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1 ISSN X / eissn 한국지진공학회논문집 21권 3호 ( 통권제116호 ) EESK J Earthquake Eng Vol. 21 No. 3, 년 5월 간략하고정확한장방형각형강관가새부재이력거동예측위한해석모델 Simple and Accurate Analytical Model for Predicting Cyclic Behavior of Rectangular Steel HSS Braces 한상환 1) * 성민수 2) 마동준 1) Han, Sang Whan 1) * Sung, Min Soo 2) Mah, Dongjun 1) 1) 한양대학교건축공학과, 2) 일리노이공과대학교토목공학과 1) Department of Architecture, Hanyang University, 2) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign / A B S T R A C T / The objective of this study is to propose a simple and accurate analytical model for HSS braces. For this purpose, a physical theory model is adopted. Rectangular hollow section steel (HSS) braces are considered in this study. To accurately simulate the cyclic behavior of braces using the physical theory model, empirical equations calculating constituent parameters are implemented on the analytical model, which were proposed in the companion paper. The constituent parameters are cyclic brace growth, cyclic buckling load, and the incidence of local buckling and fracture. The analytical model proposed in this study was verified by comparing actual and simulated cyclic curves of brace specimens. It is observed that the proposed model accurately simulates the cyclic behavior of the braces throughout whole response range. Key words: analytical model, physical theory, parameters, response, cyclic behavior 1. 서론 가새골조시스템은풍하중이나지진하중과같은횡하중에대하여우수한저항성을나타내어지진력저항시스템 (Seismic Force Resisting System) 으로널리사용되어왔다 (Fell et al., 2009). 현행내진설계기준에서는가새골조를보통중심가새골조 (Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame, OCBF) 와특수중심가새골조 (Special Concentrically Braced Frame, SCBF) 로분류하고있다 (ASCE 7-10, 2010). 가새골조의내진성능은가새부재의이력특성에큰영향을받는다. 지진하중하에서가재부재는반복적으로인장과압축을받게되어국부좌굴, 항복, 파단으로이어지게된다. 장방형각형강관 (Hollow structural sections) 가새부재는다른동일한단면적을가지는압연단면에비해높은회전반경을가짐으로서국부좌굴에대해우수한저항성을가진다 (Bruneau et al., 2011). 이와같은효율적 *Corresponding author: Han, Sang Whan swhan@hanyang.ac.kr (Received February 24, 2017; Revised April 18, 2017; Accepted April 20, 2017) 인단면특성으로인해가새부재로널리사용되어왔다. 장방형각형강관가새부재의이력거동을연구하기위하여여러실험이진행되어왔다 (Black et al., 1980; Lee and Goel, 1987; Shaback, 2001; Han et al., 2007; Fell et al., 2009). 선행연구 (Han et al., 2007) 에서장방형각형강관가새부재의이력거동을연구하기위하여정가력과부가력시대칭적인반복하중을가하는실험을수행하였다 (Fig. 1). 이연구에서는다양한판폭두께비 ( ) 와다양한세장비 ( ) 를가진 10개의냉간성형장방형각형강관가새부재실험체들을반복하중하에실험을수행하였다. 실험체의판폭두께비 () 는보통중심가새골조와특수중심가새골조의경계가되는 18을중심으로다양하게선정하였으며, 실험체의설계및상세는 AISC LRFD Manual (2005) 을따랐다. 선행연구에서 (Han et al., 2007) 는판폭두께비 () 와세장비 () 가장방형각형강관가새부재의이력거동에영향을미친다고보고했다. 특히부재의판폭두께비가감소함에따라초기국부좌굴의시작이지연되고파단수명이증가하였다. 세가지의파단모드 (L모드, O-L모드, O모드 ) 가전역좌굴및국부좌굴이발생하는순서와정도를기반으로제안되었다. 폭두께비 11에서 18 사이의범위를가지는실험체에서는변형율이가새부재의끝 145

