Weed Turf. Sci. 3(4):323~328 http://dx.doi.org/10.5660/wts.2014.3.4.323 Print ISSN 2287-7924, Online ISSN 2288-3312 Research Article Weed & Turfgrass Science Weed & Turfgrass Science was renamed from both formerly Korean Journal of Weed Science from Volume 32 (3), 2012, and formerly Korean Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 25 (1), 2011 and Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science from Volume 26 (2), 2012 which were launched by The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea found in 1981 and 1987, respectively. 벼담수표면산파재배에서무인헬기를이용한제초제경엽처리효과 성덕경 1 배성문 1 김영광 1 조용조 1 이상대 1 심상인 2 정정성 2 * 1 경상남도농업기술원, 2 경상대학교 Efficacy of Foliar Herbicide by Unmanned Helicopter under Water-Seeded Rice Cultivation Deok-Gyeong Seong 1, Sung-Mun Bea 1, Young-Gwang Kim 1, Yong-Cho Cho 1, Sang-Dae Lee 1, Sang-In Shim 2, and Jung-Sung Chung 2 * 1 Gyeongsangnamdo Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Jinju 660-985, Korea 2 Department of Agronomy, Gyenogsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea ABSTRACT. This study was conducted to find out the effects of aerial application by unmanned helicopter (AAUH) on controlling weeds under water-seeded rice cultivation. Foliar herbicide (bentazone sodium + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) was applied with diluted 8-times (standard concentration pest control) as AAUH. Foliar herbicide treatment with standard and two times amount were little damage, but with more than three times amount showed great damage in rice growth. Six annual and two perennial weeds were major weeds occurred in the experimental paddy field. On foliar herbicide treatment 25 days after direct seeding, AAUH showed high control values against weeds (96.3% for annual weeds and 99.8% for perennial weeds). There was no significant difference in weed control values between AAUH and conventional application. There was no spray injury against rice plants with aerial application. In the experiment for good spray timing (15, 20 and 25 days after direct seeding) 15 days showed highest weed control values with 98.5% to annual weeds and 99.8% to perennial weeds and no spray injury. Key words: Foliar herbicide, Unmanned helicopter, Weed control Received on October 28, 2014; Revised on December 1, 2014; Accepted on December 8, 2014 *Corresponding author: Phone) +82-55-772-1876, Fax) +82-55-772-1897; E-mail) jschung@gnu.ac.kr 2014 The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgrass Society of Korea This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License & #160; (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, & #160; and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서언 최근농촌지역의 65세이상고령화비율은 1980년에약 10.7% 에서 2013년에는 37.3% 로급격히증가하고있다 (KOSTAT, 2013). 이러한고령화는동력분무기를이용하여실시해온병해충방제작업을항공방제나광역방제기사용비율을증가시키고있다. 