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1 J. of the Korean Sensors Society Vol. 19, No. 4 (2010) pp y x f w p j q v mg sƒ Á *Á«kw**Á **, Design and evaluation of wireless sensor network routing protocol for home healthcare Seung-Chul Lee, Yong-Su Seo*, Tae-Ha Kwon**, and Wan-Young Chung**, Abstract A home healthcare system based wireless sensor network, which can continuously monitor and manage the elderly's electrocardiogram(ecg) signal at any space at home without space limit is proposed. The communication coverage of wireless network is expended by multi-hop wireless sensor network. In order to send the elderly s ECG data wirelessly, a small size ECG sensor node was designed to forward the ECG data over multi-hop relay network. The packet acquired by mobile ECG node is transmitted through wireless intermediate nodes to base station for analyzing the packet reception rate. Modified minimum cost forwarding(mmcf) protocol and flooding protocol are designed and implemented to check the transmission efficiency of a packet in a wireless sensor network. The developed MMCF protocol shows an advantage of high reception rate by reduced network traffic. Key Words : tele-healthcare, healthcare monitoring, routing protocol, wireless sensor network 1. d y l wš,» l,, š l š ƒ ù w l ƒ w il x f w k ƒ š.»» y w š y ƒš. ü y l w y d l d rw w w w m y»ƒ w ƒ š. 30 %~90 %¾ w. m» w y x m, x»» f w v š [1,2]. p m w k(dead m» w»» (elec- spot)ƒ w. y w trocardiogram), x (blood pressure), x (blood sugar), l w w w. sy (SpO2) y d l ƒ w w w» w w w œw (Department of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School, Pukyong National University) * w œw (Department of Electronic Engineering, Dongseo University) ** w œw (Department of Electronic Engineering, Pukyong National University) Corresponding author : wychung@pknu.ac.kr (Received : March 9, 2010, Revised : May 20, June 21, 2010 Accepted : July 5, 2010) s p e w,» j ƒw [3,4]. y š p j», m» y l [5-7] ¾ y š. w, p j w ³ v e g d w» š. 297
![40 Á Á«kwÁ py q v mg w» š [8], x y w. w, il x f w» w x f q v mg wš [9,10] e š. w,» q v mg w k y ƒ û ƒ [11]. w, y l ¼» š, Fig. 1. Architecture of the proposed home healthcare system. y, y š v w w.](/docs-images/64/51162281/images/2-0.jpg "š š v y y l artifact) yƒ y sw» x f w 100 v x l z qk ƒ w [12]. y y w» w y y y ƒ r š, ƒ (, p, y ) w y y. w. x f w v v mg p j y p j» v w w» w x w» w e, w š v w l p v y w ù l ƒ» [13]. w qk l w.")
2 40 Á Á«kwÁ py q v mg w» š [8], x y w. w, il x f w» w x f q v mg wš [9,10] e š. w,» q v mg w k y ƒ û ƒ [11]. w, y l ¼» š, Fig. 1. Architecture of the proposed home healthcare system. y, y š v w w. š š v y y l artifact) yƒ y sw» x f w 100 v x l z qk ƒ w [12]. y y w» w y y y ƒ r š, ƒ (, p, y ) w y y. w. x f w v v mg p j y p j» v w w» w x w» w e, w š v w l p v y w ù l ƒ» [13]. w qk l w. x w x f l d l w ƒ š. w w l w l w» w ƒƒ l ful w s (MMCF) v mg l. w ful xw. v mg» ü y l y z y ƒƒ ew l PC l x w x py» qk (packet reception rate) s z fp w w ƒw. w y ƒ p j. w ful qk w q w» w w y e p x xw. qk w l 2. l» w. y» y lr l 2.2. l Fig. 2 y z w x (a), l w Fig. 1 l (b) l ful w w y x f l š l (c) w. d l w x w š. (mobile ecg node), l lr, v, m w (intermediate node), l w 3 V p l ƒ w w l (base station), y l, qk. Fig. 2(a) x, w ful y» w s. z w w, v ú w (motion - l f p» ƒ wz 19«4y,