2 한국지진공학회논문집 21 권 3 호 ( 통권제 116 호 ) May 2017 Fig. 1. Experimental setup(loading history, test setting(han et al., 2007)) 부분과중간부에더고르게분포되었다. 이러한고른분포로인해위의실험체들은다른실험체들에비해반복하중에더큰저항성을가진다. 또한 Black et al., (1980) 과 Shaback (2001) 의연구에서도폭두께비와세장비가장방형각형강관가새부재의이력거동에영향을주는중요한요인으로보고하였다. 가새골조의신뢰도높은내진성능평가를위해서는가새부재가초기의탄성거동부터파단에이르기까지의이력특성을예측할수있는정확한해석모델이필요하다. 가새부재의정확한이력특성을예측하기위하여선행연구자들에의해제안된가새부재의해석모델은크게세가지로나눌수있다 : 현상학적모델 (phenomenological model), 물리적이론모델 (physical theory model), 유한요소모델 (finite element model) (Mazzolani and Gioncu, 2000). 현상학적모델은반복가력실험을통해얻어진가새부재의이력특성을경험적인접근을통해단순화하여모사하는모델이다. 가새부재에대한현상학적모델은여러연구자들에의해개발되었다 (Higginbothan and Hanson 1976; Ikeda et al., 1984; Jain et al., 1977, 1978; Jain and Goel 1978; Maison and Popov 1980). 현상학적모델의장점은간단하고계산량이적다는점이다. 하지만실험결과를통한해석모델개발의교정 (calibration) 이필수적이며, 교정에사용된실험결과외에는해석모델의정확도가크게떨어질수있다는한계점이존재한다. 물리적이론모델은간략화된이론적공식을바탕으로가새부재의반복적비탄성거동을모사한다는특징이있다 (Zayas et al., 1981; Gugerli and Goel 1982; Ikeda and Mahin 1984; Nonaka 1987, 1989; Soroushian and Alawa 1990; Jin and Tawil 2003; Dicleli and Calik 2008). 물리적이론모델은가새에서발생하는비선형이력거동을소수의스프링요소에집중시킴으로서계산량을줄이고효율적인결과를낼수있다 ( 예를들어 2개의 보- 기둥요소와한개의비선형스프링요소를가새부재의중앙에배치 ). 하지만기존에제안된물리적이론모델중에서가새부재에서발생하는가새부재길이증가 (brace growth), 사이클별좌굴강도, 국부좌굴그리고파단시점을제안한경우는존재하지않는다. 최근에는섬유단면요소 (fiber-section element) 를이용한가새부재의물리적이론모델에대한연구가진행되고있다 (Uriz 2005; Karamanci and Lignos 2014). 섬유단면요소는실제실험에서측정된가재부재의재료물성치 (material property) 를이용할수있기때문에이력거동의예측에있어현상학적모델에비해훨씬정확할수있다. 그러나섬유단면요소는가새파단의주요원인인국부좌굴로인한응력집중현상을정확히설명하지못한다 (Han et al., 2007). 또한섬유단면요소는현상학적모델이나스프링을이용한물리적이론모델에비해많은계산양이요구된다. 마지막으로유한요소모델은앞서설명한모델중에서가장정확하게가새부재의이력거동을모사할수있다 (Fujimoto et al.,, 1972; Kayvani and Barzegar, 1996; Mamaghani, 2005; Ding et al.,, 2008). 하지만유한요소모델을구성하기위해서는수많은입력매개변수 (input parameter) 가필요하며, 계산량또한방대하여현장에서사용하는데에어려움이있다 (Mazzolani and Gioncu, 2000). 이중에서대형가새골조의내진성능평가시에는계산량이적으면서기초적인이론에기반하여다양한가새부재의이력거동을예측할수있는물리적이론모델이가장효율적일것으로판단된다. 본연구에서는기존가새부재물리적이론모델에 (Dicleli and Calik, 2008) 실제장방형각형강관가새부재의실험결과를통해얻어진경험식을추가하여개선된해석모델을개발하고자한다. 또한개발된모델이장방형각형강관가새부재의이력거동을정확히예측하는지여부를검증하기위하여선행연구 (Black et al., 1980; Shaback, 2001; Han et al., 2007) 에서수집된 16개의장방형각형강관가새부재중 6개의실험결과와비교할예정이다. 2. 본연구에서사용한해석모델 2.1 물리적이론모델 본연구에서사용한물리적이론모델 (Dicleli and Calik, 2008) 은한사이클의이력곡선을가새부재의탄성및소성거동과압축과인장에대한하중방향에따라 6개의구간으로 Fig. 2c와같이나누어진다. 