활발히 진행되어야 할 것이 다 연골 비대 조절 기전 줄기세포로부터 유도된 연골세포는 앞서 서술한 바와 같 은 제한점을 가지고 있으며 이는 많은 장점을 가지고 있 는 줄기세포의 이면이기도 하다 그럼 우리는 다음과 같 은 의문을 제시할 수 있을 것이며 이에 대해 살펴보고자 한다 연골비대는 어떤 인자에 의해 어떻게 조절 받는 것 인가 줄기세포로부터 분화된 연골세포와는 달리 관절 연골 세포는 생체내에서 왜 비대화를 유발하지 않는 것인가 8 23 BMP-2 줄기세포로부터 연골 분화시 제 형 교원질의 발현 Micromass culture를 이용한 설치류의 배아 줄기세포에서 연골세 포 분화시 표현형 확인 (A) 및 성인 골수 유래 중간엽 줄기세포 로부터 alginate bead culture를 이용한 연골 분화 (B) COL II: 제 2형 교원질 COL X: 제 형 교원질 OC: osteocalcin BMP-4 Figure 4 BMP BMP-4 Cbfa- BMP-4 Cbfa- 기 될 수 있는 것이다 즉 우리가 환자의 연골을 재생시 키기 위하여 세포치료제를 사용할 경우 생체내에서 연골 특이적 성질이 아닌 비정상적인 유전자 발현이 유도 되고 연골세포의 비대현상이 생긴다면 연골이 아닌 골로 대체 될 수도 있기 때문이며 최근 세계적으로 이러한 현상을 이해하고자 하는 연구가 시작되고 있다 연골비대화 관절 연골세포는 골 관절염이 진행되면서 제 형 교원 질및 증가 및 제 형 교원질의 억제 등 비대 화와 유사한 유전자적 변형을 초래한다 즉 환경에 의해 비대화등 그들의 고유 표현형이 언제든지 변화될 수 있다 는 것을 의미한다 그러나 실제 많은 연구결과에서 관절 연골 세포를 누드마우스의 근육이나 피부에 이식하였을 경 우 연골세포는 고유의 연골조직을 형성하며 혈관 유입이 나 석회화가 일어나지 않음을 보여주고 있다 반대로 탈 분화된 연골세포는 섬유연골을 형성하는 것으로 보아 생 체내에서 얼마나 정상 연골과 유사한 연골이 형성이 되느 냐는 어떤 세포를 이식하느냐 세포의 분화 단계를 어떻 게 조절하느냐에 달려있다고 할 수 있다 최근처럼 줄기 세포를 이용할 경우 세포 특성의 중요성은 더욱 커지게 되며 세포의 분화 조절은 더욱 복잡하게 된다 최근 연구 보고에 의하면 관절 연골세포를 이식한 경우에는 안정적 인 정상연골을 형성하지만 중간엽 줄기세포로부터 분화된 연골세포는 생체내에서 연골의 특징 뿐만 아니라 석회화 혈 관 유입 및 제 형 교원질의 합성이 매우 두드러지게 나 In vivo MMP ? 2 4 2? 38

4 » s w w 24 -Runx2 (cbfa) DEC (Cbfa-) š Runx 2 x w x Runx runt DNA w ƒ š Runx2 smad ƒ ww x wì w s w w w Cbfa- s p w s yw» xw s y j v ƒ TGF-β s y w TGF-β w y y smad3ƒ cbfa- ww smad3 w cbfa- y k s p l e x k e y Runx 2 x v l ww š in vitro in vivo Runx 2 w x x š w Runx 2 x x MMP3 x ƒ k s y g Runx2 wì Runx3 x k yx x w š Indian hedgehog (Ihh) x Runx 2 Ihh x w s y w š DEC Basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) DEC mrna x q s x y 8 l ƒw ATDC5 s l y j 4 l x ƒ DEC x s 2x e x ƒ x x wì ƒ g DEC y» z»¾ w w 242 s»» s» s y s xk w w j ƒ š w» w w 38 ww w ñ w w s d w š txx y s š ù v d y ƒ» ƒ ù x ù zy w s» DNA py z w x w 2223 p xw py w x s» s y s x y ƒ py w ƒ DNA py» w l x w z MMP- 3 x ƒƒ DNA py w ƒ š š x w» s w se ù e y e w j» š 75 š 85 % m š w w w w ù w e ƒ y» s ƒ w w» s x y k wì w k x w w s r x z x mw x w x» s w w ùkû y»»» s w y j» w w w ƒ¾ k w x» š y w ƒ w z w w š ƒ» w w y w z š w se»» 26 : 2» v p s (SC3020) w š x JH Cho SH Kim KD Park et al Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells using a thermosensitive poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) and water-soluble chitosan 39