특히벼에서병해충방제작업은 6월에서 8월의고온기에주로이루어져농가에서가장힘들어하는작업중하나이다. 2003년에도입된농업용무인헬기는지역농협및영농법인등에 2012년현재 151대가보급되어 85,000 ha (2012년) 를방제하였고지속적인증가추세에있다 (KAUHA, 2013). 무인헬기를이용한항공방제는헬기아 랫부분에부착된살포장치에서살포한농약을헬기에서발생되는하향풍을이용하여작물에부착되도록하는방식으로진행된다. 항공방제는작업자가벼재배논에직접들어가지않고무인헬기로방제하는작업으로작업자의농약접촉을현저하게줄일수있는방제법이다. 무인헬기는 3-5 m 고도에서 7.5 m 폭으로작업이가능하여작업자가의도하는데로작업면적조정이가능하다. 또한헬기에의해항공살포된고농도소량살포농약은대부분벼에부착되었고논물또는토양중에낙화된비율은낮은편이다. 따라서벼수확후토양중에살포농약의잔류량은거의검출이되지않거나 kg당 0.201 mg으로소량검출되었으며, 현미와볏 323
324 성덕경 배성문 김영광 조용조 이상대 심상인 정정성 짚에서는검출되지않아벼와주변작물에대한약해반응은무시할수준으로 (Jin et al., 2008a) 안전한방제로알려져있다. 직파재배는이앙재배와달리잡초발생량이많고발생시기가길어재배관리상문제뿐만아니라쌀수량감소는물론미질에도나쁜영향을미친다 (Kim, 1992). 잡초발생밀도의증가에따라완전미비율은낮아지나취반미윤기치및단백질함량의차이는거의없다고하였다. 또한벼생육에미치는잡초의경합력은품종, 재배지역, 재배양식, 재배시기, 시비조건, 잡초발생양상등여러가지요인에의해좌우된다고하였다 (Kwon et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2005, 2006; Song et al., 2006, 2008). 이러한수도작재배시잡초제거는제초제사용전인 1949년의 10 a당 50.6시간에서제초제사용과함께급속히감소하여 1999년에 10 a당 1.8시간까지감소하였다 (Miyahara, 2001). 특히항공방제를일반관행방제와비교하면관행방제는 ha당 15.6시간의방제시간에해당하는노임과부대비용, 경운기및방제기의감가상각비와수리비그리고유류비등을포함하여 ha당약 147,836 원이소요되는데비해항공방제는방제회사와의계약단가인 ha당 35,000원과관례적으로책정되는 ha당 1,000원정도의부대비용외에는추가비용이들지않아관행방제의 1/4 수준으로 (Jin et al., 2008b) 방제비용절감에도우수한것으로알려져있다. 따라서본시험은지속적으로확대보급이예상되는농업용무인헬기의활용도를높이고, 담수표면산파에서경엽처리제초제의고농도살포에따른약해및벼생육상황을검토하고자수행하였다. 재료및방법 본시험은경남진주시에위치한경상남도농업기술원벼시험포장에서수행하였다. 시험에사용된경엽처리제초제는담수표면산파에사용되는경엽처리제 bentazone sodium + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 미탁제 (ME) 를사용하였다. 담수표면산파는파종 3일전에물로터리와써레질을한후직파하루전에물을제거한뒤에 5월 24일에직파하였다. 사용된품종은칠보벼로파종 3일전에침종하여건전한종자을선별한후 1일간음건하여 40 kg ha -1 기준으로파종하였다. 시비량은 ha당질소 90 kg, 인산 45 kg, 칼리 57 kg를시용하였으며, 질소는기비 50%, 분얼비 30%, 수비 20% 비율로나누어시용하였고인산은전량기비로칼리는기비 70%, 수비 30% 로시용하여재배하였다. 농업용무인헬기를이용한경엽처리제초제살포효과규명경엽처리제초제고농도살포에따른약해검정을위하여담수표면산파후 10일에제초제를 8배로희석하여기준량및 2배량에서 8배량까지늘려서살포하였고, 제초제살포 10일후에벼에서약해및생존율을조사하였다. 제초효과포장검정은 5월 24일에담수표면산파한후 25일뒤에농업용무인헬기 (RMAX L17 Type II, YAMAHA) 를이용하여경엽처리제초제 8배로희석하여 3m 고도에서시간당 15-20 km의속도로살포하였다. 관행방제는경운기에부착된동력분무기를이용하여농약사용지침에제시된 1,000 배로희석하여사용하였으며방제가측정을위하여무방제구를두었다. 처리구별잡초조사는 50 50 cm 크기의 quadrat 을이용하여잡초발생이균일한부분을조사하여 1m 2 당으로환산하였고, 제초제살포후 30일까지생존한잡초초종별건물중을조사하여무방제에대한백분율로환산하여초종별방제가를계산하였다. 또한약해조사를위하여 7월 2일, 12일, 22일 3회초장, 분얼수및약해정도는달관평가로농약등록법의잡초등록시험방법 (0: 약해없음, 1: 미미한반점, 2: 변색은있으나수량에영향은없음, 3: 생육에다소영향, 4: 5% 감수예상, 6: 15% 감수예상, 7: 20% 감수예상, 8: 30% 감수예상, 9: 50% 감수예상 ) 에준하여조사하였다. 농업용무인헬기를이용한경엽처리제초제살포시기설정경엽처리제초제를농업용무인헬기에적용시고농도로살포총량이적어잡초밀도가높으면일부잡초에제초제접촉이적어방제가가낮다. 따라서방제시기조절로방제효율을높이고자방제시기선정시험을수행하였다. 담수표면산파후 15일, 20일, 25일에무인헬기를이용하여경엽처리제초제를살포하였으며, 대조구로는동력분무기를이용하여담수표면산파후 25일경에살포하였다. 기타처리및조사방법은농업용무인헬기를이용한경엽처리제초제살포효과규명과같은방법으로수행하였다. 처리별수량구성요소로단위면적당수수, 등숙률등을조사하였고, 등숙률측정을위하여 3주씩 3반복수확하여염수선으로등숙립과비등숙립을분리하여총립수에대한등숙립의비율로구하였다. 품위는도정된백미를외관품위기 (FOSS Cervitec-1625) 로완전립비율은외관품위기를이용하여백미중피해립, 동할립및분상질립등불완전립을제외한모양이완전한쌀과깨어진쌀중그길이가 3/4이상인쌀로구분하였다. 또한처리구간비교를위하여 SAS enterprise guide를사용하여던컨의다중범위검정 (Duncan's multiple range test, DMRT) 을하였다.
벼담수표면산파재배에서무인헬기를이용한제초제경엽처리효과 325 Fig. 1. Leaf damage and survival rate of rice according to increased foliar herbicide treatment amount of 10 days after treatment in the wet seeding rice cultivation. 결과및고찰 농업용무인헬기를이용한경엽처리제초제살포효과규명무인헬기를이용하여고농도경엽처리제초제처리시중 복살포및정지비행으로인한제초제살포량과다가우려됨에따라벼에서고농도제초제피해정도를검정하기위하여파종후 10일후에제초제를 8배로희석하여처리량증가에따른벼잎의약해정도와생존율을조사한결과는 Fig. 1과같다. 잎의피해정도는제초제처리량이증가함에따라증가하였고, 제초제 2배량처리까지는높은생존율을보였으나 3배량이상부터는급격히감소하였다. 경엽처리제초제살포전에발생한잡초는피 (Echinochloa crus-galli), 가막사리 (Bidens tripartita), 물달개비 (Monochoria vaginalis), 너도방동사니 (Cyperus serotinus), 밭뚝외풀 (Lindernia procumbens), 마디꽃 (Rotala indica) 등의잡초가발생하였으며, 경엽처리제초제 (bentazone sodium + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) 처리전벼생육에특이한증상은없었다. 경엽처리제초제살포후 15일 (7월 2일 ) 경의생육은무방제구에서초장이가장길었고, 동력분무기를이용한관행방제, 헬기방제표준량, 헬기방제 2배량순으로이는희석배수 8배의고농도로처리한헬기방제구에서초기에발생한미세한갈변등의영향으로판단된다. 제초제살포후 35일 (7월 22일 ) 경에는잡초경합이적고, 제초제의영향에서회복된관행방제와헬기방제에서생육이가장좋았으나, 무방제구는잡초경합으로분얼수확보가어려운것으로조사되었다 (Table 1). 제초제처리후 30일에조사한방제가는헬기방제시일년생잡초에서 96.3%, 다년생잡초 99.8% 로동력분무기를이용한관행방제와유사한것으로조사되었고, 특히가막사리, 밭뚝외풀, 마디꽃에서 100% 방제가를보였다. 총방제가도 99.2% 로관행보다는조금낮았으나우수한방제효 Table 1. Rice growth of 15 days after foliar herbicide treatment in the wet seeding rice cultivation. Plant length (cm) Number of tiller (ea m -2 ) July 2 July 12 July 22 July 2 July 12 July 22 HCSA x 31.4 38.1 56.5 709 622 564 HCTTA 30.6 35.8 53.3 680 624 576 CA 32.5 39.9 58.2 750 656 632 UTC 33.4 40.6 52.8 513 393 311 x HCSA: Helicopter control standard amount; HCTTA: Helicopter control two times amount; CA: Conventional application; UTC: Untreated control. Table 2. Dry weight and control value of weeds species of 30 days after foliar herbicide treatment in the wet seeding rice cultivation. Dry weight of weeds species (g m -2 ) Control value (%) Ec x Bt Mv Cs Lp Ri Total Annual weed perennial weed Total HCSA y 1.39 0.0 1.06 3.06 0.0 0.0 5.51 96.3 99.8 99.2 CA 0.5 0.0 0.55 2.47 0.0 0.0 3.52 97.3 99.9 99.5 UTC 431 92.4 20.8 90.1 33.8 1.3 669.4 - - - x Ec: Echinochloa crus-galli; Bt: Bidens tripartite; Mv: Monochoria vaginalis; Cs: Cyperus serotinus; Lp: Lindernia procumbens; Ri: Rotala indica. y HCSA: Helicopter control standard amount; CA: Conventional application; UTC: Untreated control.
326 성덕경 배성문 김영광 조용조 이상대 심상인 정정성 Table 3. Rice growth and spray injury of 60 days after foliar herbicide treatment in the wet seeding rice cultivation. Plant length (cm) Number of tiller (ea m -2 ) SPAD Spray injury (0-9) HCSA x 76.0 493 30.7 0 HCTTA 76.9 473 31.7 0 CA 77.6 504 32.5 0 UTC 74.3 159 28.1 - x HCSA: Helicopter control standard amount; HCTTA: Helicopter control two times amount; CA: Conventional application; UTC: Untreated control. Table 4. Rice qualities and head rice yield of 110 days after foliar herbicide treatment in the wet seeding rice cultivation. Lodging (1-9) Culm length (cm) No. of panical (ea m -2 ) Grain filling ratio (%) Yield Head rice ratio (%) Head rice yield HCSA 1) 1 71.1 456a y 88.5 421 95.7 403a HCTTA 1 72.4 461a 88.9 411 97.0 398a CA 1 76.6 513a 86.9 436 96.5 421a UTC 1 69.4 171b 88.3 94 93.7 90b x HCSA: Helicopter control standard amount; HCTTA: Helicopter control two times amount; CA: Conventional application; UTC: Untreated control. y Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, p=0.05. 과를보였다 (Table 2). 경엽처리제초제살포후 60일이후의생육및약해조사결과는 Table 3과같다. 제초제처리구에서는잡초와의경합이적어비슷한초장과분얼수를확보하였으나무방제구에서는다소초장이짧고분얼수는현저하게줄어들었다. 제초제 2배량처리에서도기준량처리와생육의차이는적었고, 약해의발생도없었다. 헬기방제시후기생육및수량등에서관행방제와유사하고잡초제거효과가우수하였으며 (Table 4), 고농도의제초제가벼생육에미치는효과가적어향후경엽처리제초제살포에이용가능할것으로판단된다. 농업용무인헬기를이용한경엽처리제초제살포시기설정시험포장에서발생한잡초는피 (Echinochloa crus-galli), 가막사리 (Bidens tripartita), 물달개비 (Monochoria vaginalis), 너도방동사니 (Cyperus serotinus), 밭뚝외풀 (Lindernia procumbens), 마디꽃 (Rotala indica) 등의잡초가발생하였으며, 경엽처리제초제 (bentazone sodium + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) 처리전벼생육에특이한증상은나타나지않았다. 제초제처리후 30 일에조사한방제가는파종후 15일에헬기방제시일년생잡초에서 98.5%, 다년생잡초 100% 로가장높았고, 파종후 20일헬기방제에서일년생잡초 97.6%, 다년생잡초 100%, 동력분무기를이용한관행방제시일년생잡초 97.3%, 다년생잡초 99.6% 순이었다. 총방제가도파종후 15일헬기방제에서가장높았다. 파종후 25일헬기방제에서관행방제보다방제가가낮은요인은헬기방제시살포총량이소량임에따라잡초의밀도가높으며잡초표면에부착되는제초제비율이줄어든영향으로판단된다 (Table 5). Table 5. Dry weight and control value of weeds species of 30 days after foliar herbicide treatment by foliar herbicide application time in the wet seeding rice cultivation. Dry weight of weeds species (g m -2 ) Control value (%) Ec x Bt Mv Cs Lp Ri Total Annual weed perennial weed Total HC15 y 0 0 0.2 1.4 0 0 1.6 98.5 100.0 99.7 HC20 0 0 0.4 2.2 0 0 2.6 97.6 100.0 99.6 HC25 1.8 0 1.0 5.7 0 0 8.5 93.7 99.6 98.6 CA 0.7 0 0.4 2.5 0 0 3.6 97.3 99.9 99.4 UTC 390 89.2 16.2 91.2 26.5 1.1 614.2 - - - x Ec: Echinochloa crus-galli; Bt: Bidens tripartite; Mv: Monochoria vaginalis; Cs: Cyperus serotinus; Lp: Lindernia procumbens; Ri: Rotala indica. y HC15: Helicopter control of 15 days after sowing; HC20: Helicopter control of 20 days after sowing; HC25: Helicopter control of 25 days after sowing; CA: Conventional application; UTC: Untreated control.
벼담수표면산파재배에서무인헬기를이용한제초제경엽처리효과 327 Table 6. Rice growth and spray injury of 60 days after seeding by foliar herbicide application time in the wet seeding rice cultivation. Plant length (cm) Number of tiller (ea m 2 ) Spray injury (0-9) HC15 x 53.4 576 0 HC20 50.9 588 0 HC25 52.9 564 0 CA 51.1 581 0 UTC 38.6 154 - x HC15: Helicopter control of 15 days after sowing; HC20: Helicopter control of 20 days after sowing; HC25: Helicopter control of 25 days after sowing; CA: Conventional application; UTC: Untreated control. Table 7. Rice qualities and head rice yield of 110 days after seeding by foliar herbicide application time in the wet seeding rice cultivation. Lodging (1-9) Culm length (cm) No. of panical (ea m 2 ) Grain filling ratio (%) Yield Head rice ratio (%) Head rice yield HC15 x 1 82 502a y 92.7 539 90.1 484a HC20 1 83 508a 90.4 543 88.7 489a HC25 1 73 482a 92.5 506 90.1 459a CA 1 75 506a 92.1 510 89.5 458a UTC 1 70 52b 87.0 244 81.4 199b y HC15: Helicopter control of 15 days after sowing; HC20: Helicopter control of 20 days after sowing; HC25: Helicopter control of 25 days after sowing; CA: Conventional application; UTC: Untreated control. y Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, p=0.05. 경엽처리제초제살포후 60일이후의생육및약해조사결과는 Table 6과같다. 무인헬기를이용하여파종후 15일에경엽처리제초제처리시후기생육및수량등에서도관행방제와유사하고 (Table 7) 잡초제거효과가높았다. 농업용무인헬기를이용한효율적잡초방제를위해서는잡초피복정도가낮은초기방제가유리할것으로판단된다. 상도나타나지않았다. 제초제살포시기설정을위하여파종후 15일, 20일, 25일에무인헬기로살포한결과파종후 15일에방제가가일년생잡초 98.5%, 다년생잡초 100% 로관행방제 (1년생 97.3%, 다년생 99.6%) 보다높았고, 약해증상도나타나지않았다. 따라서농업용무인헬기를경엽처리제초제살포에이용가능할것으로판단된다. 요 약 주요어 : 경엽처리제초제, 무인헬기, 잡초방제 본연구는벼재배에서병해충방제의목적으로확대보급되고있는농업용무인헬기를담수표면산파의잡초방제에활용가능성을검정하고자수행하였다. 경엽처리제초제 (bentazone sodium + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) 의처리농도는벼병해충방제에적용하는 8배로희석하여처리한결과기준량및 2배량살포에서는피해가크지않았으나, 3배량이상살포시벼생존율이급격히감소하였다. 벼담수표면산파포장에발생한주요잡초는피 (Echinochloa crus-galli) 를포함한일년생 6초종과너도방동사니등다년생 2초종이었으며, 파종후 25일에무인헬기로경엽처리제초제살포시일년생잡초에서 96.3%, 다년생잡초 99.8% 로동력분무기를이용한관행방제와유사한방제가를보였고, 약해증 Acknowledgements This study was supported by grant of the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (Project number: PJ0088 3703). References Jin, Y.D., Lee, H.D., Park, Y.K., Kim, J.B. and Kwon, O.K. 2008a. Drift and distribution properties of pesticide spray solution applied aerially by manned-helicopter. Korean J. Pestic. Sci. 12(4):351-356. (In Korean)
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