3 y x f w p j q v mg sƒ 41 Fig. 2. Block diagrams of mobile ECG node(a), intermediate node(b), base station(c). Fig. 3. Sketch of Burst transmission.. p(burst)» ƒ(ecg slice) l w j r wš wù qk l w qk ƒ. Fig. 3 2 p l» w 20 p w p w š y x f w q v mg ful x y y j» w wš, d y x f q v mg p j mw l š w. Fig. 4(a) l w v v mg p j š.» v ƒƒ ƒ l w». l w s š w. w» y(ad-hoc)». v» e pw w š. v (implosion) š w. w, qk w vƒ v lƒ p j ñ ƒ. v v mg qk w v w» w qk p i y wš w qk w [13]. w qk w y e p(hop count or TTL) w w lƒ s ú y 12 bit l y w. w, 10 s e Fig. 2(b) p j x z qk s» w w. Fig. 4(a) v wš l w mg 3 A qk q.» f k w.» v. (beacon message) w w, v v mg» F A qk 1 l s w. Fig. 2(c)» 1 p j l w w. ful x p, ù w x l œw. w, v v mg» w w, m (RS-232) w qk w ful l w w. p j p v»w x ƒ l ƒ. w, ƒƒ v l w qk x f w v v w, qk mg jš y š w» z k v s (minimum cost forwarding or MCF)» w MCF» MMCF v mg xw. MCF w IDù 299 J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No. 4, 2010
4 42 Á Á«kwÁ Fig. 4. Home healthcare routing protocols: Flooding (a), MMCF (b). w ww q š [14].» MCF v mg (source node or mobile ECG node) l (base station) ¾ s w w» sƒ. w MMCF q v mg l l w w w» w MCF» w w m ƒ w. x f MMCF v mg xwš,» l p w x qk w w. w l PC l ƒ w w w. Fig. 4 (b) fulƒ w LQI(link quality indicator) F w š, l l w š. LQI d CC2420 m [15] l qk y» Fig. 4(b), F LQI w wš, w 204 w. MMCF» ql k w s z w ƒ. w F w» w w A, 5, 4, 3 l l w w. 3. x 3.1. q v mg x 2.3 w y x f q v mg w x» w. x ü e w w, w l z w» w x f q v mg xw. Fig. 5 x TinyOS xw v v mg x fp y y g l w l ƒ v p j z wš, w» š. fs p HealthcareM, Flooding answers router, Flooding questions router, ECGC, QueuedSend, GenericComm w. ƒƒ fs p ƒ š lr x fs p y œwš, w wz 19«4y,
5 y x f w p j q v mg sƒ 43 Fig. 5. System architecture of flooding protocol. Fig. 6. System architecture of MMCF protocol.. "ECGC" fs p lr z w ú y 12 bit l y z w w, w Radio Power_ yw. w l l Control_Mobile or Intermediate node z w» w HealthcareM 2 p 100 ù x q»(radio fremsec» 10 v wš r w quence) 3~31¾ w w q» w. z 20 byte l w. Flooding answers router fs p Fig. 6 l z Fig. 5, fs p w v m w l x fp l l w q v mg w w. v v mg» x l PC l w w» w» ECGC, QueuedSend, GenericComm w ƒ w. Fig. 5 5ƒ { k(idle), y y k(active), v (sample rate), k (select channel), q (power control) k Idle Status_Mobile or Intermediate node w { k yw. w Active Status_Mobile or Intermediate node w { k y y k, y y x UPDATE_BEACON ù w v (50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz) y w w q x w w» w Sample Rate_Mobile_Node w. w w. ƒƒ v Fig. 7» v v mg v w p w k x f q v mg w x f ƒ w v q w. Select_Channel_Mobile_Node š. Fig. 6 fs p HealthcareM, MMCF answers router, MMCF questions router,. HealthcareM fs p x w. 6ƒ š, f (beacon control), { k(idle), y y k š, { k(idle), y (active), q (power control) k 4ƒ y k(active), q (power_control) k 3ƒ. MMCF answers. e router fs p f» w ù x w w ƒ w. w f»ƒ ¼ š x w x q ˆ ¼ w q x w ƒ. w. ful l l ¾ ü l ý l»y k. š r kw v w (origin_node sequence number)ƒ, y 301 J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No. 4, 2010
6 44 Á Á«kwÁ Fig. 7. System architecture of flooding protocol. e p q z ù ( l ) origin_node sequence number w w. š idƒ l ww w. w idƒ l id q z ww s w w.»y jš,, y e p y wš, w z w w. Fig. 8 v v mg p j p v l wš, p j y w xw MMCF v mg š. ful l w š, IDƒ l q w l ww w, l l LQI ( l kw. š q w wwš s w w. ƒ š, j p. š q w w jš, s w w x Fig. 8. Flowchart of MMCF protocol. Fig. 9. Nodes deployment in indoor environment. x w (2y ) ewš v mg qk d w. Fig. 9 2y 4d š. ü l 50 Cm e ew. 7 )»y k s, ü 2 ew š, k. w 20 m, ¼ ƒ 60 m. 2418y f ƒ y z j ul l RS-232 f x j w ƒ w. l ü x fp w, l w. x l l 1.5 m e w š, 2 3» x 7 m, 14 m, 21 m 28 m, 35 m, 42 m, 50 m 7 m e xw x Table 1 2 v MMCF» x l l PC¾ qk wz 19«4y,