주어진축력 () 에대한중앙부의횡변위 () 를가상일의원리 (method of virtual work) 를사용하여계산한다.(Fig. 2b) Fig. 2a 와 Fig. 2e는각각구간 1~6 의이력거동을바탕으로횡변위 () 를계산하는방법을설명한그림이다. 여기서구간 1(Fig. 2a) 은 Fig. 2c에서 OA에해당되며, 탄성압축구간이다. 구간 1의끝 ( 점 A) 에서전체좌굴이발생한다.(Fig. 2a). 점 A에서의횡변위 ( ) 는 Fig. 2b와같이가상일의원리를이용하여계산한다. 이와유사하게구간 2~6의횡변위 () 는 Fig. 2b 에나타난방법을이용하여계산할수있다. 구간 2는소성압축구간이다. 구간 2의시작점부터 와 로인한중앙부의 2차모멘트는가새부재의소성모멘트 ( ) 에도달한다. 점 A이후 (Fig. 2c) 부터는 2차모멘트는 를초과할수없으므로 가 146

3 간략하고정확한장방형각형강관가새부재이력거동예측위한해석모델 Fig. 2. Physical Theory Model(Dicleli and Calik, 2008) 증가함에따라 는감소하게된다. 또한 에의한소성중립축 (plastic neutral axis) 의위치변화로인해소성모멘트내력 (plastic moment capacity, ) 이감소하기때문에, 구간 2에서의 의감소는가속화된다. 이구간에서는감소된 가 대신사용되어야한다. 구간 3은탄성인장구간이다. 구간 2의끝부분 ( 점 B) 에서축변위 () 가해당사이클의최대압축변위에도달한다. 구간 3에서 는점 B에서의 와 의증가로인한탄성횡변위의차로계산된다. 탄성횡변위는또한 Fig. 2b 에나타난순서로계산된다. 만약가새부재가반복하중하에서소성변형이발생하면, 인장하중영역 ( 구간 3, 4) 에서추가적인길이증가가발생할수있다. 이러한현상은가새부재길이증가효과 (brace growth effect) 라고하며, 가새부재의정확한이력거동예측을위해서는반드시고려되어야한다. 구간 3, 4에서가새부재길이증가 (brace growth, ) 는축변위 () 와합산되어야한다. 가새부재길이증가 (brace growth) 은 Fig. 2d에나타난길이증가계수 (growth factor, ) 로계산되며길이증가계수는가새부재실험결과로부터산출된경험식을이용하여계산된다. 147

4 한국지진공학회논문집 21 권 3 호 ( 통권제 116 호 ) May 2017 구간 4에서는구간 3과달리가새부재가소성거동을한다. 변형된가새부재의정점에서축인장력 () 으로인해발생된 2차모멘트가 에도달한다. 는항복축력 ( ) 에도달할때까지증가하며 에도달하게되면 와 는 0이된다. 이를반영하기위하여구간 4에서의 는 Fig. 2e에나타난바와같이 를사용하여계산된다. 구간 5는탄성인장력제하 (unloading) 구간이며 는점 F에서의 와구간 5에서의탄성횡변위와의차를사용하여계산된다. Fig. 2c에서볼수있듯이구간 6은탄성압축력재하 (reloading) 구간을나타낸다. 가새부재의거동은구간 1과유사하지만이전사이클에서발생한소성변형으로인해, 이전보다작은압축하중에서가새부재의좌굴이발생한다. 그러므로점 H( 구간 6의끝부분 ) 에서의좌굴하중 ( ) 을계산하기위해서는감소된탄성계수 ( ) 가본래탄성계수 () 대신에가새부재실험결과를이용하여산출된경험식으로계산하여사용되어야한다. 각구간에서의축변위 () 는 와 의차를계산함으로서산출되며, 여기에서 는 를피타고라스의정리를통해변환된값이고 는축력에대한축변위 () 이다. 는인장일때양수이고, 는가새부재의단면적, 은가새부재의길이를나타낸다. 이모델의더자세한정보는 Dicleli and Calik(2008) 에서확인할수있다. 2.2 추가된경험식본연구에서는앞장에서설명한물리적이론모델 (Dicleli and Calik, 2008) 에장방형각형강관가새부재의중요한이력특성을효율적으로산출할수있도록하기위하여경험식을추가해서개선하였다. 경험식을산출하기위하여 (Han et al., 2007; Black et al., 1980; shaback, 2001) 의장방형각형강관가새부재실험체들의실험결과를수집하였다. 장방형각형강관가새부재의중요한이력특성으로는가새부재의길이증가 ( ), 좌굴하중 계수 ( ), 국부좌굴 ( ) 및파단시점 ( ) 이있다. 이러한 각형강관가새부재의중요이력특성을산출하는경험식은 Table 1에정리되어있다. 경험식이산출되는자세한과정은장방형각형강관가새부재의이력거동을예측하기위해경험식을제안한논문에서확인할수있다 가새부재길이증가 (Brace Growth, ) 경험식은 Table 1에정리되어있으며, 여기에서,, 는각각세장비, 폭두께비, 누적소성변위를의미한다. 누적소성변위를구하는식은 Dicleli and Calik(2008) 에서제안되었으며식 (1) 과같다. (1) 위식에서 i 는가새부재에좌굴이발생하는사이클을의미하며, 와 는각각 Fig. 2c 구간 2 끝부분에 ( 점 B) 서의횡변위와첫번째좌굴시작점에서의횡변위를의미한다. 또한 와 는각각항복변위와소성변위이다. 실험결과로부터 를평가하는데축적되는오류를최소화하기위해서, 매사이클에서 의평가된값은계산된항복인장하중과변위그리고최대인장하중과변위가실제하중과변위와맞는지평가된다. Fig. 3은평가전후에서 S70-18-A 부재 (Han et al., 2007) 의실제이력곡선과 를이용한물리적이론모델 (physical theory model) 을사용하여모사된이력곡선을나타낸다. 