28 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(3) was similar between the agricultural unmanned helicopter application and the conventional practices. Al

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1 농업생명과학연구 49(3) pp Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(3) pp Print ISSN Online ISSN 농업용무인헬기를이용한콩재배지에서의담배거세미나방 (Spodoptera litura) 방제 성덕경 1 김영광 1 진영민 1 노일래 2 심상인 2 김석현 2 김철수 3 정정성 2* 1 경상남도농업기술원작물연구과, 2 경상대학교농학과 ( 농업생명과학연구원 ), 3 전남대학교식물생명공학부 접수일 (2014 년 5 월 21 일 ), 수정일 (2015 년 6 월 10 일 ), 게재확정일 (2015 년 6 월 17 일 ) The Control of Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Using Agricultural Unmanned Helicopter in Soybean Fields Deok-Gyeong Seong 1 Young-Gwang Kim 1 Yeong-Min Jin 1 Il Rae Rho 2 Sang In Shim 2 Seok Hyeon Kim 2 Cheol Soo Kim 3 Jung-Sung Chung 2* 1 Department of Crop Research, Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jiniu , Korea 2 Department of Agronomy (Insti. of Agri. and Life Sci.), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju , Korea 3 Department of Plant Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju , Korea Received: MAY , Revised: JUN , Accepted: JUN 초록 작물재배에있어서관행스프레이처리에의한병해충방제는노동집약적, 농약중독그리고작업기피성등으로문제가되어왔다. 이러한작업개선을위하여수도작방제용으로도입된농업용무인헬기의활용도가낮아경제성확보를위해방제대상작물의다양화와더불어다양한농작업에그활용성을확대할필요가있다. 따라서본연구는무인헬기의활용성에대한다양화를위하여무인헬기를이용한콩재배포장에서의해충방제연구를통하여해충방제용으로농업용무인헬기의활용가능성에대한효과를검증하고자수행하였다. 담배거세미나방의방제를위하여에토펜프록스를두시기에걸쳐고농도저약량 (8 배희석 ) 으로농업용무인헬기로방제하였고, 관행방제는경운기부착용동력분무기로약제를 1,000 배로희석하여처리하였다. 그결과농업용무인헬기방제는관행방제와같은방제효과를보였고고농도저약량처리의무인헬기방제에서도약해의증상은나타나지않았으며방제비용을 37% 절감하고노동시간도 90% 를줄일수있었다. 검색어 - 고농도저약량, 담배거세미나방, 무인헬기, 에토펜프록스유탁제 ABSTRACT The pest control using conventional system has been a labor intensive, pesticide poisoning and shirking task in crop cultivation. The agricultural unmanned helicopter was usually used at the object of the pest control for rice cultivation. For economic efficiency, the availability of the agricultural unmanned helicopter is necessary to expand the utilization and the diversification of targeted crop. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate for developing usages of the agricultural unmanned helicopter. The pest control effects of tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) were compared with control (non sprayer) using the power sprayer and the agricultural unmanned helicopter in soybean fields. The insecticide, Ethofenprox was treated ultra low volume (ULV, 8 times dilution) using the agricultural unmanned helicopter and was treated 1000 times diluted solution using the power sprayer. The results suggested that control value * Corresponding author: Jung-Sung Chung Tel: Fax: jschung@gnu.ac.kr