7 y x f w p j q v mg sƒ 45 Table 1. The packet reception rate for mobile ECG node of flooding protocol Distance the deployed spaces Total packets received Total packet drops Total packets Packet reception rate(%) 1.5 m Room m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway Hops Table 2. The packet reception rate for mobile ECG node of MMCF protocol Distance the deployed spaces Total packets received Total packet drops Total packets Packet reception rate(%) 1.5 m Room m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway m Hallway Hops w œ š. v» l ƒ¾ x d 100 % ù ü d w s³ qk 40 %. w, x ƒ 21 m e 14 m(28 m 31 m) qk. ü y y j»ƒ w». x f v v mg v l w w w 9 ƒ p j w p j p v. MMCF v mg (2418) 100 % š, s³ 99.5 %. Fig. 10. The packet Reception rate for hop count. v mg 7 y 48 % qk, MMCF v mg 7y x sƒ 96.5 % œ ƒ. Fig. 11 MMCF v mg» x ƒ ü qk p j w 50 m e l PC w qx š, p w l w v» x ƒ 35 m e qk p j p v k. l PC w qx š. Fig. 10 y e p qk œ y 100 v w 10 š. x w l w, l PC 10 l 1~7 ¾ 5 m e qx y w. MMCF 99 % w 1y l 7y p j x w w y qx w š, v y qk d w. v 37 % û qk w J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No. 4, 2010
8 46 Á Á«kwÁ w ƒ ƒ w w. x f ww q v mg sƒ w» w l ƒ wš qk ƒ w v f xw. w MMCF v p j p v k q v mg qk. w ful x w w» w f» w. Fig. 11. ECG waveform for comparing protocols ( w» ) w w ( ). Fig. 12. ECG waveform for each sampling rates. š qx y w. Fig Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz x v ECG qx š. Fig. 12(a), 1 l 50 Hz 10 v w QRS ùkù, Pq Tq yƒ š y y w. Fig. 12(b), (c) 100 Hz 200 Hz qx š, 100 Hz 200 Hz P q, QRS, T qx w ùkù y w. p j y y l x f w 100 Hz v w. 4. y x f l w» w ü ew py x ym ƒ w w. w l PC l x š x [1] S. Koch, Home telehealth current state and future trends, International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol. 75, Issue 8, pp , [2] M. Rigby, Applying emergent ubiquitous technologies in health: The need to respond to new challenges of opportunity, expectation, and responsibility, International Journal of Medical Informatics, vol. 76, Supplement 3, pp. S349-S352, [3] T. Bratan, M. Clarke, R. Jones, A. Larkworthy, and R. Paul, Evaluation of the practical feasibility and acceptability of home monitoring in residential homes, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol. 11, Supplement 1, pp , [4] U. Varshney, Patient monitoring using infrastructure-oriented wireless LANs, International Journal of Electronic Healthcare, vol. 2, no. 2, pp , [5] A. Milenkovic, C. Otto, and E. Jovanov, Wireless sensor networks for personal health monitoring: Issues and an implementation, Computer Communications, vol. 29, Issues 13-14, pp , [6] K. Lorincz, D. J. Malan, R.F. Jones, A. Nawoj, A. Clavel, V. Shnayder, G. Mainland, and M. Welsh, Sensor networks for emergency response: Challenges and opportunities, IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 3, Issue 4, pp , [7] S.-H. Toh, S.-C. Lee, H.-J. Lee, and K.-H. Do, Mobile u-healthcare system in IEEE WSN and CDMA network environments, J. Kor. wz 19«4y,
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