모사된이력곡선의정확도를검증하기위하여각각의가력사이클에서모사된최대인장하중 ( max ) 과실제최대인장하중 ( maxexp ) 과의비율이기록되었다. 그결과 max maxexp 는평가된 를이용하여모사된이력곡선에서거의일정하게나타났다. 또한평가된 를이용하여모사된이력곡선은 를평가하지않은이력곡선보다실제이력곡선과더정확히일치하게나타났다. 그러므로본연구에서는, 의평가된값이 경험식을제안하는데사용되었다. 여기서 는 0.66을초과할수없다. Fig. 4는 specimen S69-11의실제이력곡선과 경험식을통하여모사된이력곡선그리고 Dicleli and Calik(2008) 에서제안된경험식을이용하여모사된이력곡선을나타낸다. Dicleli and Calik(2008) 의모델보다식 (1) 을도입한모델이실험체의이력곡선을더정확히예측하는것으로나타났다. 이는 Dicleli and Calik (2008) 에서제안된 경험식이장방형각형강관가새부재뿐만아니라다 Table 1. Empirical equations for predicting major parameters in cyclic behavior of rectangular HSS braces Major Parameter Empirical Equations 가새부재의길이증가 ( ) 좌굴하중계수 ( ) 국부좌굴시점 ( ) 파단시점 ( ) ln 148

5 간략하고정확한장방형각형강관가새부재이력거동예측위한해석모델 Fig. 4. Actual cyclic curves and simulated cyclic curves using calculated from two different empirical equations 국부좌굴예측 (Local Buckling Prediction, ) 장방형각형강관가새부재의국부좌굴시점은정규화된누정소산에너지를 ( ) 측정하여예측하며경험식을제안하기위해판폭두께비 () 와세장비 ( ) 를고려하여장방형각형강관가새부재의실험 Fig. 3. Actual cyclic curves and simulated cyclic curves with original beam growth and calibrated beam growth 양한형상을가지는가새부재들의실험결과를바탕으로만들어졌기때문으로추정된다 좌굴하중계수 (Buckling load factor, ) 사이클별좌굴하중을산출하기위해 Dicleli and Calik(2008) 에서제안한식은 Fig. 2b, 2c에나타나있으며, 좌굴하중계수 ( ) 는가새부재의탄성계수 () 와접선탄성계수 (tangent stiffness, ) 의비율로계산된다. (2) 경험식은 Table 1에정리되어있으며, 여기에서 는누적소성변위를의미한다. (Dicleli and Calik, 2008) 에서제안된누적소성변위를구하는식은식 (1) 과같다. 결과를바탕으로산출되었으며 Table 1 에정리되어있다 파단예측 (Fracture Prediction, ) 파단예측경험식은장방형각형강관가새부재파단발생시점에서의정규화된누적소산에너지 ( ) 측정값을경험식산출시사용하였고 Table 1 에정리되어있다. 3. 제안된모델의검증 제안된가새부재길이증가계수 (brace growth factor), 사이클별좌굴하중계수 (cyclic buckling load factor), 국부좌굴과파단시점경험식을사용하여계산된매개변수를포함하는물리적이론모델 (physical theory model) 을검증하기위하여 6개실험체의실험결과로부터의이력곡선 [specimens S77-28, S70-18A, S85-14A, and S69-11(Han et al.,, 2007), specimen strut #17(Black et al.,, 1980), and specimen 4A(Shaback, 2001)] 과비교하였다. 이실험체들은다양한 와 를갖는다. 해석에사용된하중은실험과동일하게적용하였다. Fig. 5, 6 은실험과 149

6 한국지진공학회논문집 21 권 3 호 ( 통권제 116 호 ) May 2017 Fig. 5. Cyclic loadings and cyclic curves for two specimens from Black et al., 1980 and Shaback Fig. 6. Cyclic loadings and cyclic curves for four specimens from Han et al.,