5 ½ Á copolymer Biomaterials (2004) 2 BK Hall T Miyake All for one and one for all: condensations and the initiation of skeletal development Bioessays (2000) 3 JY Lee JS Lee YS Son Morphological and histological characteristics for various types of cartilages Tissue Eng Med 404 (2006) 4 S Tavella P Raffo C Tacchetti et al N-CAM and N-cadherin expression during in vitro chondrogenesis Exp Cell Res (994) 5 J Chimal-Monroy L Diaz de Leon Expression of N-cadherin N-CAM fibronectin and tenascin is stimulated by TGF-beta beta2 beta3 and beta5 during the formation of precartilage condensations Int J Dev Biol (999) 6 HL Ma SC Hung SY Lin et al Chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in alginate beads J Biomed Mater Res A (2003) 7 F Mwale D Stachura P Roughley et al Limitations of using aggrecan and type X collagen as markers of chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation J Orthop Res (2006) 8 LJ Sandell T Aigner Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis An introduction: cell biology of osteoarthritis Arthritis Res 3 7 (200) 9 I Girkontaite S Frischholz P Lammi et al Immunolocalization of type X collagen in normal fetal and adult osteo-arthriticcartilage with monoclonal antibodies Matrix Biol 5 23 (996) O Pullig G Weseloh S Gauer et al Osteopontin is expressed by adult human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: protein and mrna analysis of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage Matrix Biol (2000) L Kevorkian DA Young C Darrah et al Expression profiling of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in cartilage Arthritis Rheum 50 3 (2004) 2 T Kirsch B Swoboda H Nah et al Activation of annexin II and V expression terminal differentiation mineralization and apoptosis in human osteoarthritic cartilage Osteoarthritis Cartilage (2000) 3 C Karlsson C Brantsing T Svensson et al Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells and articular chondrocytes: analysis of chondrogenic potential and expression pattern of differentiation-related transcription factors J Orthop Res (2007) 4 I Sekiya JT Vuoristo BL Larson et al In vitro cartilage formation by human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma defines the sequence of cellular and molecular events during chondrogenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci (2002) 5 S Ichinose K Yamagata I Sekiya et al Detailed examination of cartilage formation and endochondral ossification using human mesenchymal stem cells Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol (2005) 6 CG James CT Appleton V Ulici et al Microarray analyses of gene expression during chondrocyte differentiation identifies novel regulators of hypertrophy Mol Biol Cell (2005) 7 F Dell'Accio C De Bari FP Luyten Molecular markers predictive of the capacity of expanded human articular chondrocytes to form stable cartilage in vivo Arthritis Rheum (200) 8 K Pelttari A Winter E Steck et al Premature induction of hypertrophy during in vitro chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells correlates with calcification and vascular invasion after ectopic transplantation in SCID mice Arthritis Rheum (2006) 9 A Steinert M Weber A Dimmler et al Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells encapsulated in ultrahigh-viscosity alginate J Orthop Res 2 90 (2003) 20 RM Salasznyk WA Williams A Boskey et al Adhesion to vitronectin and collagen I promotes osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells J Biomed Biotechnol (2004) 2 F Mwale PL Girard-Lauriault HT Wang et al Suppression of genes related to hypertrophy and osteogenesis in committed human mesenchymal stem cells cultured on novel nitrogen-rich plasma polymer coatings Tissue Eng (2006) 22 AD Riggs DNA methylation and cell memory Cell Biophys 5 (989) 23 A Bird DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory Genes Dev 6 6 (2002) 24 HI Roach T Aigner DNA methylation in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: a new molecular target Osteoarthritis Cartilage 5 28 (2007) 25 HI Roach N Yamada KS Cheung et al Association between the abnormal expression of matrix-degrading enzymes by human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and demethylation of specific CpG sites in the promoter regions Arthritis Rheum 52 3 (2005) 26 GS Khang MS Kim HB Lee et al Scaffolds for tissue engineering Tissue Eng Med 376 (2006) 320

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