2 28 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(3) was similar between the agricultural unmanned helicopter application and the conventional practices. Also, phytotoxicity was not observed in both, and the cost and working time reduced 37% and 90%, respectively by the agricultural unmanned helicopter application. Key words - Ethofenprox, Spodoptera litura, Ultra low volume, Unmanned helicopter Ⅰ. 서론우리나라에서담배거세미나방 (Spodoptera litura) 은주로진주, 창원및밀양등남부지방에서대발생되고있으며, 그시기는 8월상, 중순부터발생하기시작하여기상조건에따라 9월상순에그밀도가크게증가하여전작물에대해서심각한피해를주게된다 (Shin et al., 1987, Choi et al., 2011). 담배거세미나방은돌발적으로발생하며잡식성으로가해하는기주의범위가 110여종으로알려져있다 (Nasr et al., 1960; Minamikawa, 1937). 국내에서는 1990년이후로남부지방의시설재배가많은부산, 김해, 밀양, 창원및진주등에서다발생되어그동안증가되어온시설재배면적과밀접한관련이있는것으로추정된다 (Lee et al., 2006). 담배거세미나방은우리나라에서아직정확한발생생태가밝혀지지않았으나남부지방에서연간 5세대를경과하고 1, 2세대의발생량은적지만그이후세대는많고발생면적이점차확대되어문제가되고있다 (Shin et al., 1987, Choi et al., 2011). 유충의왕성한섭식활동에의한경제작물에미치는피해가매우심하고살충제에대한내성이강하여방제가매우어려우며 (Kim et al., 1998) 성충은수백에서수천개의알을산란하여증식력이매우높기때문에 (Shin et al., 1987, Bae & Park, 1999) 선택적살충제의교호사용에의한지속적인방제가이루어지지않으면재배작물에큰피해를미치게된다. 최근우리나라의농업환경이급변하고있는데, 농촌노동력의양적감소뿐만아니라 60세이상의고령 농업인은해마다증가함에따라노령화와부녀화에따른농촌노동력의질적저하가빠르게나타나고있다. 귀촌 귀농이해마다늘어나고는있지만그수가농촌노동력의양적, 질적감소를충족시키기엔아직요원하다고할수있다. 농촌노동력부족과농약중독에대한우려등으로인하여농약살포작업이농업인이가장기피하는농작업으로인식되는데항공기를이용한항공방제는농작업에있어서병해충방제노력과생산비를줄이고국제적으로경쟁력이있는고품질의농산물을지속적으로생산이가능하도록할수있는최선의방안이라할수있다 (Jin et al., 2008). 항공방제는농작업중농업인이기피하는병해충및잡초방제작업을손쉽게할수있기때문에광활한농경지를보유한선진국에서는오래전부터경비행기또한유인헬기를이용하여농작업을시행하고있다. 우리나라의경우, 경지면적이넓지않고산악지가많아유인헬기의추락사고등의문제로매우제한적이다. 이러한문제를극복하기위하여원격조정으로이용이가능한무인헬기에대한관심이높아지고있고농업용무인헬기는시간당 10ha를방제하면서재배작물위로 3~4m의고도에서농약을살포하여비산이거의없고작물별, 농지별국지적살포와정량적살포로농약사용량을크게줄일수있어환경에대한부담을줄일수있다 (Jin et al., 2008). 일본에서는일찍부터농업용무인헬기를개발하여 1991년에농가에보급하기시작하여 2008년기준약 2,300여대가논의방제작업에활용되고있다 (Lee, 2009). 그러나우리나라의농업용무인헬기

3 Seong et al : The Control of Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Using Agricultural Unmanned Helicopter in Soybean Fields 29 는 2004년 6대를시작으로 2008년 45대가보급되었고 2013년까지 500대를공급할예정이다 (Kim, 2009). 우리나라의항공방제는주로벼주요병해충방제를위하여실시되고있지만방제용무인헬기와전문운용능력을가진인력과같은기반시설이부족하고항공방제용으로사용할수있는약제가많이등록되어있지않다. 항공방제용농약은관행방제와달리고농도로처리가되기때문에기존등록된관행처리농약들에대한고농도저약량처리시의약해와약효에대한연구가뒷받침이되어져야한다. 또한처리구주변에있는타작물에대한약해연구를통한안정성문제가해결되어야한다. 이렇게주로벼농사에이용이되고있는무인헬기를최근에는그활용도를높이기위해병해충뿐만아니라잡초방제를위한제초제처리에도활용을하고있다 (Yoon et al., 2010; Yoon et al., 2011a; Yoon et al., 2011b; Won et al., 2012). 또한, 기계이앙재배에비해노동력과생산비절감차원에서직파재배에도무인헬기를사용함으로써그의활용도를높이고있다 (Back et al., 2012). 우리나라에서무인헬기의사용은이제시작단계라고할수있고, 주로병해충과잡초방제를위한연구가진행이되고있으며생력화를위한직파재배에이용되고있다. 따라서무인헬기사용의경제성확보를위해서현재주로사용되고있는벼농사뿐만아니라방제대상작물의다양화와더불어다양한농작업에그활용성을확대하여야한다. 따라서본연구는무인헬기의활용성에대한다양화를위하여 무인헬기를이용한두과작물에서의해충방제연구를통하여두과작물에대한해충방제용으로농업용무인헬기의활용가능성에대한효과를검증하고자수행하였다. Ⅱ. 재료및방법 무인헬기를이용한두과작물병해충방제효과를구명하기위하여 2010년경남농업기술원태광콩포장에서수행하였다. 2.1 포장조성본시험에사용한콩은태광콩이며, 파폭 60 cm, 주간 10 cm 간격으로포장을조성하였고인력으로주당 3립씩 2010년 6월 10일에파종하였다. 파종직후클로로아세트아닐라이드계제초제 ( 알라입제 ) 를 10a당 3 kg을토양전면에살포하였다. 시비량은 N-P 2O 5-K 2O를 10a 당각각 kg으로시비하였다. 2.2 농업용무인헬기 (RMAX L17 Type Ⅱ, YAMAHA) 본시험에사용된농업용무인헬기는주날개직경이 3,115 mm, 전장이 3,630 mm, 전폭 720 mm 로, 수냉식수평대향 2기통 2사이클엔진을탑재하였으며, 최대이륙중량은 94 kg으로기체중량은 64 kg이다. 1회급유후비행시간은약 60분으로실용작업거리와전파도달거리는각각 150~200 m 와 1 km 이다. Table 1. Dilution rate and amount of insecticide Spraying method Target Insect Insecticide name Amount of main component Dilution rate Amount (L/10a) Aerial Conventional Tobacco cutworm Ethofenprox 10% Tobacco cutworm Ethofenprox 10% 1,