7 간략하고정확한장방형각형강관가새부재이력거동예측위한해석모델 해석으로부터얻어진이력곡선과사용된하중을보여준다. 이그림에서국부좌굴과파단의시작이하중이력과이력곡선에서다른기호로표시되었다. Fig. 5, 6에서보여지듯이해석모델을사용하여모사한 6개의이력곡선이실제실험체의그것과높은정확도로일치하는것을확인하였다. 또한 Fig. 5, 6에서, 제안된경험식을이용하여예측된국부좌굴과가새부재의파단의시작점이실제시작점과일치함을알수있다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는간단하고효율적인계산이가능한물리적이론모델 (physical theory model) 을사용하여장방형각형강관가새부재의이력거동을모사하였다. 해석모델의정확도를증가시키고효율적인계산을위하여길이증가계수 (growth factor, ), 좌굴하중계수 (buckling load factor, ), 국부좌굴및파단발생시의정규화된누적소산에너지 (, ) 를산출하는경험식을사용하여가새부재길이증 가 (brace growth), 사이클별좌굴강도, 국부좌굴과파단시점을구하기위한매개변수를계산하였다. 제안된해석모델은실제이력곡선과모사된이력곡선을비교함으로써검증되었다. 다양한폭두께비 () 와세장비 () 를가지는 6개의실험체로부터모사된이력곡선은실제이력곡선과비교적정확히일치하였다. 또한국부좌굴과파단시점역시본연구에서제안된해석모델을사용하여정확하게예측할수있음을확인하였다. / 감사의글 / 본논문은 2015 년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단 (2014R1A2A1A ) 연구비지원에의한일환으로수행되었음. / REFERENCES / 1. AISC. Specification for Structural Steel Buildings(ANSI/AISC ). Chicago, IL. c ASCE Standard, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE /SEI c Black GR, Wenger BA, Popov EP. Inelastic Buckling of Steel Strut under Cyclic Load Reversals, UCB/EERC-80/40, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA. c Bruneau M, Uang CM, Sabelli SR. Ductile design of steel structures. McGraw Hill Professional. c Dicleli M, Calik EE. Physical theory hysteretic model for steel braces. Journal of structural engineering. 2008;134(7): Ding Z, Fouthch DA, Han SW. Fracture modeling of rectangular hollow section steel braces. Engineering journal. 2008;45(3): Fell BV, Kanvinde AM, Deierlein GG, Myers AT. Experimental investigation of inelastic cyclic buckling and fracture of steel braces. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2009;135(1): Fujimoto M, Aoyagi T, Ukai WA, Saito K. Structural characteristic of eccentric K-braced frames. Transactions AIJ, No.195. c Gugerli H, Goel SC. Inelastic cyclic behavior of steel bracing members. Rep. No. UMEE 82R1, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. c Han SW, Kim WT, Foutch DA. Seismic Behavior of HSS Bracing Members according to Width Thickness Ratio under Symmetric Cyclic Loading. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2007;133(2): Higginbothan AB, Hanson RD. Axial hysteretic behavior of steel members. Journal of the Structural Division. 1976;102(7): Ikeda K, Mahin SA. A refined physical theory model for predicting the seismic behavior of braced steel frames. Univ. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. c Ikeda K, Mahin SA, Dermitzakis, SN. Phenomenological Modeling of Steel Braces Under Cyclic Loading. UCB/EERC-84/09, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA. c Jain AK, Goel S. Hysteresis Models for Steel Members Subjected to Cyclic Buckling or Cyclic End Moments and Buckling-Users Guide for DRAIN-2D:EL9 AND EL10. UMEE 78R6, Univ. of Michigan, College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI c Jain AK, Goel SC, Hanson RD. Static and Dynamic Hysteresis Behavior of Steel Tubular Members with Welded Gusset Plates. Report No. UMEE 77R3, July. Ann Arbor: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Michigan. c Jain AK, Goel SC, Hanson RD. Hysteretic behavior of bracing members and seismic response of braced frames with different proportions. Research Report. No. UMEE 78R6, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. c Jin, J, El-Tawil S. Inelastic cyclic model for steel braces. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 2003;129(5): Karamanci E, Lignos DG. Computational approach for collapse assessment of concentrically braced frames in seismic regions. Journal of Structural Engineering. 2014;140(8):A Kayvani K, Barzegar F. Hysteretic modeling of tubular members and offshore platforms. Eng. Struct. 1996;18(2): Lee S, Goel, SC. Seismic Behavior of Hollow and Concrete Filled Square Tubular Bracing Members. UMCE87-11, Univ. of Michigan, College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI c Maison B, Popov EP. Cyclic response prediction for braced steel frames. J. Struct. Div. 1980;106(7): Mamaghani IHP. Inelastic cyclic analysis of steel braces. Proc. 33rd CSCE Annual Conf. GC c Mazzolani FM, Gioncu V. Seismic Resistant Steel Structures, Springer- Verlag Wien. c Nonaka T. Formulation of inelastic bar under repeated axial and thermal loadings. Journal of engineering mechanics. 1987;113(11): Nonaka T. Elastic-plastic bar under changes in temperature and axial load. Journal of Structural Engineering. 1989;115(12): Shaback JB. Behavior of square HSS braces with end connections under reversed cyclic axial loading. Univ. of Calgary. c

8 한국지진공학회논문집 21 권 3 호 ( 통권제 116 호 ) May Soroushian P, Alawa MS. Hysteretic modeling of steel struts: Refined physical theory approach. Journal of Structural Engineering. 1990;116(11): Uriz P. Towards earthquake resistant design of concentrically braced steel structures. Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Engineering- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA Zayas AZ, Shing PB, Mahin SA, Popov EP. Inelastic Structural Modeling of Braced Offshore Platforms for Seismic Loading. Report No. UCB/EERC-81/04. Berkeley: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California. c

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