<> () () () 3 cm 4cm ( 13p) 3cm 5 cm ( 14p) 2011 ( 1 3p) R&D Report on Planning for Civilian UAVs Infrastructure for Commercialization 3 cm ( 25p) 0.5cm R&D/10-02 2.5cm 9cm ( 31p) 5cm (0.1 cm ) 2012. 9. 0.15cm ( 15p) cm ( 15.5p) ( 17p) ( 20p)
<- > < > 2012. 9. 28 : : : : : : : : : : : : : - 1 -
< > FAA() Reauthorization Act (2012.2.14.) ( 2015 FAA 634, ) - 2 - - 3 -
2. (KAI) 190 3. 192 4. 193 5. / / 196 6. 198 3. 20 16 SUMMARY 18 1. 20 1. 20 1. 20 2. 38 2. 54 1. 54 2. 62 3. 71 2. 78 1. 78 1. 78 2. 81 2. 130 1. 130 2. 134 3. 139 1. 139 2. () 168 4. 170 1. 170 2. 180 5. 184 1. (KARI) 185 1. 200 2. 203 1. 203 2. 207 3. SWOT 212 3. 217 4. 220 1. 220 5. 236 6. 239 4. 242 1. 242 2. 243 3. 248 2. 248 4. 259 5. 260 1. 260 1. 260 2. 261 2. 263 1. 263 2. 264-5 -
6. 26 1. (RFP) 26 1. 266 2. 273 1. 273 274 1. 274 2. 300 3. 306 4. (Part 23) ( ) 325 5. (Part 27) ( ) 39 6. 349 1 ( ) 2 2 ADS-B Data Link 24 3 DSA 43 4 45 5 47 6 Distinct Areas of The State Territory 9 4 7 See-and-Avoid 25 8 54 9 1 55 10 (H11,P07) 65 11 (6T) 85 12 (NTRM) 95 13 60 14 61 15 63 16 71 17 RQ-11B Raven 37 18 (TRL) ( 09 ) 75 19 76 20 76 21 77 22 FAA 102 23 FAA 103 24 FAA 103 25 FAA 104 26, 109 27 112 28 (Light Unmanned Aircraft) 12-6 -
29 113 30 114 31 115 32 118 33 118 34 124 35 Teal Group (Production Forecast) 132 36 (Smart UAV ) 132 37 2025 (,, 2010) 13 38 134 39 15GHz 163 40 Global Hawk 166 41 Global Hawk 167 42 173 43 191 44 KUS-9 193 45 194 46 SWOT 217 47 222 48 ( / ) 24 49 vs 233 50 233 51 235 52 238 53 245 54 247 55 247 56 250 57 250 58 251 59 251 60 252 61 253 62 253 63 254 64 255 65 256 66 256 67 257-1. 307-2. 319-3. II 323-4. 324-8 - - 9 -
1 ( Aerial Torpedo, Fire Bee( Ryan ), Pioneer (IAI ), Reaper( General Atomics), ( ) 21 2 (Department of Defense, DoD) 22 3 23 4 AeroVironment Helios( ), DARPA Vulture Project( ) 3 2 5 24 6 2011 ( ) ( ) 4 2 7 ( ) () 62 8 : FMS( ), ( ) 6 2 9 : Cloud Cap Piccolo SL( ), Innocon Navigator( ) 27 10 / 28 11 29 12 29 13 30 14 F-16 30 15 LUNA Airbus A300 Near-miss (, 2004 8 30 ) 13 16 ( :, : ) 32 17 34 18 - Teal Group, 2012 53 19 36 20 37 21 38 22 (, 2012) 93 23 (OCAS) 04 24 TCAS-II 14 25 ADS-B 24 26 GBAS 4 27 MLS Guidance 4 28 46 29 SDAT 48 30 MQ-1 Predator 05 31 UAV Roadmap(2005) 1 5 32 53 33 EURO UVS 63 34 64 35 65 36 ( ), MTI(Moving Target Indication)( ) 2 7 37 72 38 74 39 (TRL) 57 40 77 41 79 42 2011 7 FAA UAS 101 43 ( 5 12) 131 44 (:) (,, 2010) 131 45 : R-MAX( ), Remo-H II. 13 46 AUVSI 2012 135 47 2012 Teal Group 135 48 (Frost & Sullivan) 135 49 136 50 136 51 (2011 ) 137 52 Teal Group 138 53 KAI/ADD 140 54 NI-100 140 55 KUS-9 140 56 RemoEye-006 141 57 Crow 141 58 142-10 - - 11 -
59 TR-60 142 60 ( Boeing A-160T, Northrop Grumman X-47B UCAV, AeroVironment Global Observer, Boeing Phantom Eye) 43 1 61 ( IAI Searcher, Heron, Elbit Hermes, Sky Lark UAV) 14 62 (ft) 145 63 Global Hawk 145 64 Predator B (Reaper UCAV) 145 65 Heron TP 146 66 CL-289 146 67 Sperwer 146 68 Global Observer 147 69 Phantom Eye 147 70 Zephyr 147 71 Raven 148 72 Skylark 148 73 Wasp 148 74 Fire Scout 149 75 Hummingbird 149 76 Camcopter S-100 149 77 Skeldar 149 78 X-45A 150 79 X-47A 150 80 Neuron 150 81 Corex 150 82 Barrakuda 150 83 Sky-X 150 84 One System 151 85 Universal Control System 151 86 R-MAX 152 87 Aerosonde 152 88 SkyTower 153 89 Deepwater Program ( ) 153 90 Deepwater Program 153 91 SINUE 154 92 SAA (FAA, 2009) 156 93 Global Hawk SAA (FAA, 2009) 65 1 94 ADS-B (planeandpilotmag.com) 95 1 95 161 96 / 161 97 MINI UAV Data Link 165 98 KuSDL (MAE-UAV) 66 1 99 167 100 UAS integration in the NAS 5 182 101 185 102 187 103 188 104 188 105 189 106 :, 40% 189 107 189 108 189 109 HILS, 4 189 110 190 111 190 112, 192 113 KUS-9, KUS-9 39 1 114 MUAV 195 115 MUAV 195 116 RemoEye 197 117 RemoH-C100 198 118 199 119 201 120 ( ),. 206 121 211 122 217 123 218 124 220-12 - - 13 -
125 ( : Boeing ScanEagle, :Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk) 23 126 (:, : KC-100) 224 127 OPV Boeing Little bird 25 128 Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout 226 129 (/,,, ) 27 130-29 131 ( :, : ) 231 132 231 133 241 134 246 135 246 136 259-1 306-2 308-3 ( )SAR, ()EO, ( )IR 903-4 MQ-9 Reaper( ) MQ-9 Reaper RSTA( ) 0 1 3-5 MQ-1B Predator( ) MQ-1B Predator ( ) 0 1 3-6 MQ-8B Fire Scout 31-7 RQ-7B Shadow 312-8 RQ-21 ScanEagle( ) ScanEagle ( ) 313-9 RQ-11 Raven( ) RQ-11 Raven ( ) 313-10 Wasp( ) Wasp Hand Launch( ) 41 3-11 T-hawk 315-12 Aerosonde, AAI 315-13 AeroVironment SkyTower - 316-14 NASA Pathfinder-Plus 61 3-15 Orion HALL, Boeing/Aurora Flight Science ( ) Global Observer, AeroVironment ( ) 317-16 MIcro Air Vehicle, Honeywell ( ), GoldenEye, Aurora Flight Science ( ) 318-17 FireScout, Northrop Grumman ( ) Hummingbird, Boeing ( ) 318-18 Camcopter 319-19 Sperwer( ), Sperwer ( ) 02 3-20 Heron 321-21 LUNA X-2000( ), LUNA X-2000 ( ) 1 2 3-22 Aladin 32-23 Searcher II ( ), EL/M-2055 SAR ( ) 3 2 3-24 ( ), ( ) 324-25 R-Max 324-14 - - 15 -
< >.,,. (, Civil UAV). ( 13 7.6(66 ) 22 13(114 ) 6% ), (ICAO) ( 12.3), 2015., IT,..,,,.,,,. /,,. (minimally intrusive). (2 ) ( 6, 2 ).,. - 16 - - 17 -
< > SUMMARY Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) typically refer to the aircraft that do not carry pilots onboard. Instead, under the supervision of pilot(s) located outside of the vehicle, typically on the ground, UAVs are directly controlled by onboard sensors and computers to fly along the designated path, performing given missions. As the technologies related with UAVs mature initially and primarily in the military sector, they have been applied to various civilian applications such as aerial photography, transports, and scientific researches, which have been carried out by manned aircraft. Such UAVs, denoted as Civil UAV are expected to be one of the most promising new areas in aerospace industry. UAV market have been mainly driven by military demands so far and civilian market has not been active due to the absence of certification process and supporting laws and regulations. Currently, while the global UAV market (6.6billion USD in 2013, expected to grow into 11.4 billion in 2022 with annual growth rate of 6%) is dominated by military demands, civilian market is anticipated to grow rapidly, accounting for a substantial proportion in the global UAV market. ICAO is also providing necessary legal basis for the integration of UAVs in the civilian airspace by adding new rules (March 2012). USA is also leading the effort to enacting a bill known as FAA Reauthorization Act to complete the integration of UAVs in the national airspace by 2015. As can be seen from these, the global leaders in the aerospace industry is working hard to lay the foundation to operate civil UAVs. Therefore, by combining the already well-established military UAV technologies with advanced IT technology of Korea, a preemptive development effort for civil UAVs is a very strategic and timely action at this point. It is proposed to start the development in the following four separate efforts, overseen by a coordinating project: 1) develop a new certification framework for civil UAVs, 2) design and construct a new UAV testbed for certification and actual demonstration, 3) develop a comprehensive framework to operate UAVs in civilian airspace with other manned and unmanned aircraft, and 4) construct insfrastructure to operate civil UAVs in tangible and intangible forms: for the former, facilities for navigation, control, and communication of UAVs and, and for the latter, education programs to train certified personnels to operate UAVs as pilots, ground operators, technicians and other various supporting roles. Such efforts will allow our nation to incubate the domestic civilian UAV market as well as to pave the way to occupy a considerable share the global civilian UAV market, unlike the already saturated conventional aircraft market dominated by global top makers. As an immediate outcome of this preliminary project, we propose to develop a test platform for civil UAVs, which will be certified by the processes developed in another parallel project. Also, in order to enhance the safety and efficiency, the operating procedures for civil UAVs in the national airspace is also studied. The infrastructure for civil UAVs such as control stations and communication relay system are also studied. We also propose to pursue the entire project in three segments: 1) in the first two years as elementary technology development, 2) the main research program for six years, and 3) the last two years to perform demonstrative operation of the developed UAVs. Especially in the third stage, the developed UAVs will be put into actual demonstration for security, monitoring, and other civilian applications with partial investment from civilian sectors. This will allow balanced development throughout the country. As outcomes from these projects, the basic rules and regulations for civil UAV operations will be established, which will open a new way for public and commercial UAV operations in such areas as aerial monitoring, security, and transportation. This will enable our nation s aerospace industries to secure a foothold in the rapidly growing global UAV industry. Also, leveraging on the experiences in establishing the civil UAV operation framework, we, as a nation, will be able to provide pivotal inputs for international aviation organization in establishing global standards for civil UAV operations. - 18 - - 19 -
1장. 기술의정의및필요성 1절. 기술의정의및필요성 1. 1) (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle; UAV).,,.,., 1.,,, 1980, 2000,. F-22 2008 35, 2009 55, 2010 77 2).. 1 1 3). 2012 년 8 월현재항공관계법령에따르면, - 무인항공기는총이륙중량 150kg 이상원격 자동으로비행할수있는항공기 - 무인비행장치는자체중량 150kg 이하, 12kg 이상인비행체,. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ( ),, Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle., (Unmanned Aircraft System; UAS). (International Civil Aviation Organization; ICAO) (Remotely Piloted Aircraft; RPA).,.,, 1) 본보고서에서무인항공기를무인기라고지칭하기도한다. 특별히비행체로한정하여언급하지않는한본보고서에서무인항공기또는무인기란무인비행체와통신장비, 관제장비및지원장비를아우르는무인항공기체계 (Unmanned Aircraft System) 를의미한다. 1 2) Cordesman and Allison, The U.S. Air War in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, Center for Strategic & International Studies. 3) NextGen UAS Research, Development and Demonstration Roadmap, Joint Planning and Development Office, March 15, 2012-20 - - 21 -
1 ( ). 3.,,., / 4. 4 2 (Department of Defense, DoD).., life support,, windshield,.,. 3..,.. 1986 ( 5). 2011-22 - - 23 -
( 6). 2, 1 2012 8. (150kg). 5. (Visual Flight Rule; VFR). Flight Management System (FMS) // General Aviation. VFR ( 7). (),, ( ) VOR, NDB. / ( 8, 9). (GPS) 24 (, pseudorange) (VOR, DME, NDB), ADS-B(Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast). GPS 10, GPS GPS INS(GPS-aided INS). GPS. GPS VOR/DME. GPS GPS. 6-24 - - 25 -
9 : Cloud Cap Piccolo SL( ), Innocon Navigator( ) 7 ( ) () 8 : FMS( ), ( )..., GPS,, / /,. (waypoint) //.,,.. (preflight check). (hand-off). (flight plan),... - 26 - - 27 -