30 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(3) 생충률은약제처리전밀도를조사하여이를약제처리후밀도로나누어백분율로나타냈다. 그리고방제가는무처리생충률에서처리구의생충률을빼고이것을무처리생충률로나누어백분율로나타냈다. 조사시기는각각처리후 3일과 6일에생충률과방제가를조사분석하였다. Fig. 1.

4 30 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(3) 생충률은약제처리전밀도를조사하여이를약제처리후밀도로나누어백분율로나타냈다. 그리고방제가는무처리생충률에서처리구의생충률을빼고이것을무처리생충률로나누어백분율로나타냈다. 조사시기는각각처리후 3일과 6일에생충률과방제가를조사분석하였다. Fig. 1. The application of the Yamaha RMAX L17 Type II for insect control was carried out in soybean fields. 2.3 시험약제 본시험에사용된화합물은에토펜프록스유탁제로 상품화된두과작물인콩에서주로노린재류, 담배거 세미나방, 파방나방을방제하는데등록된약제이며, 고농도저약량으로무인헬기를이용한항공방제용으 로사용이가능한지알아보기위해현재농가에서 사용량이많고선호하는농약으로선정하여 Table 1 과같이처리하였다. 2.4 처리방법 방제방법은농업용무인헬기와경운기에부착된 동력분무기를이용하여무방제와비교분석하였다. 방제방법에따른약제희석배수는무인헬기를이용 한처리에서는과중한무게로인한관행방제와같은 1000 배희석은불가능하기때문에 8 배로희석하여 1800 m 2 에처리하였고, 동력분무기를이용한관행 방제는농약사용지침서에제시된 1000 배로희석하 여 720 m 2 에처리하였다. 처리시기는 7 월 20 일과 8 월 16 일각각 2 차례콩재배포장에살포하였다 (Fig. 1, Table 1). 2.5 무인헬기방제포장에대한약효 약해조사 담배거세미나방의피해에대한약효 약해조사는 농촌진흥청농업과학기술연구조사분석기준에따라 조사분석하였다. 담배거세미나방유충의밀도는난 괴법으로 20 주씩 3 반복으로조사하였는데담배거세 미나방유충을콩주수로나누어조사하였다. 또한 2.6 무인헬기방제의방제비용분석무인헬기를이용한항공살포와일반관행살포와의방제비용에대한경제성분석은 2010년농업과학기술개발경제성분석기준자료집에의거하여산출하고그결과를비교하였다. Ⅲ. 결과및고찰 3.1 담배거세미나방의약제방제담배거세미나방은 7월중 하순부터 11월중 하순까지지속적으로발생되어다양한세대에유충이혼재되어있으므로발생초기에집중적인관리를하지않으면방제하기가매우어려워진다 (Cho et al., 1996). 7월 20일 1차로무인헬기와경운기의동력분무기를이용한담배거세미나방유충의처리전밀도는무인헬기, 관행, 무방제가각각 0.5, 1.1, 0.8 이었다. 1차약제살포후 3일뒤에무인헬기를이용한방제와관행방제에서현저히생충률이낮아짐으로써방제가가높게나타났지만무인헬기방제와관행방제의유의적차이는없었다 (Fig. 2, Table 2). 1차방제후 6일뒤에 2차조사에서도생충률이매우낮아방제가가매우높게나타났다. 그리고고농도저약량처리인무인헬기방제에서약해가나타나지않았다. 그리고 8월 16일에 2차로각각무인헬기와경운기동력분무기로약제를처리하였고, 처리전담배거세미나방유충의밀도는무인헬기, 관행, 무방제가각각 1.3, 1.4, 1.1 이었다. 2차약제살포후 3일뒤에생충률을조사한결과무인헬기처리와관행처리구에서는각각 50.5%, 49.3% 로담배거세미나방유충의밀도가약절반수준으로낮아져그에

5 Seong et al : The Control of Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Using Agricultural Unmanned Helicopter in Soybean Fields 31 Table 2. Control effects of insecticide application 3 days and 6 days after in soybean fields Spraying method Aerial Conventional a DAS: days after First Control effect (%) Second 3 DAS a 6 DAS 3 DAS 6 DAS 따른방제가가절반수준인 48.7% 와 50% 정도였다 (Fig. 2, Table 2). 2 차방제후 6 일뒤에조사한결 과에서는 2차방제후 3일뒤에조사한결과에비해더낮은수준의생충률을보였고그에따라방제가도 3일후조사에비해무인헬기방제와관행방제가각각 94.9%, 92.7% 로더높게나타났다 (Fig. 2, Table 2). 1차약제살포후 3일뒤에관행방제와무인헬기방제모두방제가가높게나타난반면 2차약제살포후 3일뒤에는유충의밀도가 1차약제살포때와비슷한수준이었음에도불구하고관행방제와무인행기방제모두 1차살제살포후 3일뒤에나타난방제가의절반수준이었다. 이는유충의영기가증가하면서약제감수성이낮아졌을것으로판단된다. 담배거세미나방유충의영기별약제감수성은유충의영기가증가할수록현저히낮아진다고보고되었으며 (Cho et al., 1996), 또한영기가증가 Fig. 2. Survival rate of Tobacco cutworm after aerial and conventional. A, survival rate 3 days after 1st ; B, survival rate 6 days after 1st ; C, suvival rate 3 days after 2nd ; D, 6 days after 2nd. Error bars represent the standard deviation (n=3). Means with different letters are significantly different (p 0.05) according to the Duncan's multiple rage tests.

6 32 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(3) Table 3. Comparison of insecticide application labor by methods c Walking distance Spraying method Work (miter/person) Labor intensity Time consumed (minute/person) Index Aerial a Preparation 192 Weak Application 36 Weak Arrangement 186 Weak Total 414 Weak Conventional b Preparation 254 Medium Application 265 Strong Arrangement 245 Medium Total 764 a Aerial : two persons b Conventional : three persons c Work: Application area, 30a Medium Strong 할수록약제의추천농도와비교하여계산된값인내성비도증가한다고보고되었다 (Bae et al., 2003). 2차방제후 2회의조사에서무인헬기방제와관행방제의유의적인차이는나타나지않았다. 담배거세미나방유충의밀도는방제후급속히줄어들었고관행방제와무인헬기방제시대체적으로방제가가 2차방제에비해 1차방제에서높게나타났으며이는 1 차방제전담배거세미나방유충의밀도와 2차방제전담배거세미나방유충의밀도의차이에서비롯된것으로사료된다. 하지만이들의유의적차이는없는것으로나타났다. 또한무인헬기방제와관행방 제에서 2회에걸친약해조사에서모두약해증상이나타나지않았다. 따라서고농도의약제를저약량으로살포하는무인헬기방제에서뚜렷한약해징후가없어관행방제와효과에서차이가없는것으로사료된다. 3.2 방제방법별노동력비교담배거세미나방방제방법별약제살포노동력을비교한결과주요작업내용으로는준비작업, 방제작업, 정리작업으로구분할수있고무인헬기방제에서 1인당보행거리가관행방제보다짧아노동강도 Table 4. The analysis of insecticide application cost by methods. Spraying method Working time (minute) Cost (won) Labor Pesticide Oil Depreciation Other a Total (Area: 1ha) Index Aerial Conventional 62 7,615 19,004 1,091 13,149 11,518 52, ,958 19,004 3,412 1,349-83, a Other: Insurance, part depreciation, repair and others