,.,. (constant vigilance). //. ICAO. ICAO, 2012 11, ICAO ().. 10 / (civil UAV)..,,,,.,.,,,,. 11 q 무인항공기이륙절차 (IFR), ATC 공항 / 통제소 Ground Control Airport Tower 통제소,. FAR25,. 2012 / File flight plan Request Designate Respond Taxi Clearance Runway and Clear Delivery Guide taxi Takeoff Vector Airport/Ground Airborne Aircraft Preflight Checkup Taxiway Runway Climb Cruise q 무인항공기착륙절차 (IFR) Airport ATC Approach Control Tower Ground Control. 10~20,,,,. Aircraft Request Landing Clear Designate Landing Taxiway and Vector Gate Airborne Ground Descent Touchdown / roll out Taxing Park 12.. - 28 - - 29 -
. /,.,,,,,... FAA.. 13 15 LUNA Airbus A300 Near-miss (, 2004 8 30 ) 14 F-16, General Aviation (GA),. / /. /. 16...,.., - 30 - - 31 -
..,,,,,... 16 ( :, : ).....,..,,..,. 10,,.,,..,,,,,,,..,. (Pioneer). 17. 17 Pioneer IAI 25.5m Eitan, Harpy.. - 32 - - 33 -
/. 2020 3,800 88 4). 18. 17 1), / (,,, Verification & Validation ),.,,,,, /.,,,., /,. 2) 5% 32 250 41 80. 18 - Teal Group, 2012. (ICAO).,.,, /,., 4) Teal Group, "World UAV Systems 2012 Market Profile & Forecast". - 34 - - 35 -
. 19... FAA 634 First Mover. 20 19 3),,, / /.,..,.,..,. 20. 요약 무인항공기는군수용위주로발전하여원격정찰, 수송, 공격등의용도로활발히운용되고있으나, 민간무인항공기의경우에는항공기개발과함께필수적으로요구되는인증체계및운용인프라부재로인하여실용화되지못하고있음. 항공기술이점차첨단화되어감에따라민간부문에서도항공촬영, 감시, 농약살포용등의수요가증가하고있는등무인기제작산업이고부가가치산업으로발전하고있어, 민간용무인항공기의국산화등실용화기술을선제적개발추진필요 전세계무인항공기시장규모는 2011년에연간 6.5조원 (59억달러) 에서 2020년에는연간약 13조원 (113억달러) 으로성장하고향후 10년간총 104조원 (940억달러 ) 의규모의시장이될것으로전망 국내의무인항공기개발기반기술은매우높으므로민간용무인기에대한제작 / 인증 / 운영등에대한제도화, 기술개발및인프라구축을할경우세계적인민간무인항공기기술선도국이될수있음 민간무인항공기수요증가에대비하기위해민간무인기의보급기반을선제적으로구축하고핵심기술을개발하여국제표준화작업에기여가능 - 36 - - 37 -
2.. /. TCAS,,.. Cooperative (TCAS, ADS-B) Non-cooperative (, ),..... Camera Image undistortion Horizon estimation Feature detection and tracking Overall diagram of the sensing algorithm Binarized image with threshold 1 Morphology Contour extraction / labeling Generate measurement vector Binarized image with threshold 2 Morphology Contour extraction / labeling Generate measurement vector............ Binarized image with threshold N Morphology Contour extraction / labeling Generate measurement vector Homography estimation egomotion Particle filter : Motion update Difference image Particle filter : Measurement update Particle filter : Particle resampling. 21 Non-cooperative, Visual-like system, Motion detection, Electro- Optical/Infrared,., 22 (, 2012) Non-cooperative. - 38 - - 39 -
.,..., EO IR. EO IR. IR white-hot objects(who), black-hot objects(bho). IR.,. ADS-B TCAS Transponder,,. 23. transponder. 1993 TCAS-I 64km (,, ) TA(Traffic Advisory), 1993 12 31 TCAS-II TA RA(Resolution Advisory). TCAS-II Mode S/TCAS Control Panel, Mode S transponder, TCAS computer, antennas, traffic/resolution advisory display, aural annunciator. 24 TCAS-II. 24 TCAS-II 23 (OCAS) Cooperative. Cooperative TCAS(Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System), ADS-B(Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast). Cooperative,. TCAS 1981, ADS B FAA(Federal Aviation Administration), NextGen,. ADS-B, ADS-B.,. PRS(Primary Surveillance Radar)/SSR(Secondary Surveillance Radar) ADS-B, PRS/SSR ADS-B, ADS-B (Availability), (Integrity). SSR PSR ADS-B. ADS-B 2, 3 ADS-B Data Link DSA. - 40 - - 41 -
3 DSA 25 ADS-B 2 ADS-B Data Link Ÿ PSR SSR 1090MHz 1030MHz UAT (Universal Access,. Transceiver) Ÿ UAT 978MHz 18000ft. 1090ES Ÿ PSR 1090MHz, 18000ft. DATA Link Mode 4 ( VDL Mode 4) Ÿ ATC,. GPS GPS GBAS(Ground Based Augmentation System). GBAS GPS,. GPS GBAS GBAS CAT-I sec CAT-Ⅲ sec. GBAS. GBAS. 26 GBAS. L-Band IEEE 802.16&.20 Ÿ SESAR(Sing European Sky Air Traffic Management Research) BLOS(Beyond Line of Sight). Ÿ. Ÿ L-Band digital mobile wireless, BLOS(Beyond Line of Sight). MLS(Microwave Landing System). (ILS),., MLS, 1980 (ICAO). 27 MLS Guidance system. MLS,,., (DME). MLS. - 42 - - 43 -
. MLS, Approach azimuth guidance, Elevation guidance, Range guidance Data communication 4..., GPS NRI AutoCopter. 3.. (Autopilot) (Navigation & Guidance),.... 4 26 GBAS 1) Autopilot() 2) Navigation & Guidance() 3) Path Planning( ) 3) Decision Making( ) 27 MLS Guidance... MIL-F-8785 MIL-STD-1797A,.,.,. PID. PID,,.. 10, 10 (Fully Autonomous Swarms), - 44 - - 45 -
,.. /..,,,,.,,,. 28. 5 (Communication) (Surveillance) Ÿ UAS ü RLOS (Radio Line of Sight), Ÿ Airport ü Non-cooperative BRLOS (Beyond Radio Line of Sight) PSR (Primary Surveillance Radar), SMR (Surface Ÿ Ground-to-ground ü VolP (Voice over IP), SWIM Movement Radar) ü Cooperative Mode-S, ADS-B, MLAT Ÿ Voice ü SATCOM (Satellite Ÿ ASAS (Airborne Separation Assistance Systems) communications) / Ÿ ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Ÿ Air-to-ground data link Surveillance Broadcast) ü VDL2 (VHF Digital Mode 2) Ÿ ACS-C (ADS-Contract).. FAA SDAT(Sector Design and Analysis Tool),. SIMMOD TAAM(Total Airspace and Airport Modeler), SIMMOD FAA,. TAAM Jeppesen Gate-To-Gate.,.. 28,,,, CNS(Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance). - 46 - - 47 -
29 SDAT.... MITRE ATM Human-In-The-Loop(HITL).,.,... VCCS,, ADS-B TIS-B. VCCS (Voice Communication Control System).. ADS-B Traffic Information Services-Broadcast.,.,,., MSS(Mission Support System).,.. ICAO Annex(Aeronautical Information Services)15 4 TOD(electronic Terrain and Obstacle Data). 6 Distinct Areas of The State Territory Area 1 The entire territory of a state ( 州 ) Within the vicinity of an aerodrome, sub-divided in 4 Area 2 smaller sections ( 4 ) The area bordering an aerodrome movement area that extends horizontally from the edge of a runway to 90m from the runway center line and 50m from the edge of Area 3 all other parts of the aerodrome movement area. ( 90m, 50m ) The area extending 900m prior to the runway threshold and 60m each side of the extended runway center line in the directions of the approach on a precision Area 4 approach runway, category II or III. ( 900m category II III 50m ). GE(General Electronics) Aviation 社 2012 ICAO, ICAO Annex 15 Area 2. JEPPESEN 社 TAWS. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(STRM) 3 arc-second(90m), - 48 - - 49 -
16m ICAO Annex 15 Area 1...,,,.,,,.,..,, EMI(Electro Magnetic Interference).,...,.., 1, 10 10. 4 5. 30 MQ-1 Predator MQ-1 Predator 30ft, BDE(Boeing Data Exploitation)., rudder,. GHOC(Global Hawk Operations Center) 2.,, Air Traffic Control(ATC),,,. FOR(Flight Operations Room), POR(Payload Operations Room), SER(Support Equipment Room) 3. 2005 stx 社., 31 UAV Roadmap(2005) See-and-Avoid. Missed Distance, Field of Regard. - 50 - - 51 -
7 See-and-Avoid. Performance Parameter Missed Distance Field of Regard - Azimuth - Elevation Time to Collision (11 sec avoidance maneuver) Equivalent level of safety 500ft Search Volume ± 60 ± 10 21 sec (10 sec PRT) 23.5 sec (12.5 sec PRT) PRT: Pilot Reaction Time 32,..,,,,,,,,,,.... Product,,,., 2000, R&D.,..,.,.,..,.,,. - 52 - - 53 -
2 절. 기술분류및내용 1. G. H. Gaynor,,,. 5). 8 (6T) NTRM - - - - - (KISTEP). 6, 33, 371, 2902 2, 32.,,,, 8., (6T), (NTRM),,,.,,. : ㆍ / : / P07 H11 H11 P07 Ⅴ. : - 5) 고홍석외, 국방기술수준조사의이해와실무, 형설출판사, 2011. 9 1 : ㆍ / / / / / / / / CAD/CAM S/W / / / / / / / IBS/HA / S/W / / / S/W / / / S/W / / / ㆍ / S/W / / / / / / / / S/W / / / / / / / S/W / S/W / / / - 54 - - 55 -
10 (H11,P07) - 56 - - 57 -
11 (6T) 구분 ( 중분류 ) 위성기술 발사체기술 항공기기술 코드값기술명 ( 소분류 ) 분류기준 040111 위성설계및개발기술 초정밀및저궤도지구탐사위성 정지궤도기상위성 통신위성 소형과학시험위성설계및개발기술, 위성설계 조립 시험기술, 위성체구조물기술, 위성체자세제어기술, 위성체전력장치기술, 위성체통신장치기술 040112 위성관제기술위성지상국기술, 관제시스템기술 040113 차세대통신위성탑재체기술 040114 기타위성기술탐사위성기술등 040211 040212 040213 로켓추진기관기술 소형위성발사체개발기술 발사운용, 통제및관제기술 위성탑재관측기기기술, 위성탑재통신기기기술, 우주핵심기반기술 ( 열제어등 ) 고체추진기관기술, 액체추진기관기술, 위성자세제어추진기기술 발사체구조기술, 추진기관시스템종합기술, 로켓유동방법및자세제어기술 발사관제장치기술, 로켓관제시스템기술 040214 기타발사체기술대형우주발사체기술등 040311 040312 040313 항공기체계종합및비행성능기반기술 지능형자율비행무인비행기기시스템 (UAV) 기술 다목적헬리콥터기술개발 040314 기타항공기기술 항공기체계종합기술, 시험평가기술 무인기설계 / 해석기술, 무인기시험평가기술, 무인기제작 / 조립기술 헬리콥터설계 / 해석기술, 헬리콥터시험평가기술, 헬리콥터제작 / 조립기술 항공제어장비기술, 항공전자보기 통신기기기술, 항공기엔진기술, 비행시뮬레이션기술 기타 040411 기타우주항공기술우주왕복선기술, 우주정거장기술, 완제기시스템기술, 비행선기술등 12 (NTRM) Ⅴ 코드값핵심기술 ( 중분류 ) 분류기준 050100 위성체개발기술 050200 위성탑재체기술 050300 저궤도위성발사체개발기술 공공성격의국가전략분야임무를수행하는지구관측위성과실용및상용위성의개발을위한선행연구나과학관측을수행하는소형과학위성개발기술 위성에탑재하는고해상도전자광학카메라시스템, 고속영상자료처리등에대한설계, 분석, 부품제작, 조립정렬, 시험평가, 성능보상및보정기술 시스템종합기술, 추진기관기술, 경량구조체기술, 정밀자세제어기술, 발사운용기술, 원격측정 추적기술 050400 액체추진기관개발기술액체추진제를사용하는추진기관의시스템설계기술 050500 050600 050700 050800 050900 무인비행체및시스템기술 차세대회전익기체계및서브시스템기술 고품질 다수확작물생산기술 BT 활용고부가농 수 축산물개발기술 고기능성식품의생산 가공 보존기술 사람이탑승조종하지않고임무를수행하는비행체및동비행체의무인비행을가능하게하는기술 차세대회전익기의개발과원활한운용에필요한기술 국민의고품질수요욕구에부응한고영양, 다기능성작물품종및재배기술 각종생물체의유전정보를이용하거나다양한유용외부유전자를인위적으로삽입하여우리가원하는형질을단시간내에개량하거나유용물질을대량생산하는기술 국민의식량주권확립을위해기능성식품의생산, 식품의가공, 신선도유지를위한관련기술을개발 실용화 051000 051100 친환경수산증양식개발 응용기술 유용동식물자원의보존및이용기술 양식어장의이용을환경친화적인생태보전형양식으로신속하게전환하여국제경쟁력제고를위해안정적인수산물생산기반을조성하는기술 다양한농업, 임업, 해양생물자원의체계적탐구와수집, 보존, 유용성평가, 유전자및생리적기능분석등을통해고부가가치의생명공학소재및농림수산업작물및신품종을개발할기초재료를제공하는기술 - 58 - - 59 -
13 코 대분류 중분류 기술 기술정의 키워드 드 전력효율성향상 에너지저장中고효율 2차전지이외기술 고효율 2차전지기술을제외한전기에너지를고효율로저장, 사용함으로써전력의품질 327 개선및에너지효율성극대화를이루며온실가스배출량을획기적으로절감할수있는에너지저장기술 자동차, 차량, 고효율기존자동차및수송용차량의연비를향상시수송효율무공해, 하이브리드, 키고, 새로운동력원및지능화기술을활용저공해차량 331 엔진, 모터, 디젤, 성향상하여유해배출가스를최소화하고에너지효율수소차, 수소엔진, 기술을극대화하는기술휘발유, 저공해 교통, 물류,u시티, 수송효율지능형교통, 교통정보및물류정보를연계 수집 제공함으로수송, 운송, 운반, 332 써지능형육상, 철도, 해상관련효율적인교성향상물류기술통신망, 노변장치, 통및물류시스템을구현하는기반기술 ITS 생태공간조성및 훼손된자연및도시환경재생 복원, 효율적인물순환, 도시생태환경건전성개선등환생태, 도시, ECO, 녹색국토 341 경부하의감축과에너지관리를포함하여인간순환, U-IT, 공간, 도시재생기술 과자연이공생하는새로운개념의공간조성도시재생복합기술 녹색국토그린시티 생태공간조성및도시재생기술이외의그린 342 기타기술시티기술 고효율외피시스템, 냉난방 / 공조 / 환기시스건축, 저에너지, 고효율친환경템, 신재생에너지설비시스템, 친환경건축자친환경, 자재, 외피, 화기술녹색국토 저에너지건축기술 343 재, 건물에너지설계 / 관리시스템등을통해공조, 주택, 건물, 건물에너지소비및 CO2배출을최소화하는그녹지, 새집증후군, 린빌딩, 그린홈구축기술 화장실 녹색국토 그린홈 / 그린빌딩기타기술 친환경저에너지건축기술이외의그린홈, 344 그린빌딩관련기술 친환경 Green 제조공정및 Process 소재효율성기술향상 친환경 제조공정및재효율성 소재효율성 제조공정 / 소 향상기타 원료 소재 수송 사용 재활용 폐기등제품의전표면처리, 에너지효율, 과정에있어서자원효율성을극대화함으로써제조공정, 351 환경부하를최소화하고에너지효율을향상시키재활용에너지, 는소재, 공정, 제품및재활용에대한친환경청정생산공정, 재활용, 저탄소기반선순환기술재이용 Green Process 기술이외의제조공정, 소 352 재효율성향상관련기술 향상 기술 친환경 친환경식물성장촉진기술이외의제조공정 / 친환경공정소재효율성향상기술 제조공정및제조공정 / 소재효율성향상 : 환경부하를경감시및제품 354 소재효율성키기위하여재료표면에어떤특정한기계적, 향상 기타기술화학적목적을가지고처리하는기술과그목적달성을위한소재기술 - -. l l l : :, : 6). 14 (/) M&S / / / (,,,,) (,/ ) (Harpoon &Grid) (,) EO/IR SAR (EP ) RAM (, ) 6) 국방기술품질원기술기획본부, 국내무인항공기의기술수준, 2012-60 - - 61 -
2. (1) (Airworthiness Standards),. Society 2000... EURO UVS, CASA, IAI tailoring, EASA JAA EUROCONTROL Joint.,. (2) JAA-EUROCONTROL Joint,. 33. 15 Categorization,. - 62 - - 63 -
. Category (Unpremeditated Descent Scenario) (Loss of control scenario) Tailoring. 35 34 2009 8 EASA Airworthiness Certification of Unmanned Aircraft Systems(UAS)" Policy Statement. EASA Restricted. Tailoring. - 64 - - 65 -
(Emergency Recovery Capability) /(Command and Control Link) (Level of Autonomy) - Human machine interface (trading autonomy level versus possibility of UAS flight crew intervention), - Compliance with ATC instructions - Command and control link integrity - Handling of UAS failures and compliance with safety objectives - Specific autonomy techniques (non-deterministic algorithms) - Collision avoidance - Type of airspace - Avoidance of noise sensitive areas and objects. - (Human Machine Interface) - Situational awareness - The layout of displays versus minimization of human errors - Colour coding and relevancy of existing manned criteria - The nature of flight safety related parameters to be displayed - Warning indications, including handling of emergency procedures - Minimum number of UAS operators required for flight safety - Level of autonomy and automation - The consequence of a failure conditions on the UAS flight crew workload (Control station) (Due to type of operation) - IFR operations for a VFR based certification (e.g. CS VLA) - Rules of he Air specify that an aircraft operating over a congested area must be able to maintain a safe altitude following the failure of one power unit - Detect & Avoid equipment (System Safety Assessment) (Detect and avoid) 150kg.,., ICAO., ICAO UASSG 2014., () () 2, 3. KAS/FAR Part 23 Part 27,,, Part 23 Part 27 2 3. EASA (EASA Doc E.Y013-01), EASA ( ). F : (Fully applicable) I : (Intent of specification) N/A : (Not Applicable) N/A-C : (Not Applicable to configuration) P : (Partially) A : (Alternative) EASA, "A" CRI(Certification Review Item) (Special Condition) (ELOS, Equivalent Level of Safety).. Catapult Assisted and Rocket Assisted Take-off UAV Parachute Landing System - 66 - - 67 -
Parachute Recovery System Command and Control Data Link Communication System Ground Control Station Data Displayed in the Remote Control Station See and Avoid TCAS ADS-B Transponder EASA NATO FINAS STANAG 4671 EASA, STANAG 4671., (1309).. Pioneer, Searcher single channel analog FCS, single communication, single powerplant system,,.,,,. Category, Class Type,. /, Part 23, 25, 27, 29, EASA. ICAO UASSG.,,., ICAO Harmonization., ICAO Harmonization.. 80 Pioneer, Searcher single channel analog FCS, single communication, single powerplant system.,,,, Community. - 68 - - 69 -
,..,.,. -,,,, - - - - - - - - ( (HUMS),,,, ) - - - 3...,,. 16.,.. 16, 10km 150~300m 2 30kg. 16 ( ) 7) (m) (km) (hr) (kg) (Micro) < 10 250 1 < 5 (Small, Mini) < 10 150~300 < 2 <30 (CR) 10~30 3,000 2~4 150 (SR) 30~70 3,000 3~6 200 (MR) 70~200 5,000 6~10 1,250 (MRE) > 500 8,000 10~18 1,250 (LADP) > 250 50~9,000 0.5~1 350 (LALE) > 500 3,000 > 24 < 30 (MALE) > 500 14,000 24~28 1,500 (HALE) > 2,000 20,000 24~48 12,000 7) Mini: Miniature, CR: Close Range, SR: Short Range, MR: Medium Range, MRE: Medium Range Endurance, LADP: Low Altitude Deep Penetration, LALE : Low Altitude Long Endurance, MALE: Medium Altitude Long Endurance, HALE: High Altitude Long Endurance - 70 - - 71 -
,. (EO/IR Camera), ( ),,,. 17 RQ-11B Raven 36 MTI. 17 RQ-11B Raven -,, -, ( GPS ) - ( : ) 36 ( ), MTI(Moving Target Indication)( ),,. 2~4. 37. 37 / (MTI) - / - -, (CFOV) - (DTED) - : 10km - : 90 ( ) - (/ ) - (1 ), / (1~2 ) - Moving Target Indication - / (Visible/IR strobe lights) - - GPS GPS GPS ( ) - EO/IR - - SwitchBlade : 5km : 5 : 500feet : 102~157km/h,, - 72 - - 73 -
,, ( ).. 31.4% 432 05. 38 18 (TRL) ( 09 ) (TRL) / 7 M&S 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 / 6 / 6 / 7 / 6..,. 09 (TRL) 18. 16 11 TRL 7, 5 TRL 6, 6~7., TRL 6. 39 TRL. ( 09 ), 78.4% ~ 87.2%, 70.4% ~ 89.2% 19, 20, 40. 39 (TRL) - 74 - - 75 -
19 ( ) (%) 79.8 87.2 84.6 78.4 78.4 / 84.8 82.20 40. 20 (%) / 80.5 M&S 73.9 :, : () : (Pitch, Roll, Heading, ),, : / :, / 82.9 85.0 87.4 89.2 82.5 86.7 85.5 70.4 85.2 80.0 / 76.6 / 85.0 85.2 / 84.3,, / (spin on/off). 21 (%) ( ) 77.0 86.4 89.8 90.1 78.1 78.1 77.4 80.3 72.8 77.6 / 86.3 86.3 80.23 83.13-76 - - 77 -
2 장. 국내외동향및환경분석 Ÿ Step IV: 1 절. 국내외정책동향... ICAO,,... ICAO,,.. 연구내용 : 중점연구 영역 : Step I Step II Step III Step IV 무인항공기운용관련국제제도 / 기준연구 ICAO 중심으로전 세계적으로진행중인 무인항공기관련 법 / 제도표준화작업 내용에대한파악 개별국가의무인항공기운영제도연구 무인항공기운용 선도국개별국가별 법제내용에대한 연구 법제도개정안 / 개발로드맵제시 미국과영국이우선 분석대상국가임 국내무인항공기관련규정현황연구 항공법을비롯한국내 관련법규상의 무인항공기운용관련 규정현황파악 (As-Is Analysis) 국내무인항공기운용활성화를위한법제화방향성연구 국제표준및선도국 법제와국내현황간의 Gap Analysis 국내무인기운용 무인항공기의정의및분류기준안제시 (150kg 이상, 스마트무인기기반탐색시제기개발 ) 무인항공기의공역사용에대한기준안제시 무인항공기관련업종사자에대한자격증명에대한기준안제시 무인항공기의감항 / 인증과관련된기준안제시 41 규정개선방안제시 (To-Be Suggestion),. ICAO... 1. (global / ) à à. Step I: / Step II:,. Ÿ Ÿ Step II: ( ) Step III: - 78 - - 79 -
. ICAO.,., ICAO (Convention on International Civil Aviation) 8 (Pilotless Aircraft). - (Special authorization). -. - ICAO. (Permit to flight). - 80 - - 81 -
, 2007 ICAO (UASSG, Unmanned Aircraft System Study Group),, SARPs. UASSG,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 18, CANSO, EASA, EUROCAE, EUROCONTROL, IAOPA, ICCAIA, IFALPA, IFATCA, NATO, RTCA, UVS International. UASSG, (RPA, Remotely Piloted Aircraft).,. - (Certification/License) : (RPA), (Operator), (Remote Pilot) - (Approval) : (RPAS) - (Security) :,, - :, C2(Command & Control data Link), C3(Command, Control, ATC communication) ICAO Cir 328 (Unmanned Aircraft Systems(UAS)) 2011 3 10. ICAO. - ICAO - - ICAO - :, (ATM), (SAR), (AVSEC),, - :,, - (, ), ICAO 2012 3 195 Annex 2, 6, 7, 10, 11 7, 2012 7 16 2012 11 15. Annex 2 (Rules of Air).,. Chapter 3. 3.1 3.1.9 (Remotely-piloted aircraft) : RPA, (hazards) Appendix 4. Appendix 4 (RPAS) 1. 1.1 RPAS 1.2 RPA (special authorization). 1.3 (high sea) 1.4 RPA 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 Flight plan 1.7 RPAS 2. Note 1. A37-15 Appendix G, class, (RPA) (). Note 2. ( ). 2.1 RPA,,. - 82 - - 83 -
a) RPA 8. b) RPAS. 2.2 RPAS 6 (RPAS operator certificate). 2.3 1. 3. 3.1 ( ) 7. 3.2 a), b) RPA (,,, ), c) d) identification e) f) RPAS g) h) ( ) i) :,, visual line-of-sight,,,,,, j) k) RPA 1) 2) [typical() ] 3) [typical() ] 4) [typical() ] 5) (,,, ) 6) l), 1) i) ATC, ii) (C2), coverage iii) RPA ( ) 2) 3) (Secondary Surveillance Radar, ADS-B(Automatic Dependant Surveillance Broadcasting)) m) n) 1) ATC 2) (C2) 3) /RPA o) RPA ( ) p) ( ) q) r) / s) 3.3 3.2. 3.4. Note - (file). 3.5.. 3.6,. Appendix 7 (Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks) 1. : (RPA: Remotely-piloted aircraft) - - 84 - - 85 -
2. Certificates and licensing 2. (Classification of Aircraft) 2.1 Table 1. 2.2 (unmanned). 2.3. 9. 9.1 ( ). ( ). 9.2 (main). a), payload. b) RPA, (main) (compartment). 9.3 RPA. ICAO A37-15 Appendix G, class, (RPA), Annex 2 Amendment 43 Appendix 4 (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems). Note 1. - Assembly Resolution A37-15 Appendix G resolves that pending the coming into force of international Standards respecting particular categories, classes or types of aircraft, certificates issued or rendered valid, under national regulations, by the Contracting State in which the aircraft is registered shall be recognized by other Contracting States for the purposes of flight over their territories, including landings and take-offs. Note 2. - Certification and licensing Standards are not yet developed. Thus, in the meantime, any certification and licensing need not be automatically deemed to comply with the SARPs of the related Annexes, including Annexes 1, 6 and 8, until such time as the related RPAS SARPs are developed. Note 3. - Notwithstanding the Assembly Resolution A37-15, Article 8 of the Chicago Convention assures each Contracting State of the absolute sovereignty over the authorization for RPA operation over its territory. ICAO SARPs,., harmonization.. (1). 8).. 8) 국제민간항공협약제 44 조 (a). - 86 - - 87 -
1) 3 bis b) The contracting States recognize that every State, in the exercise of its sovereignty is entitled to require the landing at some designated airport of a civil aircraft flying above its territory without authority. It may also give such aircraft any other instructions to put an end to such violations c) Every civil aircraft shall comply with an order given in conformity with paragraph b) of this Article... Article 3 bis.. 2) 8 (Pilotless aircraft) No aircraft capable of being flown without a pilot shall be flown without a pilot over the territory of a contracting State without authorization by that State and in accordance with the terms of such authorization. Each contracting State undertakes to insure that the flight of such aircraft without a pilot in regions open to civil aircraft shall be so controlled as to obviate danger to civil aircraft.. Pilotless aircraft 1919 (the Paris Convention of 1919) 15. Aircraft flown without a pilot". (shall be so controlled as to obviate danger to civil aircraft). 3) 12 (Rules of the air) Each contracting State undertakes to adopt measures to insure that every aircraft flying over or maneuvering within its territory and that every aircraft carrying its nationality mark, whenever such aircraft may be, shall comply with the rules and regulations relating to the flight and maneuver of aircraft there in force. Each contracting State undertakes to keep its own regulations in these respects uniform, to the greatest possible extent, with those established from time to time under this Convention. Over the high seas, the rules in force shall be those established under this Convention. Each contracting State undertakes to insure the prosecution of all person violating the regulations applicable. Rules of the air,.,. ICAO SARPs. 12 2 PIC (Pilot-in-command),..,. 4) 15 (Airport and similar charges) Every airport in a contracting State which is open to public use by its national aircraft shall likewise subject to the provisions of Article 68, be open under uniform conditions to the aircraft of all other contracting States. Airport and similar charges.,. - 88 - - 89 -
5) 29 (Document carried in aircraft) Every aircraft of a contracting State, engaged in international navigation, shall carry the following documents in conformity with the conditions prescribed in this Convention: a) Its certificate of registration b) Its certificate of airworthiness c) The appropriate licenses for each member of the crew d) Its journey log book e) If it is equipped with radio apparatus, the aircraft radio station license f) If it carries passengers, a list of their names and places of embarkation and destination and g) If it carries cargo, a manifest and detailed declarations of the cargo Documents carried in aircraft... 6) 31 (Certificates of airworthiness) which the aircraft is registered Licenses of personnel. 8) 33 (Recognition of certificates and licenses) Certificate of airworthiness and certificates of competency and licenses issued or rendered valid by the contracting State in which the aircraft is registered, shall be recognized as valid by the other contracting States, provided that the requirements under which such certificates or licences were issued or rendered valid are equal to or above the minimum standards which may be established from time to time pursuant to this Convention. Recognition of certificates and licences... Every aircraft engaged in international navigation shall be provided with a certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid by the State in which it is registered Certificates of airworthiness.. 7) 32 (Licenses of personnel) a) the polite of every aircraft and the other members of the operating crew of every aircraft engaged in international navigation shall be provided with certificates of competency and licenses issued or rendered valid by the State in (2) 18.. 8 8.. 29, 31, 32. ICAO (Unmanned Aircraft System Study Group: UASSG). UASSG 1), - 90 - - 91 -
2), 3). 3. ICAO (1) Unmanned Aircraft System Study Group(UASSG). SARPs. ICAO 2. 2005 4 12 ICAO 169 (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: UAV).,. 2006 5 23 ~ 24 (UAV) ICAO (UAV). SARPs,,. 2007 1 11 ~12 ICAO. RTCA(Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) EUROCAE(European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment) 9). 2008 4 7 ~10, (Unmanned Aircraft System Study Group: UASSG) 14 (,,, ) 8 (EUROCONTROL, IFALPA ). UASSG,, ICAO SARPs. 2011 11 17 188-6 ICAO UASSG 2(Rules of the Air) 7(Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks) 2012 11 15. (2) ICAO 2011 11 17 188-6 ICAO 2. 1 (Definition) - (RPA: remotely-piloted aircraft) 10), (remote pilot), (remote pilot station), (RPAS: remotely piloted aircraft system). 3 (General Rules) - (RPA),.(Chapter3.1.9) Appendix 4. - (RPAS) RPA.(Appendix 4.1.1) - RPA..(Appendix 4.1.2) - RPA.(Appendix 4.1.3) - Appendix 4.1.2. 4.1.3 RPA.(Appendix 4.1.4) - RPA,.(Appendix 4.1.5) - RPA 2 ( ) (flight plan).(appendix 4.1.6) - RPA (performance and equipment).(appendix 4.1.7) 9) EUROCARE WG-73 은 ICAO UAS Study Group 에속해있으며 2006 년 4 월발족하였다. 다른기구와협력하여무인항공기애대한연구를진행중에있다. 10) 이로서무인항공기는 원격조종항공기 (RPA : remotely-pilot aircraft) 로정의되었다고볼수있으며 ICAO 는이 RPA 를 An unmanned aircraft which is piloted from a remote pilot station' 으로정의하고있다.. - 92 - - 93 -
(3) ICAO -.(Appendix 4.2.3) 32 Licenses of personnel. (Remote pilot) (other members of remote crew) 32,. 1. 1,. 32. ICAO. 32..(,,,,, ). take-off/launch landing/recovery. aircraft certificated for single-pilot operation aircraft certificated for remote pilot operation:. 1.,,. 2011 11 17 ICAO. (4) ICAO 31 33 8. 8., C2(Command and Control). (Remote Pilot Station and data links)..,.. 8..,. 2011 11 17 ICAO. - RPAS 1 RPA 8, 2 (remote pilot station), (command and control links; C2).(Appendix 4.2.1) (5) -RPAS (RPAS operator certificate).(appendix 4.2.2.) 1) 2-94 - - 95 -
RPA 7.(appendix 4.3.1 & 4.3.2) 1, 2 RPA (,,, ) 3 4 RPA 5 6 RPAS 7 8 ( ) 9 -,, visual line-of-sight,,,,,, 10 11 RPA -,,,, (,, ), 12, -,, 13 14 - ATC, (C2), /RPA ( ) 15 RPA ( ) 16 ( ) 17 18 / 19 2) 7. (1) FAA(),.,. FAA,.., AC 91-57 400ft AGL, Experimental Category Special Airworthiness Certificate COA(Certificate of waiver or Authorization) 2. (SAC-EC).,,. FAA 2005 2010 7 17 71. FAA Order 8130.34A "Airworthiness Certification of Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Optionally Piloted Aircraft",,, 3. (Table 1), (Identification Plate),. COA,,. COA ATC Transponder. FAR 91.113-96 - - 97 -
.. FAA,,. - UAPO(Unmanned Aircraft Program Office) ATO(Air Traffic Organization) -, - Communication, Command, Control RTCA(Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) -,, 2012 2 14,. 2012 2 14 (FAA) 634. 2015 FAA 4.4 5 14., 2015.. President Obama Wants Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in an Airspace Near You! - (NAS, National Airspace System) 2015 9 30-9 - 5 FAA - 25kg (55lbs) 27-6 6 -, 25kg (55lbs) 2,000ft 1 -,, - 2kg (4.4lbs), 90 - FAA 25kg (55lbs), FAA. FAA President Obama sends a Valentine s Day Present to UAS What You Really Need to Know About Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Are you an engineer, aviation expert or project manager who wishes to enhance their understanding of the new and exciting field of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)? President Obama recently signed legislation that gives the FAA a deadline for authorizing the flying of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in airspace now reserved for use by manned planes. The legislation requires the FAA to produce a comprehensive plan within nine months for integrating the unmanned planes into manned airspace. - 98 - - 99 -
(FAA). (FAA) (UAS) 2012 2 14 4.4,. FAA UAS. FAA 2 14. (UAS). 55. 2003, (UAS). ( ), FAA UAS. AUVSI CEO Michael Toscano.. FAA... UAS 2015 9 30. 9. FAA 5 UAS ( ). UAS(55 ) 27. 6 6 UAS. ( ) UAS(55 ) 1 2000 ( 視界 ) 24.,,. 90 UAS(4.4 ).. 42 42 UAS. 2020 UAS. 2012 2 14, FAA UAS UAS. - 100 - - 101 -
1).,. 11).,,.. 12) ( 1,200ft AGL) 250kts 100kts Airline Light Sport Predator, Dragon Eye, Shadow Global Hawk Raven : FY2009-2034 Unmanned System Integrated Roadmap (DOD). Unmanned Aircraft System,. 13) 2),. 23 FAA FAA Certified UAS (CAT3) 14 CFR 91 ALL Nonstandard UAS 14 CFR 91, 101, (CAT2) 103 CLASS E, G RC Model UAS (CAT1) CLASS G ( 1,200ft) 22 FAA Certified Nonstandard UAS UAS(CAT3) (CAT2) 14 CFR 91, 101, FAA 14 CFR 91 103 RC Model UAS (CAT1) 24 FAA FAA Certified UAS (CAT3) 14 CFR 91 Nonstandard UAS 14 CFR 91, 101, (CAT2) 103 250 kts RC Model UAS (CAT1) 100 kts 600kg 25kg 600kg 25kg All Class E, G Class G 11) FAA(Federal Aviation Administration) An Aircraft capable of flight beyond visual line of sight under remote or autonomous control for civil(non-dod) purpose. UAV is not operated for sport or hobby and does not transport passengers or crew." 12) FAA, Interim Operational Approval Guidance 08-01(2008),p.3. "A device used or intended to be used for flight in the air that has no onboard pilot. This includes all classes of airplanes, helicopter, airship, and translational lift aircraft that have no onboard pilot. Unmanned aircraft are understood to include only those aircraft controlled in three axes and therefore, exclude traditional balloons." 13) FAA 는무인항공기에대한용어의정의를 unmanned aerial vehicle", "remotely piloted vehicle", "unmanned aircraft" 라는용어대신무인항공기기체, 지상통제소와통신링크가포함된무인항공기체계 (unmanned aircraft system) 이란용어를채택하였다. 1 CAT1: AC 91-57 LOS(Line-of-Sight). 25kg, AGL 1,200ft 100kts. 2 CAT2:. 25kg 600kg, Class E, G 250kts. 3 CAT3: CFR 91. LOS(Line-of-Sight). 600kg,. 3) 14) - 102 - - 103 -
Class A.,. 25 FAA. 14 CFR 91.135 Class A Operations in Class A Airspace. Class B. Class C 30 nautical miles, 14 CFR 91.130 Operations in Class C Class C Airspace, 14 CFR 91.215 ATC Transponder and Altitude Reporting Equipment and Use. Class D, 14 CFR 91.129 Operations in Class D Airspace. 14 CFR 91.127 Operating on or in the Vicinity Class E of an Airport in Class E Airspace. 14 CFR 91.126 Operating on or in the Vicinity Class F of an Airport in Class G Airspace. : FAA, Interim Operational Approval Guidance 08-01,(2008). Pilot in Command(PIC) 16) PIC. PIC PIC., PIC 1., PIC,.,.,. PIC (Internal Pilot) 17) (External Pilot) 18). PIC. 1 (Rating) PIC.,. 4) 15) UAS,,. FAA. 14) FAA, Interim Operational Approval Guidance 08-01(2008),8.0. 15) FAA, Interim Operational Approval Guidance 08-01(2008), 9.0. 16) 운항과비행의안전을위해최종권한과책임을맡은자로서 PIC 는비행전지정되고비행중필요에의해변경될수있다. PIC 의임무는동등한자격을가진다른조종사와순환적으로임무를수행할수있으며 14.CFR 91.3 Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in command 상의규정은무인항공기 PIC 에도적용된다. 17) Internal Pilot 은지상통제소나이착륙통제소내부에서이륙단계에서착륙단계까지직접적이착륙을제외한전반적비행중항공기를조종하며항공조종분야종사자및자격증소지자등항공역학, 기상학, 전자통신및컴퓨터관련분야에기본적지식을가진자를교육실시후임명한다. 18) External Pilot 은활주로나발사대주변에서이착륙통제소의도움을받아무인항공기를직접이착륙시키며이역시항공조종분야종사자및자격증소지자등항공역학, 기상학, 전자통신및컴퓨터관련분야에기본적지식을가진자를교육실시후임명한다. - 104 - - 105 -
Class A, C, D E IFR 19) FAA,,,., 1NM 400feet 5NM : PIC FAA.. Supplemental Pilots PIC.,. 1 (Rating) PIC,. 2 (Currency). 3 (Medical) 14 CFR 61.67 FAA Class 2, FAA Class 2.. (Observer) 2 (Currency) PIC 90 3. PIC 90., PIC 14 CFR 61.56 14 CFR 61.57 PIC...,. 14 CFR 61.67 FAA Class 2.. 3 (Medical) PIC 14 CFR 61.67 FAA Class 2. 20). 5) 21) 19) Instrument Flight Rules. 20) 14 CFR 61.23. 21) FAA, Interim Operational Approval Guidance 08-01 (2008), 4.0.-7.0. - 106 - - 107 -
. (Guidance) 22).. COA(Certificate of Waiver or Authorization) (Special Airworthiness Certificate) 14 CFR Part 47 Aircraft Registration. FAA COA. COA 1, COA (Air Traffic Organization: ATO). COA,,..,. FAA (the Aircraft Certification Service, Production and Airworthiness Division). COA.. 2020. FAA 5 270 (NAS : National Space System) 2015 9 30. 25) (2) EASA 150kg, 4,. 26,,. ACCESS 5, ASTM International 23). 6) FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 24) 22) FAA, Interim Operational Approval Guidance 08-01 (2008), 4.0.-7.0. 23) American Society for Testing and Materials International 은재료, 제품, 시스템과서비스에대해세계적으로믿을만한기술적표준의자료를제공하는거대한자발적표준개발기구중하나이다. 24) 2012 년 2 월 14 일발효.,,,,,,,,, EASA Eurocontrol JARUS (Joint Authorities for Rulemaking Unmanned Systems) 150kg,. 150kg EASA Doc E.Y013-01 (Policy Statement Airworthiness Certification of Unmanned Aircraft Systems(UAS), 2009.8.25),. EASA. 25) FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Title Ⅲ, Sub Title B, Sec 332-334. - 108 - - 109 -
- Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 150kg, (Type Certification Basis). - Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003, Part 21. -. - CS(Certification Specification). -. - (Special Condition). (Emergency Recovery Capability) (Command and Control Link) (Level of Autonomy) - (Human Machine Interface) (Control Station) (Due to type of Operation) (System Safety Assessment) - Part M. -. : ICAO Annex 16 Volume I : ICAO Annex 16 Volume II - (TC. Basis) - (Criteria) - Tailoring - (Recovery) - (Communication link) USAR (Unmanned Systems Airworthiness Requirements) NATO UAV FINAS WG(Flight In Non-segregated Airspace Working Group) 150~20,000kg STANAG 4671 EASA., EASA, 2 EASA Doc E.Y013-01 STANAG 4671. - CS-23 (EASA Doc E.Y013-01 Appendix 1 ) - (, ). EASA UCARE(UAVs Concerted Actions for Regulations), JAA-EUROCONTROL, EUROCAE. JAA-EUROCONTROL TF JAR-VLR/VLA,. EURO UVS,. 1) 26) 2) - - - (TC Basis) 26) CAA, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operations in U.K. Airspace-Guidance(2010), CAP 722 Section2.1. An aircraft that is designed, or modified, to carry no human pilot and is operated under remote control or in some autonomous mode of operation." - 110 - - 111 -
27 (kg) 1 Small Aircraft 20 Micro( 5kg) Mini ( 30kg) 2 Light UAV 20 150 Tactical 3 UAV 150 EASA MALE HALE : CAA, CAP 722 Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace-Guidance (2010), Section Chapter 1. p.2. : CAA, CAP 722 Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace-Guidance (2010), Section Chapter 1. p.3. 3),..,,, 400feet, 150meter, (500meter ). 20kg, ATC. 28 (Light Unmanned Aircraft) ANO Art 255 27) 7kg (ANO Art 138, 166, 167) ANO Art 255 7kg 20kg ANO Art 166, 167 () ANO Art 255 ANO Art 166 (a)-(c) 20kg ANO Art 166 (5) CAA 20kg 150kg 95KJ 150kg EASA 28) 27) CAA, 'CAP 393 Air Navigation : The Order and the Regulation',(2010), Article 255. 4).. 3., 3. 29 0 'Small unmanned aircraft' means any unmanned aircraft, other than a balloon or a kite, having a mass of not more than 20kg without its fuel but including any articles or equipment installed in or attached to the aircraft at the commencement of its flight; 28) EASA: European Aviation Safety Board. - 112 - - 113 -
, 1 0 CAA, 1. 30 3.,. ( 500m, Visual 400ft) Line-of-sight,. 3. CAA. 31 Case 0 Case 1 7kg BNUC 29) -STM BNUC-STM 7kg 20kg BNUC-STM CPL(U) 20kg 150kg BNUC-STM CPL(U) BNUC-STM, CPL(U) 30), ATPL 31) (U) CPL(U), ATPL(U) 150kg : CAA, CAP 722 Unmanned Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace- Guidance (2010), Section Chapter 1. p.2-3. CPL.,. CPL ATPL... 4,. 5). EUROCAE Working Group 73. 20kg (Small Aircraft) AGL 400ft.. 29) Basic National UAS Certificate : Specific to a UAS, Specific to an individual/crew Manual, 30) Commercial Pilot Licence. 31) Airline Transport Pilot Licence. - 114 - - 115 -
,... UCARE(UAVs Concerted Actions for Regulations) JAA-EUROCONTROL,. (3) 150kg. CAR 1998 150kg Restricted category Special certificate of airworthiness Experimental certificate, 2000 (draft) (UA25 Design standards: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - Aeroplane) (UR25 Design standards: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - Rotorcraft). JAR-VLR/VLA FAR 23/27,., ( ),. ( ),,, Link. ICAO UASSG,. CAR1998 Part 101 (Unmanned aircraft and rocket operations). -. -. -, 3mile. -. - 30m. -, 400ft. - (Giant Model A/C : 25kg~150kg) CASA. 2012 2 25 ( ), 7(15). - E : Communication and Calculations - F : Safety Management - H : Route Planning and Navigation - K : Technology - W : Equipment and Systems Operations - Y : Aircraft Operation and Traffic Management - Z : Situation Awareness. 1) 32) CASR 33) 101.,,,,, 100meter, 400feet 32) CASA, "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Operations, Design Specification, Maintenance and Training of Human Resources Advisory Circular 101-1",(2002),p.20. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV): A powered, unmanned aerial vehicle, other than a model aircraft used for sport and recreation, which may be operated autonomously beyond line of sight of the controller but, in a;; cases, would be subject to remote control by the controller. 33) Civil Aviation Safety Regulations. 1988 년에제정된호주의항공안전규정이다. - 116 - - 117 -
, 400feet. 34) 400feet AGL. 40) 2) 32 35) 150kg 100g 150kg 100g 400feet AGL 3nautical mile 101.080. 41) 42). CASA,. 43) 400ft AGL,.,.. CASA. 4) 33 3) Low (m) 1,000 Medium 1,000-10,000 High 10,000 CASA 36). 37). CASA. 38). 39) 101.030, 34) CASR, part 101.005. 35) Large UAV: 고정익 ( 이륙중량 150kg 초과 ), 회전익 ( 이륙중량 100kg 초과 ), 동력패러슈트 ( 이륙중량 150kg 초과 ), 무인비행선 ( 기낭부피 100 m3초과 ). 36) Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia. 37) CASR, part 101.030. 38) Regulation 6 of the Airspace Regulations 2007. 39) CASR, part 101.065.. (UAV Controller) 44). 1, (,, ) 2 3 (1 ) 5 1 6 7 40) CASR, part 101.070. 41) CASR, part 101.075. 42) CASR, part 101.025. For this Part, an area is a populous area in relation to the operation of an unmanned aircraft or rocket if the area has a sufficient density of population for some aspect of the operation, or some event that might happen during the operation to pose an unreasonable risk to the life, safety or property of somebody who is in the area but is not connected with the operation 43) CASA, Unmanned aerial Vehicle (UAV) Operations, Design Specification, Maintenance and Training of Human Resources Advisory Circular 101-1, 6.5.1 44) CASR, part 101.290. - 118 - - 119 -
CASA,.. (UAV Controller) 45).. 1 2 ( ) 3 4 5 5. (UAV Controller) 46) CASA. VMC 47)... (UAV Operator) 48). 1,,,, 2 3 CASA 45) CASR, part 101.295. 46) CASR, part 101.300. 47) Visual Meteorological Conditions. 48) CASR, part 101.330.. 4 CASA,.. (UAV Operator) 49) 1,,,,, 2. 3.. (UAV Operator) 50) 1 Advisory Circular 101.1 Annex 3 CASA,. 2,. 3 CASA. 4.. (a) (b). (c). (d) (VMC).. 49) CASR, part 101.335. 50) CASR, part 101.340. - 120 - - 121 -
,. 5) CASR 1998 Part 101,. (Small UAVs) (Large UAVs).. 150kg, 100kg, 100kg. 400ft, (experimental certificate) (special certificate of airworthiness).,. FAR Part-23/27,,.,... (2) 2 () 3 2 28 51).. 188-6 ICAO 2,,.. 150kg (pilot)... (3).. 150kg. (1). 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 51) " 초경량비행장치란항공기와경량항공기외에비행할수있는장치로서국토해양부령으로정하는동력비행장치, 인력활공기, 기구류및무인비행장치등을말한다. - 122 - - 123 -
() ( ) 150kg 180kg, 20m ( ) ( ).. ICAO, ATM.,.,.. 12kg, 50cc 12kg, 7m, 50cc.. (4) ICAO (RPA) (Remote pilot station).,.... (5).. (6),,.. ICAO PIC. (See and Avoid) (Detect and Avoid),... (7).,. ICAO - 124 - - 125 -
2.,. 21 (UFA : Ultralight vehicle Flight Area).... (8). (PIC),..,,.....,,.. 23 3 52). 14, (2 ) 53)., 150kg.. (9),.. ICAO 1.,. 23 6 66 3.,,,. 52) 동력비행장치등국토해양부령으로정하는초경량비행장치를사용하여비행하려는사람은국토해양부령으로정하는기관또는단체로부터그초경량비행장치가국토해양부장관이정하여고시하는자격기준에적합하다는증명을받아야한다. 53) http://www.ts2020.kr/exam/flight/info/flight_exam_year_08.jsp - 126 - - 127 -
(10) ICAO.,.,. (11). 2 2 13. ICAO (RPA). (Remote Pilot Station), sabotage.... (12) ICAO 3.. 2012 7 27. (13) 1-128 - - 129 -
2 절. 국내외시장현황및전망.,... 5% 32 250 41 80 54).,,,,,,,. /. 2020 3,800 88 55).. 3D(Dangerous, Dirty, Dull) /,., / /. 43 ( 5 12) 1. R&D. (KAI) 2000 IAI Searcher Elbit Skylark.,, 2012 8 1000 54) 공군본부, 첨단무기발전과항공우주력건설의법적쟁점세미나발표자료,(2011,11). 55) Teal Group, "World UAV Systems 2011 Market Profile & Forecast". 44 (:) (,, 2010) 4, 10% (,, 2010)., 4000 2.,. 36-130 - - 131 -
. Teal Group 2012 2012 2021. (/ ) 37 2025 (,, 2010) 35 Teal Group (Production Forecast) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Mini-UAV - 30 30 30 30 100 100 100 100 100 620 Tactical-UAV - - 5 5 10 10 10 15 15 15 85 Naval VTUAV - - - - - 3 3 3 3 3 15 MALE UAV - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 HALE UAV - - - 1 1 1 1 - - - 4 10, 2012 8 ( ) / ACTD (Teal Group Naval VTUAV),. 36 (Smart UAV ) () /(, %) 20(10%) 2 / 20(2.5%) 0.5 5,000(0.01%) 0.5,, 15,000(0.02%) 3 30,000(0.02%) 3 /, // 5,000(0.02%) 1. 100., 2003 R-MAX 2007 Remo-H. 2011, 115. R-MAX 101, Remo-H 14, 85, 15, 6, 9 (, 2012). 45. 2025 1300 1700 37. 45 : R-MAX( ), Remo-H II. - 132 - - 133 -
, 2020., //, 15 1 6 2. 38 () 2018 ~ 2025 5,200 26 X 2 2018 ~ 2022 2,000 5 X 4 2020 ~ 2025 1,000 10 X 1 2018 ~ 2030 2,000 10 X 2 / 2018 ~ 2022 1,000 10 X 1 2016 ~ 2025 1,500 60 ( 25) 2016 ~ 2025 2,000 1,000 ( 2) 2016 ~ 2025 1,500 16,200 // / : 1 100 46 AUVSI 2012 10 : ///////// 2. 47 2012 Teal Group 1990 IAI Pioneer General Atomics Predator 9/11.,. 48 2007 Frost & Sullivan 2012 7 900 (7 ). 49.. 2013 66, 2022 113., 2011~12. 2012 2. AUVSI 2012 8 6-9 500 8000. 48 (Frost & Sullivan) - 134 - - 135 -
49 51 (2011 ) 2010 41%, 2005 5% 5 7,494.( 10,767 ) 6.5% 2011 60 2018 120. 50 51, 2000,,. 2005 8 General Atomics Altair FAA FAA /, 2012 2 FAA 4 FAA, Sense and Avoid /. 52 2012-21 (Civil UAV) 56 5% 2012 3.7%, 2021 6.5%.. - 136 - - 137 -
3 절. 기술동향분석 1. 1980 / 1990 KT-1, T-50. T-50 FA-50, KUH (KAH), (KF-X).. 1970,,.. (1) 52 Teal Group 1980,. F-5E/F, MD500, (KT-1) (T-50).,,.,,,, IT. 1982,, 1988 (KAI). 1991 2002, (Night Intruder 300),,,,,,. - 138 - - 139 -
2008 (MALE UAV) 2010,,. 2001 ( ) UAE, RemoEye RemoEye 006, Remo H-100. 2010 ( ) (Crow) MAV, (Crow)-B. 53 KAI/ADD 56 RemoEye-006 57 Crow. ( ) NI(Night Intruder)-100,. 2004 /, 2007 40km KUS-7, 2009 80km KUS-9. 54 NI-100 55 KUS-9, 1999 ( ), 2004., 2002 21,, Ku,, 2010 (Tether Test) 2011 11 -- -. 5m EO/IR 1, 200km, 5 500km. 2008 60% (TR-60), 3m, 170kg TR-60. 8 TR-60 2013, TR-60-140 - - 141 -
,. 58 59 TR-60 (2),,,, /,,, / ㆍ. ㆍ 2009. 10,. 2010 51, 158,.. MAV Global Hawk, Predator Reaper, A160 Hummingbird, UCAV, Global Observer Phantom Eye, Pathfinder. 9/11., 9/11. (RQ-4 Global Hawk) (MQ-1 Predator).. (Data Link) /, 60 ( Boeing A-160T, Northrop Grumman X-47B UCAV, AeroVironment Global Observer, Boeing Phantom Eye), Searcher, Heron, Hermes, Sky Lark. - 142 - - 143 -
61 ( IAI Searcher, Heron, Elbit Hermes, Sky Lark UAV),,,. ㆍ. 62 (ft) ( ) / (MALE / MALE+ / HALE) /.,, U-2. HALE(High Altitude Long Endurance) Global Hawk Predator MALE(Medium Altitude Long Endurance). Global Hawk Block10 Block 20/30/40,,, Predator Reaper, Sky warrior, Gray Eagle Avenger Hunter-Killer. 63 Global Hawk 64 Predator B (Reaper UCAV) IAI MALE Heron,, MALE+ Heron TP(Turbo Prop). Global Hawk Block 20 EADS HALE EuroHawk EADS Northrop Grumman 50:50 Joint Venture, IAI Heron EADS CL-289 Sperwer Eagle One. - 144 - - 145 -
65 Heron TP 68 Global Observer 69 Phantom Eye 66 CL-289 67 Sperwer ( ),. NASA AeroVironment 20km 24 PATHFINDER/Hlios 2003, Helios AeroVironment Global Observer 7. Boeing 20km 10 Phantom Eye 18km 30 Solar Eagle. Northrop Grumman U-HALE(Ultra-HALE), DARPA 5 Vulture. Qinetiq Zephyr 2010 7 14 21. 70 Zephyr ( ).,,,. AeroVironment Raven 2011 16,000. Raven Pointer 1.9kg. Raven, IAI Bird Eye Elbit Skylark Bird Eye 5.5kg 60, Skylark 4.5kg 90. DARPA AeroVironment Wasp 5km, 340g 107 2006 BATMAV(Battlefield Air Targeting Micro Air Vehicle) 314 Wasp System. - 146 - - 147 -
9km, 3. Kaman Aerospace 2010 K-MAX. 2,334kg 495km 2, 2011. 71 Raven 72 Skylark 73 Wasp. EMT Aladin, EADS Tracker 160, Lockheed Martin Desert Raven. Sofar, EFE. 74 Fire Scout 75 Hummingbird ( ) 2011 1,378, 344 25%, 95 28% 8., Northrop Grumman Fire Scout 2004 (FCS) Class IV MQ-8B. MQ-8B 4,. Camcopter S-100 2003 2004, UAE 80, // /,. 200kg 50kg 180km 6 3 100. Skeldar 2006 V-150, V-200 200kg 40kg 100km 5. DARPA Boeing 40 Hummingbird. 2004 2008 18.7. 2,540kg 136~453kg 926km 4,500m 76 Camcopter S-100 77 Skeldar ( ) (UCAV, Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle) Boeing X-45C Northrop Grumman X-47B UCAV JUCAS, UCAS-D(Demonstrator) X-47B, 2011 2013. Dassault Alenia Aeronautica, EADS, Ruag Aerospace, Saab, Thales Neuron. BAE Systems Corex, EADS Barrakuda, Alenia Aeronautica Sky-X, Saab Filur UCAV. - 148 - - 149 -
, 270., Man-Machine Interface. 78 X-45A 79 X-47A 84 One System 85 Universal Control System 80 Neuron 81 Corex 82 Barrakuda 83 Sky-X ( ) (Ground Control Station). Hunter AAI One System Universal GCS Shadow Aerosonde Northrop Grumman Fire Scout Sky Warrior.(UAV Control System STANAG 4586 ) Raytheon Virtual Cockpit Universal Control System(UCS) ( ) 3D(Dangerous, Dirty, Dull) (Civil/Public),.,. Yamaha 1990. Yamaha 1999 2000, 2001. 1998 Aerosonde.. 2007 11 Aerosonde Noel. - 150 - - 151 -
( ). 86 R-MAX 87 Aerosonde AeroVironment SkyTower. Helios HAPS(High Altitude Platform Station) 60,000, 2002 HD TV IMT-2000( 3 ). 5 GigaBits/s,. 2002 NASA Pathfinder-Plus KAUAI. (Multi-Spectral),,. 88 SkyTower DHS(Department of Homeland Security) Predator Hermes 450,. Katrina FAA.,, SkySeer. (Coast Guard) Deepwater Program, (C4ISR) Northrop Grumann Global Hawk, Bell Eagle Eye,, Fire Scout. 89 Deepwater Program ( ) 90 Deepwater Program - 152 - - 153 -
,.,. 5 AeroStar. 1) (ATM) (ATM: Air Traffic Management) NexGen, NAS(National Airspace System).. EUROCONTROL SESAR(the Single European Sky ATM Research Programme). (ATM),,. SESAR INOUI(Innovative Operational UAS Integration). 7 Work Package,. SINUE (Satellites enabling the Integration in Non-segregated airspace of UAS in Europe) 2015 SATCOM UAS NLR ATC NARSIM. 91 SINUE. ASTREA(Autonomous Systems Technology Related Airborne Evaluation & Assessment), ASTREA I 2006~2008, ASTREA II (2009~2013). ASTREA II Separation Assurance & Control Autonomy & Decision making. THALES UAS SIGAT(Study on military frequency spectrum allocations for the insertion into General Air Traffic of UAS), (DLR) 2002 2004 USICO(Unmanned aerial vehicle Safety Issues for civil Operations) ATM., BR&TE(Boeing Research & technology Europe) ATLANTIDA(Application of Leading Technologies to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Research and Development in ATM) 2007 2010 TOB(Trajectory-Based Operations).,... Unix, Window, 2004 1000.,, BLOS(Beyond Line of Sight) /.. 1) Visual-like system 91 SINUE Defense Research Associates(DRA) Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Aeronautical Systems Center(ASC) ATDSS Team, 2003 9 Sense and Avoid(SAA). 92 SAA. - 154 - - 155 -
, 2010,, Support Vector Machine(SVM),. 2) 92 SAA (FAA, 2009) 2004 ATDSS I, Visible staring sensor, 1004*1004 3 CCD.. 2005 2006 ATDSS II Man-in-the-Loop (MITL) SAA, ATDSS III DSA(Detect, Sense and Avoid). Predator Global Hawk. 93 Global Hawk SAA. NASA ERAST(Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology), 2012 GA-ASI(General Atomic Aeronautical System, Inc.) Predator B Due Regard Radar. (Active Electronically Scanned Array: AESA) Predator/Gray Eagle., UAV 2013 2003 4.3% UAV (Synthetic Aperture Radar : SAR),,, 2010 German Aerospace Center Microwaves and Radar Institute Bistatic Radar. 2002 (1 ).. 3) TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) 93 Global Hawk SAA (FAA, 2009) 1994 30 TCAS-II, 2003 ICAO ACAS(Airborne Collision Avoidance System) II. 1995 11 EATCHIP(European Air Traffic Control Harmonisation and Integration Program) ECAC(European Civil Aviation Conference) ACAS, 1998 2. TCAS-II version 7.0-156 - - 157 -
. 2000 1 1 2001 9 30 10,000, 2006 3 21 900. 2010 11,000 TCAS-II version 7.0. ACAS-III ACAS-III, ICAO(International Civil Aviation Organization) ACAS-III SARP (Standards and Recommended Practices)., 2002 TCAS II, TCAS. 4) ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast) Eurocontrol,,,, ADS-B CASCADE, Eurocontrol 2007 2011 ADS-B-NRA, ADS-B-RAD ADS-B Package 1. ADS-B Package 1 FAA, Eurocontrol, RTCA, EUROCAE ADS-B RFG(Requirement Focus Group) (Ground Serveillance) (Airborne Surveillance). FAA ADS-B CAPSTONE 47% 2013. FAA, UAT ADS-B, 2020 ADS-B OUT. 94 ADS-B (planeandpilotmag.com), ADS-B GNSS 2005 28, 2009 16. CASA(Civil Aviation Safety Authority) FL 290 2013 ADS-B, (UAP) 28 ADS-B FL300. 1990, 2004 ADS-B 2006. 2007 (GNSS) ADS-B test bed TIS-B,,,., 2010 2014 ADS-B 86, 2008 PSR/SSR ASDE ADS-B,.. 1) GPS 1990 GBAS. (FAA: Federal Aviation Administration) LAAS(Local Area Augmentation System) GBAS, 2010 9 Honeywell - 158 - - 159 -
LAAS CAT(Category)-I SLS-4000. CAT-I LAAS 200. CAT-I, CAT-I GBAS, GBAS CAT-II/III., GBAS CAT-I CAT-II/III ICAO SARPs GPS L1, Honeywell GBAS. GBAS IMT test-bed,, GBAS CAT-I. 2) MLS (Microwave Landing System) 1980 MLS 2000 GNSS. MLS (ILS) MLS. MLS, MSBLS(Microwave Scanning Beam Landing System)., 2009 Heathrow CAT IIIb MLS 2009 3 25.... 95. Telecommands Telemetry Telecommands system Telemetry IP Network. NATO STANAG 4586. (Sense and Avoid), (Surveillance for situational awareness), ATC(Air Traffic Controller), (Navigation), ATS(Air Traffic Service). (1),,,,,.,.. 99.9% Uplink Downlink. Uplink Downlink 96 / - 160 - - 161 -
. /. Payload,,,. (2) (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle).,,,. (ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization) IT//. (ITU: International Telecommunication Union) WRC(World Radio Conference)-07.. WRC ITU,. 2007 10 22 11 16 WRC-07 190 30, 28, WRC-07 Telemetry Telecommands 3~30GHz ATM 108MHz~6GHz ICAO VHF, L-Band, 5GHz Band., SATCOM Component ATC Relay, Sense & Avoid., 2012 1 23 2 17 WRC-12 61MHz 15.4~15.7GHz. ICAO, ITU,.,,. ITU (WAIC: Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications). ITU WAIC WAIC, 15.7GHz. WRC-15 1.5, 1.7. 15GHz 39. 39 15GHz 56) 1 2 3 14.5-14.8 14.8-15.35 15.35-15.4 15.4-15.43 15.43-15.63 15.63-15.7 15.7-16.6 ( ) 5.510 5.339 () () 5.340 5.511 5.511D ( ) 5.511A 5.511C 5.511D 5.512 5.513 (3) ( ) 5.510 () () 5.340 5.511D ( ) 5.511A 5.511C 5.511D 14.7GHz( ) K30 K151B K152 K184 Uplink 56) 지역은전세계적으로크게제 1 지역 ( 유럽 아프리카 ), 제 2 지역 ( 북 남미 ), 그리고제 3 지역 ( 아시아 오세아니아 ) 으로구분된다 - 162 - - 163 -
. - Header - Inertial Measurement Unit - Flight Control Unit - Power - Warnings - Communications - Payload - GPS - Sense (as in "sense and avoid"). -, : 4 "Mini-Message" - : 1 - : 10 1, 3,569 Bytes, ASCII Text Message 1. GPRS Modem 900MHz 1800MHz 56kbps Downlink Telemetry. Uplink. 1,000 Bytes. GPS 10. 10 50. COFDM. QP, 16 QAM 64 QAM. DVB-T(Digital Video Broadcast- Terrestrial) 2,000, 8MHz 64bit 128 bit AES. COFDM. COFDM Orthogonal QPSK. (5) ( ) MINI UAV Data Link L-3 Communication Systems Mini UAV Data Link Data Link. MPEG-4/MPEG-2,,, Sensor. 10 inch3 200g, 10Watt 24~36inch Wing span Data Link. Mini UAV Data Link L-Band 1.755GHz~1.850GHz VHF/UHF Ku-Bane. 5.8GHz ISM 900MHz(GSM Modem). 1kbps 10.71Mbps Command and Control. (4) Telemetry Command Payload. Telemetry Communication GPRS Modem Link 56kbit/sec link., Payload Link Telemetry Command. CODFM(Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 8MHz. 2.4GHz (WLAN 802.11), 5.8GHz, 20GHz ISM(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band. 97 MINI UAV Data Link - 164 - - 165 -
( ) KuSDL (Ku-Band SATCOM Data Link) KuSDL Command Link Real-Time, Return Link Real-time EO, IR, SAR Motion. 10.95GHz-12.75GHz 50 Watt 14.0GHz-14.5GHz. 99 Global Hawk 41. 98 KuSDL (MAE-UAV) ( ) Global Hawk Global Hawk 40. 40 Global Hawk Ku Band SATCOM Differential GPS Synthetic Aperture Radar VHF Voice Common Data Link UHF SATCOM GPS UHF Line of Sight UHF Data Link(Line of Sight) MINI-CDL(DS Only) Radar Altimeter INMARSAT IFF UHF Voice 41 Global Hawk 112.7~117.9MHz 2.3-2.4 GHz 118-136 MHz 4.2-4.4 GHz 225-400 MHz 5.4-5.9 GHz 1030-1090 MHz 8.4-9.0 GHz 1217-1235 MHz 9.75-9.95 GHz 1530-1559 MHz 10.015-10.425 GHz 1565-1585 MHz 10.95-12.75 GHz 1626-1660.5 MHz 14.0-14.5 GHz G-Band Tracking (Flight Test Only) Instrumentation Elementary (Flight Test Only) - 166 - - 167 -
2. (). 90 Night Intruder,,,,.. NATO (STANAG 4671),.,,. (ICAO),,.., TCAS,., ATC, TCAS RA.. TCAS-II ADS-B SAA. SAA.., (ILS, Instrument Landing System), ILS, IBLS GPS. GBAS CAT-II/III CAT-II/III..,.,. - 168 - - 169 -
4 절. 유사과제분석 1.. (2009. 12, ).... : :, A - : ( ), - A : ( ), - B : ( ),., /.. ( ).. ( ) 1.. : 3 - : 12kg, 150kg - A : 150kg, 600kg - B : 600kg 12kg (R/C) (LOS),, - :, - A :, - B :, : - : - :, - : 1962( ) : - : - :, - : 153( ), 744( ) : - : ICAO SARPs, 2..,, 3. : - : - - - 170 - - 171 -
42. Steering Committee -,, -. ICAO,. (2010. 10~,, ) - - 2-2. - 172 - - 173 -
- 2-2.. (UAV; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) 2015, ICAO UASSG 2-3 SARPs. 3,. < >. /, / NASA, FAA, EASA,,,,, IT < > JAA-EUROCONTROL FAA - : 2013 2017 (5 ) - : 16 ( : 16, : 0 ) - 174 - - 175 -
PAV.. (PAV) (2010 12 ~2011 6, ) (PAV) (PAV),. (PAV) PAV. (PAV). (PAV; Personal Air Vehicle) PAV (,, ). PAV CNS/ATM, PAV, RFP, 3 - (PAV) - PAV PAV - (PAV) - PAV - PAV / - PAV / PAV 3 R&D. - PAV - - - - - -,,, - < > // - PAV - PAV (Flight Information Service: FIS), (Weather Information Service: WIS), ADS-B - PAV // UAV < > PAV - - PAV - - -,, < > (PAV; Personal Air Vehicle), - (PAV), - (PAV) - 176 - - 177 -
PAV - - : :,,, : - /. - PAV, /.. (2002.6~2012.3, ) / ㅇ //,. ㅇ // (). ( ) 10 3,. 1 :, 2 :, 3 : 1~2 ㅇ 100%, ㅇ,. - 178 - - 179 -
2.,. (NAS) (Unmanned Aircraft Systems integration in the National Airspace System, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center) 3. (Human Systems Integration) - UAS (NAS) - : (Separation Assurance), (Communication), (Human System Integration), (Certification), (Integrated Test and Evaluation) NAS (GCS) NAS (GCS) UAS integration in the NAS 5 1. (Separation Assurance) NextGen (UAS) NASA NextGen UAS 4. (Certification) UAS UAS 5. Integrated Tests and Evaluation, (autonomous airborne self-separation) (, HITL ) 2. (Communications) NAS UAS UAS /,, UAS UAS NAS UAS, - 180 - - 181 -
. (Safety Considerations For Operation of UAV In The National Airspace System, 2005. 3, MIT, supported by NASA/FAA) - UAV NAS FAA : FAA - UAV NAS FAA - UAV Midair Collision Ground Impact Event, : -, UAV. 100 UAS integration in the NAS 5-182 - - 183 -
5 절. 연구개발인프라분석,,,,, - - -.. 100, 300.. IT. / 1, 5, 9. 101 57).,,,.,,.,.. IT. 1. (KARI) 101,, (MRO). 2008 4,300 2020 7,000. (2.4, 2008 ),.. (KAI,, ) 83%, 58%.. 12 2000 57) 항공산업발전기본계획 2010-2019.. 1989.,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 1993 6 4 1, 9 1 2. 1997 7 9, 1998 6 11 (KSR-Ⅱ). 1999 12 21 1. 2002 11 28-184 - - 185 -
(KSR-Ⅲ). 2008 4 8 9 10 TMA-11. 2009 8 25 (KSLV-1),. 2005 559, 3.,,,,. -,, -,, - : 2002 7 ~ 2012 3 (3, 9 9) : 970( 872, 98) - - -,, -, 102 :, 90-186 - - 187 -
105 106 :, 40% 103 - : 1 ton - : 280 kg - : 90 kg - : 4 m - : 4.96 m - : PW206C (550HP) - : 500 km/h - : 5 km - : 5 hr 104 107 108 - //, - 2-3 (,, ) -,,, 109 HILS, 4-188 - - 189 -
110.. (1 ), 2,., 2002. 802, 441. 3,,, 180,,. 111 2. (KAI) 1990. 1999 10 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ( 社 ). 12, 2,. 2000 4 KF-16 KT-1 CPT 1, BO-105(KLH), 747 500 T-50 1. KT-1, 2003 2 T-50(). A380, B767, F15K, A319 A320, (AH-64D) ( 社 ) (ADD) KAI 93 2002~2004. IAI 1980 Searcher II.,,., 2 km. 6,,,, TV FLIR(Forward Looking Infrared: ).. GPS INS. 43. 112. 43 전장 (m) 4.6 최고속도 (km/h) 185 전폭 (m) 6.4 순항속도 (km/h) 120-150 중량 (kg) 215 운용반경 (km) 80 ( 중계기사용시 200km) 최대임무중량 (kg) 50 운용고도 (km) 2-4 최대이륙중량 (kg) 290 비행시간 ( 시간 ) 6 영상장비 SU-1K( 국산 ) 운용요원 ( 명 ) 4 2012. 2,.,, 3 5, 2. - 190 - - 191 -
44 KUS-9 전장 (m) 3.4 최고속도 (km/h) 200 전폭 (m) 4.2 순항속도 (km/h) 140 중량 (kg) 215 운용반경 (km) 80 이륙중량 (kg) 165 운용고도 (km) 4 탐지거리 (km) EO 24 / IR 25 비행시간 ( 시간 ) 6 인지거리 (km) EO 12 / IR 12 엔진 (HP) 38 112, 3.,,,,, Sky Team 2012 4 5 147, 39 112. IATA 11, 2, & 4. 2011 118,053, 96%. 2012 2 20,857, 5,214. 2008. KUS-9 UAV.,,,, 90km/h..,. KUS-9. (Blended Wing Body : BWB). -2. KUS-9, GPS.,,. 113 KUS-9. 113 KUS-9, KUS-9 4. ( 國防科學研究所, : Agency for Defense Development, ADD).,. 70%.,,,,.,. / / /,. - 192 - - 193 -
/ /, / /. 2522 8000 (2008 ), 82%, 31%, 94%.. 1970 90 (),,,.. General Atomics Q-9 V...,,,,. 114 115.,. - - - -, -. -,, 45 구분 중고도무인기 이글-2 글로벌호크 전장 (m) 00 13 14.5 전폭 (m) 00 26.3 39.9 운용고도 (km) 00 14.5 18.3 체공시간 ( 시간 ) 00 24 36 탑재중량 (kg) 000 450 1,360 운항속도 (km/h) 000 380 250-630 SAR 해상도 - 1m/50km 0.3m이하 /200km 114 MUAV // EO/IR/SAR,,., 24.,,.,,..,, 115 MUAV - 194 - - 195 -
5. / / 1975 ( ).. 10~20mm. 1989. 1990,. 2002,.,.,,,, 76mm. 350, 81,844.. 2001.,. 43, 30. (Proto Type, Iron Bird) (Flight Test),,,,,,,. 1993 5. 35, 30.. RemoEye. RemoEye002 1.5m, 1.3m 2kg. 10km 1, CCD() IR() (1 ) /,, /,,.. RemoEye 006.. 35km/h, 150cm 130cm. 2kg. 30, RemoEye 006, 1 ~ 2. RemoEye 015 10. overlay. 50km RemoEye 015 15kg 3.2m, 1.8m 65 ~ 170 km/h 4 ~ 12. RemoH-C100,, 4 30,. 1, 100kg 30kg 6 6116.,. RemoH-C100 1 ( ).,. RemoH-C100,.. RemoH-C100 117. 116 RemoEye - 196 - - 197 -
.,,.. 117 RemoH-C100 6 절. 종합분석 10 ( ),,,., //.,. Product,,... 150kg 150kg... /. 118-198 - - 199 -
3장. 연구개발과제구성및추진전략 1절. 비전및목표 100. 90 91, KT-1, (T-50), 4 (KC-100/ ), (follower). ( ) (follower) (leader).,,,., 1990, 2002 10, 2004 5,,.,,.. IT (follower) (first mover).,,. 5. 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 119 1 ( ) 2.,. IT,,. 2 1-200 - - 201 -
() //..,. (ICAO),.. 3,.. 4,.,,.,. 5,,, 2., 2,.. 2절. 기술개발에따른미래상 1. 100, 10 4.,. /,,,,,,,,. ICAO., IT...,.,,,,,. - / - /, - 202 - - 203 -
- - - ICAO, ICAO. ICAO,.,.,..,,,, / /,.,,, /,,.,.,.,., /,., / /.,,,,. (BASA), ( : FAA) (Shadow Program). - BASA KC-100 /.,,.,...,,.. /.,,, BASA / /., (NAS),. (ICAO), (FAA) (EUROCONTROL),., (CNS/ATM: Communication, Navigation, Surveillance - 204 - - 205 -
and Air Traffic Management).,.,.., Defense Research Associates(DRA) Air Force Research Laboratory(AFRL) Aeronautical Systems Center(ASC) ATDSS Team, 2003 9 Sense and Avoid(SAA). FAA TCAS(Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System)., TCAS.., TCAS,., ATC, TCAS RA (Response Alert).. TCAS-II ADS-B SAA. SAA., 1990 GPS GBAS 2010 9 Honeywell CAT-I LAAS 200. CAT-I GBAS, GBAS CAT-II/III.., (ILS, Instrument Landing System), ILS, IBLS GPS. GBAS CAT-II/III CAT-II/III.,,. IT,. BASA, ICAO. - / - G-10 - -, - / - 2., - 206 - - 207 -
( ),.,.,.,,,.,,,,.,,,,,.. ㅇ ( ) ( 120km, ).,,.. ㅇ,.. ㅇ. 2009,.,, DB. ㅇ OECD, () 2010, /,,. 120 ( ),. ㅇ,,,., - 208 - - 209 -
,.,., IT. /, /.,,,.,, /.. / / /,. /.,,,. 121.,.,..,.,.,. - 210 - - 211 -
3. SWOT. ( ),.,.,... 1980-90 /,, Predator F-16.. 1970,, 1 ~ 5 1990. 90 KT-1, T-50.. SWOT(strength weakness opportunity-threat). 1)...,.. 2 3... ( ) (, 970, 2002~12 ).. 2).,,,., BASA BAA. FAA, EASA, ICAO. (WTO),. - 212 - - 213 -
... /. 3). /IT.,, //. (General Aviation; GA).,,.. ( 1, 5, 9 ) 8,, / /.... 4).,,,.,... ().,,.. FAA EASA. /.,,. 46 SWOT. - 214 - - 215 -
46 SWOT SWOT O() ü ü ü ü ü ü T(), ü ü ü FAA ü S() SO ST ü, IT ü,, ü ü F, IT F F, F F W() WO WT 3 절. 연구개발과제구성,,,. 4, 2. 122. 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) ü ü FAA ü F F FAA, EASA F, Know-How F / F,, Know-How F 122,, 2 5%,. 8 6 2. - 216 - - 217 -
2,,. 123. ㅇ, 2015. ㅇ (2013~2014 ),. ㅇ (Certification Basis), 2. 123. () ㅇ ICAO 2012 (2012.11) ㅇ 2012 2 2015 (comprehensive integration) FAA, ICAO (2). ㅇ,. ㅇ,. ㅇ 2 - - - ㅇ,, ㅇ. ( 2013 2 ) - 218 - - 219 -
4 절. 세부과제별주요내용및추진전략. 1.,,,,, GIS,,, /,.,. GIS,,..,,,,.. ( : Advanced Aircraft Analysis ),. 2.., Trade-off. FAR ICAO. FAR ICAO AC, MILSPEC /. - FAR :,,, / /,,,, - ICAO : - AC MIL-SPEC : Trade-off. ( ). Key Research Question: 민수용무인기보급기반구축을위해어떤사항들이고려되어야하는가?. Sub Questions: 관련제도및규정의현황은어떠하며, 필요한보완사항은무엇인가? 보급기반구축을위한무인기기술현황은어떠하며, 추가로어떤연구 / 개발이필요한가? 민수용무인기보급과관련한단기 / 장기적기대효과와비전은무엇인가? Research Items: 법관점에서의전체적인 적합성 인증관련제도 조종사자격요건 사용주파수관련규정 무인기운용을위한공역 관련제도 무인기운항절차관련제도 무인기시스템통합 기술 ( 신뢰성등포함 ) 무인기관제 / 운용기술 무인기통신기술 인증기제작기술 무인기활용과관련된 경제성분석 파급효과분석 무인기기반구축최종 목표및로드맵설정 필요관련사업의발굴 124-220 - - 221 -
표 47 기본기술개발 단계의 연구 내용 예산 (백만원) 연구 주제 연구내용 Y1 Y2 -국제민간항공협약 및 국제표준/권고방식 요건 분석 무인기 안전성 -인증체계 및 세부기술기준 수립 1,500 1,500 인증기술 연구 -분야별 인증기술 확보 및 적합성 입증 핵심 요소기술 개발 -인증기본계획 수립 - 운용 제반사항 기준개발 (기종분류, 탑재장비, 통신시스템, 비행규칙, 공 무인기 운용체계 역사용, 조종사 자격, 인증기준 등) 1,500 1,500 사전연구 -무인기 운용 기반기술 연구 자동이착륙, 충돌회피, 지상국 및 통신규약체계 연구 -민간용 무인기 수요분석 및 체계 운용개념 개발 무인기 시제기 -민간용 무인기 기종선정 및 체계 규격 도출 3,000 4,000 모델 개념연구 -민간용 무인기 체계 성능 및 형상 절충 연구 -민간용 무인기 비행체 사이징 -위험 요소기술 연구 총합 6,000 7,000 사용하여 전진방향의 추력을 얻고 날개를 지나 흐르는 공기에 의해 수직방향 양력을 얻 어 비행하며, 비행방향의 조종은 주익과 미익에 부착된 조종면을 사용하여 롤, 피치, 요 방향의 조종모멘트를 발생시킨다. 가. 인증용 항공기 비교평가 위와 같은 요건을 만족시키기 위한 기종선정에 있어서 본 연구에서는 고정익 항공기와 회전익 항공기의 특성과 장단점을 고려하였다. 고정익 무인항공기 고정익 항공기는 추력발생장치와 양력발생장치가 분리되어 전진방향으로 기속을 얻으면 고정된 날개에서 양력을 발생하여 비행을 하게 되는데, 그 구조가 단순하고 고속, 고효율 비행이 가능하다. 고정익 무인기는 MAV(Micro Aerial Vehicle)이라고 불리는 날개폭이 10cm에도 미치지 못하는 초소형 무인항공기로부터 Global Hawk등 수십미터의 날개폭을 갖는 대형 항공기까지 그 크기에 있어서 매우 큰 차이가 있으나 기본적인 비행 역학에 있어서는 유사하다. 고정익기는 주익과 미익(혹은 카나드)으로 구성되며 주익에는 에일러 론 및 플랩, 미익에는 방향타와 승강타가 부착된다. 고정익기는 프로펠러나 제트엔진을 (1) - 222 - 그림 125 고정익 무인항공기 구조도 (위: Boeing ScanEagle, 아래:Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk) 고정익기의 비행에 충분한 양력을 얻기 위해서는 충분한 전진속도로 가속해야하며 이를 위해 활주로를 사용하거나 여의치 않을 경우에는 사출장치 등을 사용한다. 역으로 착륙 할 때는 항공기를 충분한 속도로 감속/하강하면서 규정된 안전한 속도 이내로 착지해야 하므로 활주로나 적절한 감속장치, 구속장치 등이 요구된다. 앞서 그림 113에는 대한항공 - 223 -
KUS-9. (AV-8B Harrier, F-35).,,. ( 112) 90 2000,,. KC-100( ). 1997 4. FAA Experimental. KC-100, BASA 2011 7 2012 8. - - -., 200~300kg. 500MD Little Bird, Boeing Hummingbird A160T Kaman Aerospace (Lockheed Martin ) intermesh K-MAX. OPV(Optionally Piloted Vehicle), OPV,,. OPV, //,. FBW. 126 (:, : KC-100) 48 ( / ) (Firefly) KC-100 ( ) 4 4 / 3blade prop 3blade prop + (250) + (315) / 6.6m/10.4m 8.59m/11.37m 330km/h 389km/h 1225kg 1633kg / 1850km/6100m 1850km/7600m 35 774 127 OPV Boeing Little bird - 224 - - 225 -
(2),,.,,.,,.,, Northrop Grumman Fire Scout, Boeing A160T, Kaman Kamax.,.... Ducted fan downwash vane,,. 129 (/,,, ) 128 Northrop Grumman MQ-8B Fire Scout -,, intermesh. ducted fan, tip vortex ( 4 ) multi-rotor. 4 quadrotor, Igor Sikorski 1920. Quadrotor,,. Quadrotor 4,. Quadrotor 360-226 - - 227 -
.. ( ), ( ) 1950-60. Bell Eagle Eye.. 40%, 60% 2011 12.. (/ ).,,,,. 130., /. ( ).., /. 비행고도 UH60 최대비행영역 ( 최소이륙중량 ) UH60 비행영역 ( 최대이륙중량 ) 4 배 2 배 XV-15 비행영역 130 - (3) 비행속도 ().,,,,,,... /, / 2020.,. - 228 - - 229 -
( ) (, ).. ( ),,,., ( Schiebel Camcopter).,,..,. /, /. /. ( ). ADS-B, GPS,,,. ADS-B.,. ( ) /. 15 15, ( 131) ( 132, 60% 15km).., 131 ( :, : ) 132-230 - - 231 -
( ),, (technology demonstrator). /.,.,,,,. Firescout 2 Scweitzer 269D, K-MAX Kaman.. ( ) ( 75kg, 370kg),. 14, 150. 3 1, 50. 1. nacelle (tilt). ( V-22 45 ). 2002-2011,.,. 49 vs (A) (B) B/A () 50 150 (, 4 ) USD 50 Million (X2) 750 (KC-100, 4 ) USD 200 Million (S-97) 5.0 4.0 970 1,663 1.7 Remo-H ( ) X-copter ( ) Shark-120 ( ) () 60 kg 100 kg 1 500 m KAI, LIG,, 13 83 kg 120 kg 1 200 m 83 kg 120 kg 1 15 km 630 kg 1 ton 5 200 km 3, - 232 - - 233 -
( ) /,. 30%,., /., Schiebel Camcopter ( ). 2011, ( 50). 51 - - - (), / / / - / - - MTOW/ - / 100kg 150kg.,,. Bell. /. Red Ocean Red Ocean Blue Ocean ( ) ( 215kg) ( ) ( 630kg) - / - - 150kg -,. - 234 - - 235 -
5 절. 성과의활용방안, /.,,.,,.,.,..,.,,. /,,. / /,, (BASA). /,.,. / /. /....,,.....,,,.,.,..,. - 236 - - 237 -
,,.. 52 6 절. 연구수행체계제안 / / / / / /,,,, /,, /,,,. (,, ).. 150kg,, /. (FAL; final assembly line),,, - - ADD, / - :,,, - 238 - - 239 -
- :,, / R&D,. SRR SDR PDR CDR TRR System Requirement Review, System Design Review, Preliminary Design Review, Critical Design Review, Test Readiness Review, ( ) 3.. FFRR First Flight Readiness Review, - - - DB -, 3 단계 10 년간장기실용화기반구축사업 -, - - 과제간상호유기적으로결합된체계종합개발사업 민수용무인기보급기반구축 국내자원총결집국제표준공조 Global Networking - -.. - - DB - - R&D 과정전주기 Cyber 연구관리시스템개발, 운영 - 사전 수행 사후단계 효율적인중장기기술개발관리및산재된수행기관간 통합네트워크구성을통한종합관리시스템운영 계획, 실적, 성과관리기술보고서, 연구성과, 기술문서등등록관리 연구진행사항실시간관리기술 문서관리체계구축사용자편이성, 활용도제고 Milestone 133 - Milestone - 240 - - 241 -
4 장. 사전타당성검토 1 절. 정책적타당성 (ICAO), ICAO.,... ICAO., IT. 13 7 6 R&D. 7. / - / R&D : ( 10) R&D 12% ( 15) 16.5% - : ( 10) R&D 1.3% ( 15) 3.0% -,, - / -,,, - ( ; ) R&D R&D / - (, ) R&D : ( 09) 1.8 ( 13) 2.7 R&D : ( 09) 1.9 ( 13) 3.5 - /, R&D - FTA :, R&D, - / :,, - R&D :,,, - R&D - (, ) R&D // - R&D (2012 : 630) - / :, - / : - 1 2 (2014 ) 0.5% : // 1~5 -, - -,,. - ( ) / - / :, - :, - (FAA Global Hawk ) / - 242 - - 243 -
- - ( ) - :, - R&D - / / :, TLO - / -,,, - - : / 13 - R&D,,. (FAA) BASA(),. BASA,. (, 2010 )., 53, 134. 53 (%) / 78.6 86.0 M&S 66.8 85.5 80.8 87.4 88.8 92.1 90.5 89.5 90.0 88.7 82.7 79.7 75.8 75.0 76.3 80.6 73.4 73.2 80.4 85.6 2 절. 기술적타당성,.,,.,, / 77.6 80.0 / 67.1 74.8 / 86.9 87.0 85.5 84.8 / 86.3 86.7-244 - - 245 -
54 100 94.6 88.3 86.9 81.0 78.6 77.7 77.3 76.7 76.4 73.7 66.6 66.0 65.7 56.9 54.3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 55 134 10, 68 ~ 80 %, 68 ~ 82 % (). ('13 ~ '17) ('18 ~ '27) ('28 ~ ) - // UAV, -,,, -, (,, ) -, SEAD, VTOL (,, ) - RTM & PLM - -, (,, ) - / - 135 16 54. 55. () 70%..,. - 246 - - 247 -
3 절. 경제적타당성, Schiebel Camcopter. ICAO..., R&D.,,,.. ), ( ).... -..,, X:, :, : Leontief, F: -.. 1.,. (benefit),,.. (,, X:, :, : h, : h, : h. -,.., - 248 - - 249 -
, X:, : Leontief, F:. ( ) - ( ) : ( ). -, 2009 138 2018 1,841, 2009 46 2018 514. 2011. 2007 2009 33% 2018 1,257, ( ) 584 1,841.. - 56, 57 10 10, 10 33%. - 58. 58 ( :, ) 3,421 3,722 7,144 2,314 4,539 56 ( : ) 2009 2018 2009 2018-2009 59. 95 1,257 43 584 300 3,500 33% 100 1,500 10 300 10 50 34% 59 ( : ) 2009 2017 2009 2017 57 ( : ) 12 214 8 77 20 529 63.8% 10 152 5 112 0 61 46.6% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 95 (32) 43 (14) 123 (28) 55 (12) 159 (37) 71 (16) 208 (49) 94 (22) 274 (66) 124 (31) 363 (90) 166 (42) 487 (124) 225 (59) 660 (173) 307 (82) 905 (245) 422 (115) 1,257 (352) 584 (162) - 2013 3 2016. 138 (46) 178 (40) 231 (53) 302 (71) 398 (96) 530 (132) 712 (182) 967 (255) 1,327 (360) 1,841 (514) - 60 1 2013 3 1 (4 +1 ), 2, 3-250 - - 251 -
2016. 60 ( : ) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 12 18 23 65 86 138 169 214 282 8 12 17 22 31 49 60 77 100 19 30 41 87 116 187 230 291 382-11 11 46 29 71 43 62 91-3 3 12 7 18 11 15 23 - - - - 1 2 3 16 25 : 1 = 4 + 1. - /. -. 6.., 10.22, 6.31. - 3. 1/2. 61. 61 ( : ) 일본통산성조사결과 특허수입기간 신규성보유기간 스마트무인기연구에서의적용치 일반기계 13.81 6.32 3.16 통신전자계측기계 6.92 3.88 1.94 기타수송기계 7.04 6.94 3.47 정밀기계 4.06 2.86 1.43 산업전체 10.22 6.31 3.16 : 日本通商省 (2003), 日本科學白書. -,. -,,,,,. -,... - 46.6%. 62 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 22 31 49 60 77 100 147 216 316 463 679-63, (mark-up) 2008. - 252 - - 253 -
64 ( :, ) 63 ( :, ) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 ILS (A) (B) (A B) / 4 5 20 4 5 20 S/W 4 5 20 4 2.5 10 (airframe) 4 15 60 130 DFCC 4 1 4 GPS-INS 8 0.5 4 wire-harness 4 1.5 6 14 4 3 12 / 4 0.5 2 Ku/UHF / 1 2 2 16 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 7 1 10 10 ILS 1 70 70 240-64, 2013 2022 62,542 110,246. 22 31 49 60 77 100 147 216 ILS / 110 155 245 300 385 500 735 1080 110 155 245 300 385 500 735 1080 S/W 110 155 245 300 385 500 735 1080 55 78 123 150 193 250 368 540 (airframe) 330 465 735 900 1155 1500 2205 3240 715 1008 1593 1950 2503 3250 4778 7020 DFCC 22 31 49 60 77 100 147 216 GPS-INS 22 31 49 60 77 100 147 216 wire-harness 33 47 74 90 116 150 221 324 77 109 172 210 270 350 515 756 66 93 147 180 231 300 441 648 / Ku/UHF / 11 16 25 30 39 50 74 108 11 16 25 30 39 50 74 108 88 125 197 240 309 400 589 864 11 16 25 30 39 50 74 108 11 16 25 30 39 50 74 108 11 16 25 30 39 50 74 108 6 8 13 15 20 25 37 54 39 56 88 105 137 175 259 378 55 78 123 150 193 250 368 540 ILS 385 490 840 1050 1330 1750 2590 3990 440 568 963 1200 1523 2000 2958 4530 1359 1866 3013 3705 4742 6175 9099 13548 - TEAL Group 2% 58). 58) TEAL Group 은세계무인기시장전망치로 2012 년에서 2020 년까지평균약 2% 정도의성장을하는것으로예측하고있다. - 254 - - 255 -
- 2013 2017 65 2022 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26,. 58. -,, 2013 2020 10,188. 66 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 ILS / 110 110 110 120 120 120 120 130 110 110 110 120 120 120 120 130 S/W 110 110 110 120 120 120 120 130 55 55 55 60 60 60 60 65 (airframe) 330 330 330 360 360 360 360 390 715 715 715 780 780 780 780 845 DFCC 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 26 GPS-INS 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 26 wire -harness 33 33 33 36 36 36 36 39 77 77 77 84 84 84 84 91 66 66 66 72 72 72 72 78 / 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 Ku/UHF / ( :, ) 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 88 88 88 96 96 96 96 104 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 39 39 39 42 42 42 42 46 55 55 55 60 60 60 60 65 ILS 385 385 385 420 420 420 420 469 440 440 440 480 480 480 480 534 1359 1359 1359 1482 1482 1482 1482 1620 67 ( :, ) 1 37 207 244 145 1,201 2 10 75 86 56 48 3 72 365 436 136 189 4 47 400 447 142 435 5 144 726 870 251 503 6, 98 534 631 225 619 7 262 1,464 1,726 604 47 8 711 3,760 4,471 1,142 1,541 9 74 626 700 218 320 1 0 1 981 4,118 5,099 1,032 773 1 1 341 1,417 1,758 635 1,580 1 2 3,075 1,706 4,781 1,467 2,860 1 3 6,839 4,712 11,551 3,263 4,365 1 4 300 1,372 1,672 501 1,276 1 5 3,288 65,036 68,325 18,066 21,681 1 6 16 369 385 129 368 1 7, 255 1,281 1,536 702 273 1 8 34 1,405 1,439 650 1,672 1 9 372 2,494 2,867 1,727 10,042 2 0 172 868 1,040 438 2,871 2 1 263 2,523 2,786 1,247 4,182 2 2 182 1,963 2,145 1,299 818 2 3 341 2,090 2,430 1,726 1,947 2 4 1,823 5,421 7,244 4,924 4,719 2 5 1 12 13 9 15 2 6 538 2,465 3,003 2,026 5,106 2 7 44 219 263 136 619 2 8 328 1,690 2,018 - - 20,649 109,317 129,966 42,893 70,067-256 - - 257 -
-,. / -.,,,,, /. 4 절. 타당성검토종합,,.,,,.,,,.,. - 2022 62,542 110,246. 136-258 - - 259 -
5장. 인력투입소요예산산정 1절. 연구일정에따른인력투입계획 1...,.,. 2007 9 TSO BASA BASA FAA.,.,. 20 10,, 5 10.,.,.,....,......,. 2. 2 2 5 5 10 10 10 10 ( : M/Y) 2-260 - - 261 -
5 5 2 3 6 6 5 4 4 8 54 80 4 4 2 절. 소요예산산정 / / GPS, 3 3 3 2 2 / (ATM) / (ATM) 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 5 1. ㅇ (Y1-Y2) - / - - - - - - - - - - - ( ) Y1 Y2 15 15 15 15 30 40 60 70-262 - - 263 -
2.. 1) Y1 1,500 0 1,500 Y2 1,500 0 1,500 3,000 0 3,000 2) Y1 Y2 800 800 1,600 380 380 760 320 320 640 1,500 1,500 3,000. Y1 Y2 800 800 1,600 380 380 760 320 320 640 1,500 1,500 3,000. 1) Y1 3,000 0 3,000 Y2 4,000 0 4,000 7,000 0 7,000 Y1 Y2 1,500 2,000 3,500 1,000 1,340 2,340 500 660 1,160 3,000 4000 7,000 1) Y1 1,500 0 1,500 Y2 1,500 0 1,500 3,000 0 3,000 2) - 264 - - 265 -
6장. 과제제안요구서 1절. 과제제안요구서 (RFP) 1. 1., 2. - 266 - - 267 -
3. Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ - 268 - - 269 -
Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ 4. 5. 6. 2013 6,000 0 6,000 2014 7,000 0 7,000 13,000 0 13,000-270 - - 271 -
7. 2 절. 평가기준설정 1. - 272 - - 273 -
부록 1. 도출과제요약 사업계획 ( 안 ) 1-274 - - 275 -
- 276 - - 277 -
- 278 - - 279 -
- 280 - - 281 -
/ / / / / /,,,, /,, / - 282 - - 283 -
- 284 - - 285 -
사업추진의필요성 - 286 - - 287 -
기술개발필요성 (R&D 분야 ) - 288 - - 289 -
- 290 - - 291 -
- 292 - - 293 -
재원규모및확보방안 사업추진상의위험요인과대응방안 국고지원의적합성 - 294 - - 295 -
합계 36,000 항목세부항목금액비고 체계종합 8,900 체계종합및시험평가비 인증시험비별도 개발 25,300 비행체 6대 + 구조시험기 1대기준 제작 12,800 임무장비 1,900 조기준 단가 DFCC/GPS-INS 5,200 조기준 박스기준 조 이중화 항공전자 FDR (Flight Data 1,000 Recorder) 데이터링크 13,200 탑재부 조 지상부 조 통제장비 13,000 임무통제및이착륙통제장비 지원장비 2,700 부체계점검장비및운용 정비지원장비 후속지원 7,500 장비개발비 체계종합제외 의약 합계 91,500 실용기술개발 항목내용금액 ( 백만원 ) 안정성 / 운용성향상기법연구 통제 / 관제기법 (ATM) 연구 충돌회피능력기법연구 1,200 자동이착륙시스템기법연구 1,500 다중통제시스템기법연구 1,000 안정성 / 운용성검증 800 국내외통신 / 감시시스템분석및구현개념분석 1,500 무인항공기통합항공교통관리 (ATM) 핵심기술개발 유 / 무인항공기공존환경교통관리시스템 (ATM) 모델링및시뮬레이션개발및검증 1,500 3,000 4,500 6,000 항목 내용 금액 ( 백만원 ) 인증체제및절차개발 무인항공기시범인증을위한국내제도및절차정비분야별적합성입증핵심요소기술개발 400 600 국제협력프로그램수립, 이행 700 1,700 운용인력양성체계연구 국내외운용인력 ( 조종요원, 정비요원, 임무 / 비행통제관등 ) 양성체계분석 2,000 평가체계개발구축 500 2,500 합계 13,000 인증인력 양성및기 분야별인증기술연구 400 인증수행전담인력의양성및확보 500 1,100 술확보 산학연공유프로그램 200 시범사업무인항공기형식증명업무수행 18,300 항목내용금액 ( 백만원 ) 무인항공기 시범인증 신청자지원및지도 300 시험평가기법연구및실무지침서개발 600 인증시험평가비용 14,000 33,200 무인항공기중앙통제시설 무인항공기운용지상조종시설개발 1,000 무인항공기감시레이더설치 2,000 조종사양성프로그램수립 / 양성및배치 1,000 4,000-296 - - 297 -
구축무인항공기통신중계시설구축무인항공기이착륙시설구축 가시영역 (LOS, Line of Sight) 통신시설구축 1,000 비가시영역 (BLOS, Beyond LOS) 통신중계시설구축 500 정밀유도 / 자동이착륙시스템구축 4,000 무인항공기이착륙장건설및운용지원시설건설 6,100 1,500 10,100 합계 15,600 항목내용금액 ( 백만원 ) 민간무인항공 기시범운영 시범사업활성화지원 4,000 무인항공기운영 / 유지보수비 13,500 인력양성홍보비등 5,100 합계 22,600 정부고시민간투자사업대상여부 ( 해당없음 ) 예비타당성조사면제요청사유 ( 해당없음 ) 선행예비타당성조사이력 - 298 - - 299 -
2. 도출 과제의 당위성 요약 과제의 시급성 동 사업은, 우리나라에 전무하고 시급성이 요구되는 상업용 민간무인항공기의 인 증체계 수출기반 종합운영기반(공역/비행로 구축 등) 등을 종합적 선제적 혁신 적으로 개발 구축을 하고자 하는 것이며, - 인증도 받지 않고 실험용 수준으로 개발한 스마트 무인기 등의 상용화에 국 한하여 추진하는 것이 아님 ㅇ 세계 무인항공기 시장이 급성장( 13년 7조원 22년 13조원, 연 약 7%씩 성장) 고부 가가치 산업으로 발전하고 있고, 민간부문의 무인기 수요가 폭발적으로 증가 에 따라, - 최근 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)에서도 민간무인기를 국제법에 공식으로 제도 화( 12년 4월) 하였고, 미국 캐나다 스웨덴 등에서 경쟁적으로 상업용 민 간무인기 개발을 진행 중에 있음 최근 캐나다에서 상업용 무인항공기 비행장 건립을 추진하고 있으므로 우리 나라도 이에 적극 관심필요 당부(주밴쿠버총영사관, 12.7.12일자 공문) ㅇ 국내 민간무인기 시장수요(감시,촬영,농약살포,운송 등)도 증가하여, 상업용 민간 무인기의 국산화 수입/수출 운영 증가 수요에 대응을 위해서는 안전성 인증인프라를 선제적으로 구축 시급 국내에 레저용 민간무인비행장치 수(현재 약 168대, 수입)도 계속 증가 이러한 인증 운영 인프라 구축을 하지 않으면, 스마트 무인기 등과 같이 많은 정부(지경부 등) 예산을 투입 개발 하였어도 실험용에 불과하여 수출은 물론 실용화가 어려워, 국가 예산 낭비로 이어지고 있는 실정임 ㅇ 위와 같이, 시급성이 요구되는 상업용 민간무인기의 국가 인증인프라 구축 사업을 위해서는 인증용 시제기 개발 등이 필요한 것이며, - 가능한 인증용 시제기 개발시, 축적된 국내 기술을 적극 활용하는 방안을 계획하 고는 있으나, 현실적으로 공인 성능시험을 거치지 않는 등 인증없이 실험용 수 준으로 자체 개발한 미완성의 스마트 무인기(Tilt Rotor형) TR-6X 등의 기술 을 활용 범위는 아주 제한적일 것이라고 보고 있으며, 세부 기술적인 내용 - 300 - 은 기본 상세설계시 설계전문가가 판단할 사항임 - 인증용 시제기 개발은 기본설계 상세설계를 실시하여 실험용으로 개발된 모델(스마트 무인기 TR-6X 등)과는 다른 국가 인증기준을 100% 충족하게 되는 새로운 디자인 모델을 개발하게 되므로 중복성은 전혀 없음 ㅇ 또한, 그동안 체계적으로 추진해온 기획연구 결과가 12년 8월에 최종마무리 되었고, 최종기획결과 보고서 내용과 같이 동 사업관련 동향분석 추진체계 추진전략 등을 보다 세부적으로 수립되어 있음 ㅇ 위와 같이, 현실을 반영하여 상업용 민간무인항공기의 인증 등 인프라 구축 필요성 시급성이 동 기술평가에 잘 반영되기를 희망함. 세계 항공선진국인 미국, 유럽, ICAO 각각 독자적인 법령 및 인증체계 구축중 세계 기술 진보에 보조를 맞추면서 우리나라도 독자적인 법령/인증체계 구축을 시작해야 함. 본 사업에서 추구하고자 하는 목표는 우리나라가 비록 기존 유인항공기에서 는 격차가 매우 큰 후발국이지만 무인항공기 분야에서는 선진국 대열에 들 수 있 겠다는 가능성이며, 이는 우리나라가 Analog TV에서는 늦었지만 Digital TV에서 앞선 사례가 있듯이, 항공 분야에서도 같은 사례를 만들 수 있다는 의지를 보여 주는 것임. 현재 해외 무인항공기 관련 표준화가 완료되지 않아 시의성이 높지 않다고 보는 관점도 있을수 있으나 그런 방식으로는 세계시장의 선도기술 개발이 불가능 함. 해외 표준화가 미완이기 때문에 우리에게 더 기회가 있는 것이고, 그 점이 바 로 시의성이 매우 적합다는 평가를 내릴 수 있는 조건이라는 점을 재고하여 주시 기 바람. 본 최근 세계적으로 지적 재산권에 대한 권리보호가 강화되는 추세이며 기존 연구동향을 분석, 따라하는 한 우리나라는 영원히 기술선도국에 진입할수 없음. 특히 항공우주산업은 국방연구와의 밀접한 관계로 기술도입이 어려운 경우가 많 아 선제적, 독자적 연구가 절실히 요구됨 본 보고서 경제적 타당성에 전문가 수요조사에 기반한 파급효과에 대한 자세 한 분석자료를 참조 국가 R&D 투자방향과의 부합성 - 301 -
인증용무인기제작필요성 ( ),, //,.,,,. 수직이착륙기의선정의당위성, (General Aviation).,.., ().. (2008 369 ),, ) - 302 - - 303 -
기존무인기연구개발과제와의차별성 (, ),,,,,,... /.,,..,. - 304 - - 305 -
3. 국외무인기플랫폼개발현황 -1 (1). ISR,,,.. Ÿ -1. / USAF/USN RQ-4A Global Hawk 9/3 ISR/MDA(USN) USAF RQ-4B Global Hawk 20/6 ISR Group 5 USAF RQ-4B Global Hawk 5/2 ISR/BMC USAF MQ-9 Reaper 73/85 ISR/RSTA/EW/S TRIKE/FP USAF MQ-1B Predator 165/85 ISR/RSTA/STRIK E/FP Group 4 USN MQ-8B Fire Scout 14/8 ISR/RSTA/ASW/ ASUW/MIW/EOD /FP USA MQ-5 Hunter 45/21 ISR/RSTA/BDA Group 3 USA/USMC/SOCOM RQ-7 Shadow 368/265 ISR/RSTA/BDA Group 2 USN/SOCOM/USMC RQ-21A ScanEagle 122/13 USA/USN/USMC/SOCOM RQ-11 Raven 5628/37 Group 1 52 ISR/RSTA/FORC E PROT ISR/RSTA USMC/SOCOM Wasp 540/270 ISR/RSTA USA gmav / USN T-Hawk 270/135 ISR/RSTA/EOD,,, (Launch and Recovery Element, LRE), (Mission Control Element, MCE),. -2. - 306 - - 307 -
-3 ( )SAR, ()EO, ( )IR - -2 - GPS(coded Global Positioning System). (Ku UHF ). (line-of-sight). - (Integrated Sensor Suite, ISS) (Raytheon), U-2 ASARS-2 HISAR -/ (EO/IR). 50% E-ISS. -/,. (ground moving target indicator (GMTI) mode). -/ (MCE).. -3. (LRE) GPS DGPS. Kearfott KN-4072 INS/GPS, Litton LN-100G INS/GPS,,, SCAT-1 DGPS OmniSTAR DGPS. NATO MIL-F-9490D. Ÿ MQ-9 Reaper MQ-9 -. MQ-9 (GCS),. (SAR). EO/IR, (Laser Range Finder), (Laser target designator) (terret).. MQ-9. 2,000nm 50,000ft 20. -4 MQ-Reaper RSTA. - - (SAR), EO/IR ISR/RSTA - - 308 - - 309 -
Ÿ MQ-8B Fire Scout Ÿ -4 MQ-9 Reaper( ) MQ-9 Reaper RSTA( ) MQ-1B Predator MQ-8B Northrop-Grumman RQ-8A. -6. 2009 2011. E0/IR,, /, SAR, (JTRS), (TCAS), SATCOM,.. Northrop-Grumman MQ-8B 70mm 2013. MQ-1B UAV AGM-114 1995. 4 UAV,, 55. C KU CCD-TV,,, (SAR). -5 MQ-1B Predator MQ-1B Predator. - - EO/IR IST/RSTA - TCAS - - - - SAR, EO/IR ISR/RSTA - -6 MQ-8B Fire Scout Ÿ RQ-7B Shadow -5 MQ-1B Predator( ) MQ-1B Predator ( ) -7 RQ-7 RQ-2 RQ-5. AAI Corporation. 2001.. EO/IR. 6-310 - - 311 -
., UGDT(universal ground data terminal). - EO/IR - - -8 RQ-21 ScanEagle( ) ScanEagle ( ) Ÿ RQ-11 Raven Ÿ RQ-21 ScanEagle -7 RQ-7B Shadow ScanEagle Insitu -8. UAV 2004 (UAS). 100km 20 ScanEagle (turret) 2008 SAR. - SAR - EO/IR ISR/RSTA RQ-11 Hand Launch. -9, GPS. 2001 AeroVironment 2003. RQ-11B,,. 10km, 4,500m 90.,, 3.. - /Hand Launch - / GPS - 3 EO/IR - -9 RQ-11 Raven( ) RQ-11 Raven ( ) - 312 - - 313 -
Ÿ WASP Wasp AeroVironment DARPA, -10.,,,. GPS 1000ft,. 0.43kg 45 65km/h 15m~300m. Block III. - /Hand Launch - EO/IR ISR/RSTA -. - / - EO/IR - -11 T-hawk Ÿ Aerosonde 1998, -12., 2007 11 Aerosonde Noel,. ( ) -10 Wasp( ) Wasp Hand Launch( ) Ÿ T-Hawk -11 T-Hawk,, UAV. Pods,, GPS. UAV.., Ÿ Skytower -12 Aerosonde, AAI AeroVironment, 60,000 Helios - 314 - - 315 -
HAPS(High Altitude Platform Station). -13. 2002 HD TV IMT-2000( 3 ), 5 GigaBits/s,. Ÿ HALE ( ) Orion HALL (, Boeing/Aurora Flight Science): 4 High-Altitude Long Loiter. Global Observer (, AeroVironment ): NASA Helios, 7. Zephyr (, Qinetiq ):, 2010 7 14 21. -13 AeroVironment SkyTower - Ÿ Pathfinder-Plus Pathfinder-Plus (, NASA): 2002 KAUAI. (Multi-Spectral),,. -14 NASA Pathfinder-Plus. -15 Orion HALL, Boeing/Aurora Flight Science ( ) Global Observer, AeroVironment ( ) Ÿ MIcro Air Vehicle (, Honeywell): (Future Combat System, FCS) Class I Honeywell Ducted Fan, Perch and Stare ( ) GoldenEye (, Aurora Flight Science ): FCS Class II FireScout (, Northrop Grumman ): FCS Class IV -14 NASA Pathfinder-Plus Hummingbird (, Boeing ): DARPA Advanced Air Vehicle (AAV) Boeing, 40-316 - - 317 -
-2. -16 MIcro Air Vehicle, Honeywell ( ), GoldenEye, Aurora Flight Science ( ) Camcopter TUAV VTOL UAV Sperwer TUAV LUNA X-2000 TUAV Euro Hawk HALE Aladin Micro Phoenix TUAV Heron TUAV Search II TUAV Harpy UAV Ÿ Camcopter -17 FireScout, Northrop Grumman ( ) Hummingbird, Boeing ( ) (2) 2000,,,. -2. -18 Camcopter Shiebel VTOL.,,,.. Camcopter 6 34kg. EO/IR,,. SAR LIDAR,. 180km 5km. - EO/IR, SAR ISR/RSTA - - -18 Camcopter - 318 - - 319 -
Ÿ Sperwer B - EO/IR, SAR ISR/RSTA - -19 Sperwer ASGEM. Sperwer /.,,, 2003 2009 Sperwer. Sperwer,. EO/IR, SAR, (ELINT/COMINT). LR. - EO/IR SAR ISR/RSTA -, - - -19 Sperwer( ), Sperwer ( ) -20 Heron Ÿ LUNA X-2000-21 LUNA EMT 2000., 1000.,.,. 4.17m, 2.28m LUNA 37kg EO/IR, 10 /,,,. SAR. - - EO/IR ISR/RSTA - (/,, ) Ÿ Heron -20 Heron (IAI) 35,000 52. GPS. EO/IR, (ELINT, COMINT), SAR, 250kg.,. Heron,,,,,. -21 LUNA X-2000( ), LUNA X-2000 ( ) - - 320 - - 321 -
Ÿ Aladin -22 Aladin EMT,. 2005 2008 24 Aladin. Aladin Hand launch Bungee Launch. GPS. Aladin,, EO. 15km 200m 1.. -3. -3. II 전장 (m) 5.8 최고속도 (km/h) 200 전폭 (m) 8.5 순항속도 (km/h) 111 중량 (kg) 426 운용반경 (km) 120 엔진 (HP) 73 운용고도 (km) 6 탑재장비 주야간광학카메라 /SAR 비행시간 ( 시간 ) 18 - Hand Launch Bungee launch - EO/IR ISR -23 Searcher II ( ), EL/M-2055 SAR ( ) -22 Aladin Ÿ Searcher -23 II IAI 1980 1998. II,. II,,,,,. EO/IR. EO/IR SAR.. III. SAR EL/M-2055, (strip), (spot), GMTI(Ground Moving Target Indicator)..,. GMTI Ÿ Harpy -24 IAI 2000. 32kg 4-6., 10 300km 1. 20km 2~10GHz 15.,.,. 2 TV (seeker),.,. -4. - 322 - - 323 -
-4. 전장 (m) 2.7 최고속도 (km/h) 185 전폭 (m) 2.1 사거리 (km) 500 중량 (kg) 135 전파탐지범위 (km) 20 엔진 (HP) 37 비행시간 ( 시간 ) 5 무장 32kg 고폭탄두 4. 소형비행기기술기준 (Part 23) 의무인항공기적용 ( 안 ) Ÿ -24 ( ), ( ) R-Max, 1990,.,, Yamaha 1999, 2000, 2001. -25. -25 R-Max - 324 - - 325 -