7 Seong et al : The Control of Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Using Agricultural Unmanned Helicopter in Soybean Fields 33 가약한경작업인데반해관행방제는 1인당보행거리가더길어노동강도가강한것으로조사되었다 (Table 3). 30a 방제시 1인당작업시간은무인헬기방제시관행방제에비해준비작업이 64%, 정리작업이 79.7% 로작업시간이절약되었다 (Table 3). 특히실제방제작업시관행방제는 26.3분이소요되었고이에비해무인헬기방제시방제작업시간이 2분으로상당히절약되는것으로조사되어대단위콩재배포장에서농업용무인헬기의사용효과가매우클것으로사료된다. 3.3 방제방법별비용비교담배거세미나방방제방법별 1회방제비용을분석한결과는 Table 4와같다. 콩재배시위탁을통한공동방제가아니라개별로농가에서직접방제를수행하고있다. 무인헬기를이용한위탁방제시관행방제에비해노동시간을 90% 줄일수있고, 인건비및유류대의절감효가가큰것으로조사되었다. 따라서무인헬기를이용한위탁방제시관행방제에비해 ha당 37.4% 정도의방제비용절감효과가있는것으로분석되어방제비용측면에서도효과적인것으로조사되었다.» Literature cited Back, N. H., J. K. Nam, T. K. Kim, C. H. Yang, S. B. Lee, S. J. Kim, J. H. Jeong, K. M. Cho, C. H. Paik, K. B. Lee, and T. G. Kang Direct seeding cultivation technology of rice with an agricultural helicopter. Korean J. Intl. Agri. 24: Bae, S. D., B. R. Choi, Y. H. Song, and H. J. Kim Insecticide susceptibility in the different larva of tobacco cutworm, Spodopter litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in the soybean fields of Milyang, Korea. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 42: Bae, S. D., and K. B. Park Effects of temperature and food source on pupal development, adult longevity and oviposition of the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 38: Cho, J. R., W. R. Song, S. Y. Hwang, H. S. Kim, and J. O. Lee Age-related susceptibility of Spodoptera litura larvae to some insecticides. Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 35: Choi, D. S., D. I. Kim, S. G. Kim, S. J. Ko, B. R. Kang, and S. S. Kim Control thresholds for managing common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptere: Noctuidae) on chinese cabbage. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 50: Jin, Y. D., H. D. Lee, H. S. Sim, S. G. Lee, and O. K. Kwon Selection and bioactivity of tank mix combinations of pesticides for aerial application. Korean J. Pesticide Sci. 12: Kim, E. B Symposium for the development and usage trend of a remote-controlled helicopterpolicy direction for supporting the rental business of a remote-controlled helicopter. Rural Development Administration. pp Kim, Y. G., J. R. Cho, J. N. Lee, S. Y. Kang, S. C. Han, K. J. Hong, H. S. Kim, J. K. Yoo, and J. O. Lee Insecticide resistance in the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Asia-Pacific Entomol. 1: Lee, C. S Symposium for the development and usage trend of a remote-controlled helicopter-policy direction for supporting the rental business of a remote-controlled helicopter. Rural Development Administration. pp Lee, G. H., S. D. Bae, H. J. Kim, S. T. Park, and M. Y. Choi Economic injury levels for the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on soybean. Korean J.

8 34 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(3) Appl. Entomol. 45: Minamikawa, H Survey on the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius. Taiwan Central Res. Int. Agr. Report 70: Nasr, E. S., M. A. Moussa, and A. S. Hassan Soil moisture in relation to population and moth emergence of the cotton leaf worm, Prodenia litura Fabricius. Bull. Soc. Entom. Egypte. XLIV: Shin, H. Y., C. H. Kim, C. G. Park, and Y. S. Lee Biology of tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 1. Seasonal occurrence of tobacco cutworm in southern Korea and larval development, pupal period, adult longevity and oviposition on the different food sources. Res. Rept. RDA (D. M and U). 29: Won, O. J., B. H. Kim, K. M. Park, S. H. Park, J. Y. Pyon, and K. W. Park Application of remote-controlled aerial application to control weeds on the paddy field using imazosulfuron mefenacet. CNU J. Agri. Sci. 39: Yoon, C. S., S. C. Lee, K. H. Kim, D. H. Lee, C. S. Seok, H. J. Kim, T. K. Cho, and I. C. Hwang Herbicidal efficacy and diffusibility of 500g great granule for remote-controlled aerial application in paddy rice. Korean J. Weed Sci. 30: Yoon, C. S., C. H. Bae, S. C. Lee, K. H. Kim, K. H. Lee, T. K. Cho, and I. C. Hwang Herbicidal effects on the differential rice cultivation condition and damage of no-target plants of macro granule herbicide for remote-controlled aerial application. Korean J. Weed Sci. 31: Yoon, C. S., C. H. Bae, S. C. Lee, K. H. Kim, K. H. Lee, T. K. Cho, and I. C. Hwang Studies on application method and safety of macrogranule(gg) herbicide for remote-controlled aerial application. Korean J. Weed Sci. 31:

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012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar