한국환경보건학회지, 제 43 권제 1 호 (2017) J Environ Health Sci. 2017; 43(1): 71-76 원 저 Original articles pissn: 1738-4087 eissn: 2233-8616 https://doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2017.43.1.71 지하철역사의호선별로미세먼지의노출특성에대한평가 황성호 * 김종오 ** * 국립암센터암예방사업과, ** 동남보건대학교환경보건과 Evaluation of Exposure Characteristics of Fine Dusts by Subway Lines Sung Ho Hwang* and Jeong Oh Kim** *Cancer Risk Appraisal & Prevention Branch, National Cancer Center **Department of Environmental Health, Dong-nam Health University ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to assess the environmental factors that affect particulate matters (PM10) and to compare with outdoor PM10 concentrations in an underground subway stations. Methods: The PM10 level was determined from May 2013 to September 2013 in the Seoul subway stations in four lines. PM mini-vol portable sampler sampler was used to collect PM10 for 6 hrs. Arithmetic means of PM10 concentrations with standard deviation (SD) were calculated. Paired t-test was used to compare the differences between indoor PM10 and outdoor PM10 concentrations with correlation analysis which was used to identify the association between indoor PM10 concentrations and environmental factors. Results: There were no different PM10 concentrations significantly between line 1, 2, 3 and 4 in an underground subway stations. Passenger number was positively associated with PM10 concentration while construction year was negatively associated with PM10 concentrations. Indoor PM10 concentrations were significantly higher than those in outdoor PM10 concentrations. PM10 concentrations were higher in the stations which were constructed before 1990s rather than the stations constructed after 1990s. Conclusion: PM10 levels in the underground subway stations varied greatly depending on the construction year. Therefore, it might need to be more careful management to the stations which constructed in before 1990s. Keywords: IAQ (Indoor air quality in subway platform), IAP (Indoor Air Pollution), I/O ratio, PM10, Construction year, Outdoor PM10 I. 서론대부분의현대인들은다양한실내환경에서많은시간을보내고있기때문에실내공기의질은건강영향에중요한요소이다. 실내공기질은건물실내와 1) 건물주변의쾌적한공기의정도를의미하고, 건물실내에있는사람들의호흡과관련한건강과도상관 이있다. 우리나라규정상실내공기오염물질로는미세먼지 (PM10), 부유세균, 이산화탄소, 포름알데히드, 일산화탄소, 이산화질소, 라돈, 총휘발성유기화합물, 석면, 오존이있다. 2) 여러가지다양한오염물질중에서직경 10 µm 이하의입자에뜻하는 PM10은장기간노출시호흡기감염및염증증상을일으킬수있으며, 폐및 Corresponding author: Department of Environmental Health, Dong-nam Health University, Tel: +82-31-249-6452, Fax: +82-31-249-6450, E-mail: jongokim@dongnam.ac.kr Received: 31 October 2016, Revised: 08 February 2017, Accepted: 23 February 2017 71
72 황성호 김종오 심장혈관질환뿐만아니라폐암을일으키는것으로알려져있다. 3) 다양한실내환경중에서도지하철은많은연령층의사람들이교통수단으로이용되는공공장소로공기중미세먼지발생의영향을받기쉬운대표적인실내환경이다. 지하철은전세계적으로 160개이상의도시에서대중교통수단으로많이이용되고있기때문에전세계적으로도지하철의실내공기질에대한연구는중요하다. 지하철의입자상물질은각진모양, 큰직경, 높은질량을보였으며, 철 (Fe) 로부터기원되는고농도의금속물질을포함하고있다. 4-6) 따라서지하철역이용자의건강보호및깨끗한공기질을유지하기위해서는지하철역의미세먼지와일반대기의미세먼지와의관계를파악하고, 오염특성을확인하는것은매우중요하다. 7) 지하철환경에서오염된공기질은부적절한관리및환기시스템으로인해발생될수있으므로적절한관리가필요하다. 8) 2004년 5월이후, 환경부는지하철을포함한공공시설물의실내환경오염에서국민건강을보호하기위해실내공기질을관리및유지하고있다. 많은 1) 불특정다수의사람들이이용하는지하철역사에서 PM10 농도분포및특성을평가하여전반적인노출수준을파악하는것이향후원인인자확인및공기질개선에도움이될수있다. 본연구의목적은서울메트로지하철 1-4호선전체지하역사를대상으로공기중 PM10 농도를주변의환경요소인역사의길이, 역사의면적, 역사설치년도, 승객수간의상관성분석과실내및실외 PM10 농도간의평균농도를비교평가를통해전반적인지하철역사농도분포및영향인자들을파악하는것이다. II. 연구방법 1. 지하철환경요소본연구는 2013년 5월부터 9월까지 100개 PM10 시료를서울메트로 1-4호선까지의 100곳의지하역사에서공기중농도를측정하였다. Table 1은 100 곳의지하철역사의환경적특징을나타낸표이다. 호선별로측정된역사의개수가다른것은호선마다지상이아닌지하역사의개수가다르기때문이다. 즉, 1호선에서의지하역사는 10곳, 2호선은 37곳, 3호선은 21곳, 4호선이 21곳이다. 지하철역사의환경적요소로는역사의길이, 역사의면적, 역사의설치년도및측정당일의평균승객수를고려하였다. 환경요인 ( 역사의길이, 역사의면적, 역사설치년도, 승객수 ) 은서울메트로홈페이지에공시된자료를활용하였다. 2. 시료채취및실외 PM10 각지점에서사용한샘플러는 PM mini-vol portable sampler(model 4.1, Airmetrics Co., USA) 로, 시료채취유량은 5 L/min로고정하여 6시간동안측정하였다. 시료포집에사용한필터는직경 47 mm, pore size 2 µm의 teflon filter (Zeflour, PAll Cor, USA) 를사용하였다. Teflon 필터는시료채취전 후로 3일간항온 항습기에보관한후에, 전자저울 (Sartorius Co., Model CPA2PF) 로칭량하였다. 실외 PM10 농도는 Air Korea에서측정된자료를적용하여지하철역사실내 PM10 농도와비교하였다. 지역적인 9) 차이를고려하여역사측정일과가장가까운실외에위치한 PM10 농도지점과비교하였다. 모든실내 PM10 농도는공시된 2013년서울메트로실내공기 Table 1. The characteristics of environmental factors in the four line of underground subway stations. Line No. of station Length of station (m) Mean (range) Areas of station (m 2 ) Year of construction No. of passenger Line 1 10 210 (210-210) 8759.4 (5490-10465) 1977 (1974-2005) 61,278 (15,718-150,136) Line 2 37 198 (90-205) 8347.4 (3936-18506) 1984 (1980-2005) 72,837 (2949-263,820) Line 3 32 205 (205-205) 8997.9 (3860-14613) 1989 (1985-2010) 38,822 (7,716-124,914) Line 4 21 205 (205-205) 8560.8 (5913-15490) 1985 (1985-1994) 55,075 (2,387-99,167) Total 100 203 (90-210) 8641.6 (3860-18506) 1985 (1974-2010) 57,251 (2,387-263,820) J Environ Health Sci 2017; 43(1): 71-76 http://www.kseh.org/
지하철역사의호선별로미세먼지의노출특성에대한평가 73 질측정결과를활용하였다. 3. 통계분석통계분석은 SAS (version 9.3) 프로그램을사용하였다. Shapiro-Wilk test 결과 PM10 농도의분포가정규분포를나타내어모든통계분석은모수방법을이용하여수행하였다. 지하철노선별 (1-4호선) 농도분포와환경요인분포특징을확인하기위해기술통계분석을실시하였고, 실내 PM10 평균농도와실외 PM10 평균농도간의유의성검정을위해 Paired t- test 분석을실시하였다. 또한 PM10 농도와역사설치년도간에상관성을알아보기위해 Pearson test 분석법을적용하여통계적상관성을검정하였다. Fig. 1. Comparison between indoor and outdoor concentration of PM10 in four lines (p < 0.001). III. 연구결과 Table 2는 1-4호선간의 PM10 농도분포를나타낸것이다. 농도값은 Shapiro-Wilk test 결과정규분포를보여산술평균으로나타내었다. 지하역사 100곳의공기중 PM10평균농도는 91.8 ± 4.9 µg/m 3 로, 하위 88.3 - 상위 91.6 µg/m (95% 신뢰구간 ) 범위를나 3 타내었다. 가장높은 PM10 평균농도는 1호선에서 95.7 µg/m 로나타났고, 다음으로 4호선 (91.1 µg/m ), 3 3 2호선 (90.4 µg/m 3 ), 3호선 (91.1 µg/m 3 ) 순으로평균농도분포를보였다. Pearson 상관분석은 PM10 농도와지하철역사의길이, 역사면적, 역사설치년도와의관계를확인하기위해수행되었다. PM10 농도와설치년도 (r = -0.437, p < 0.001) 는유의한역상관성이있었고, 승객수 (r = 0.498, p < 0.001) 및역사길이 (r = 0.462, p < 0.001) 는유의한상관성이있었지만, 역사면적 (r = 0.134, Table 2. The characteristics of PM10 concentrations in the four line of underground subway stations No. of PM10 concentration Line Sample Low 95% High 95% Mean ± SD a CI b CI b Line 1 10 95.7 ± 5.5 91.8 99.7 Line 2 37 90.4 ± 6.1 88.3 92.4 Line 3 32 90.1 ± 4.4 88.5 91.6 Line 4 21 91.1 ± 3.8 89.4 92.8 Total 100 91.8 ± 4.9 88.3 91.6 a ; Standard deviation, b ; Confidence interval Fig. 2. Plot regression between PM10 concentration and construction years (p < 0.001) in stations. p > 0.05) 과는유의한상관성이없었다. Fig. 1은지하철내에서의 PM10 농도와실외 ( 대기중 ) 의 PM10 농도를비교한결과이다. 지하철 1-4호선모두실외의대기 PM10 농도보다높게나타났고, 이는통계적으로도유의한결과를나타내었다 (p < 0.001). 실내와실외 PM10 농도차이가가장많이나타나는호선은 3호선 ( 실내 PM10 평균농도 : 90.1 µg/m 3, 실외 PM10 평균농도 : 30.7 µg/m 3 ) 이었고실내 / 실외농도비 (I/O ratio) 는 3.4, 그다음으로 1호선 ( 실내 PM10 평균농도 : 95.7 µg/m 3, 실외 PM10 평균농도 : 36.8 µg/m 3, I/O ratio: 2.8), 2호선 ( 실내 PM10 평균농도 : 90.4 µg/m, 실외 PM10 평 3 균농도 : 38.8 µg/m 3, I/O ratio: 3.8), 4호선 ( 실내 http://www.kseh.org/ J Environ Health Sci 2017; 43(1): 71-76
74 황성호 김종오 PM10 평균농도 : 91.1 µg/m 3, 실외 PM10 평균농도 : 51.0 µg/m 3, I/O ratio: 2.3) 순으로나타났다. Fig. 2는 Pearson 상관분석에서유의한상관성결과를보인역사 PM10 농도와설치년도간의상관성분포를나타낸것이다. 지하철역사설치년도가 1990년도를기점으로 1990년도이전에설치된역사에서 PM10 농도가 1990년도이후에설치된역사의 PM10 농도보다높게나타나는양상을보였고 (Fig. 2, 지하철역사길이가 205 m 2 를기점으로 PM10 농도가높게나타나는양상을보였다. IV. 고찰본연구결과지하철역사 PM10의평균농도는 91.8 ± 4.9 µg/m 3 으로우리나라다중이용시설유지기준과미국환경보호국에서권장하는 150 µg/m 3 을넘지않았으며, 10) 서울시조례로강화된다중이용시설유지기준인 140 µg/m 도초과하지않았다. 다른실 3 1) 내환경에서의 PM10 농도를측정한연구를보면도심가의초등학교는평균 42.3 ± 9.9 µg/m 3 이고, 석탄을사용하는주택은평균 105.9 ± 23.9 µg/m 3 이며, 피트니스센터의경우평균범위 3.5-101 µg/m 3 나타냈다. 도심가의초등학교와비교해볼때본연 11-13) 구에서의 PM10 평균농도가높다는것을알수있다. 서울메트로 100개역사에서의 PM10 평균농도와세계각국에서측정된 PM10 농도를비교한결과, 지하철역사의 PM10 평균농도는멕시코시티, LA, 타이페이, 프라하의농도와비슷한농도수준이 14-17) 었지만, 로마, 런던, 카이로, 스톡홀름의지하철역사보다는낮은농도분포를나타내었다. 하지만 18-21) 지하철실내공기질은외기농도와계절별특성을고려해야하기때문에단순히농도비교만으로는무리 가있다. 22) 또한우리나라와다른지하철역사구조, 운행빈도, 지하터널환기상태등을고려하여야한다. 본연구의 4호선역사내 PM10 평균농 23,24) 도를 2004년도에측정된서울메트로 4호선역사측정자료 25) 와비교한결과, 2004년역사의 PM10 농도는 359 µg/m 3 로본연구결과 PM10 평균농도 91.8 µg/m 3 보다약 4배높게나타났다. 본연구에서측정된서울메트로 1-4호선지하역사내의 PM10 농도가 2004년의결과보다낮게나타난이유는서울메트로의지속적인공기청정기설치및공기질관리의결과로사료되었다. 지하역사내의 PM10 농도와역사의길이와역사설치년도간의유의한상관성은직접적으로역사의길이가길수록 PM10 농도가높아지기에합당한설명근거를찾기는어려웠다. 실제역사의길이및설치년도차체의영향이었다기보다는역사마다다른승객수의영향이작용했을것으로판단되었다. 다른연구결과에서도본연구결과와같이실내 PM입자분포는사람의존재유무에강한상관관계를나타내었는데이는사람을통하여부유입자가재생성되면서 PM10 농도에영향을미쳤기때문이다. 26) PM10 농도와지하역사설치년도간에유의한역상관성을보인결과를좀더자세히살펴보기위한상관성산점도분포결과 (Fig. 2) 1990년에설치된역사를기점으로 PM10 농도가차이가나는것을알수있었다. 오래된건물사무실과새건물사무실간의초미세먼지 (Ultra fine particle) 농도를조사한연구 27) 에따르면오래된건물사무실이새건물사무실에비해유의하게높게나타났다. 이는오래된건물이새건물에비해초미세먼지의발생원인이되는복사기, 레이져프린트및담배연기의노출이새건물사무실에비해많았기때문인것으로해석하였다. 하 Table 3. Pearson correlation analysis between PM10 and environmental factors in underground subway stations PM10 Length of station Areas of station Year of No. of construction passenger PM10 1.000 Length of station 0.462 ** 1.000 Areas of station 0.134 0.207 * 1.000 Year of construction -0.437 ** -0.384 ** 0.109 1.000 No. of passenger 0.498 ** 0.210 0.100-0.380 1.000 * : p < 0.05, ** : p < 0.001 J Environ Health Sci 2017; 43(1): 71-76 http://www.kseh.org/
지하철역사의호선별로미세먼지의노출특성에대한평가 75 지만본연구에서오래된역사와그렇지않은역사간에나타난 PM10 농도차이의결과를설명하기에는발생원인이될만한근거가충분치않아해석상의어려움이있다. Fig. 1에서지하역사내의 PM10 농도가실외 PM10 농도보다유의하게높게나타났는데이러한결과는 Lee(2015) 28) 연구결과와일치하였다. Lee(2015) 연구에따르면역사내 PM10 농도가높은것은지하철터널에서생성된큰입자의영향을받았기때문이라고설명하였다. 즉, 지하철이역사에정차하여출입문이개폐될때열차풍에의해지하터널이나선로내부로부터미세먼지가재비산하여승강장미세먼지농도가높게나타난것이다. 이러한영향 29,30) 외에도미세먼지는불충분한공기교환횟수와부적절한환기시스템관리와같은문제로도미세먼지농도를증가시키는원인이될수있기때문에적절한환기시스템관리가중요하다. 본연구는서울메트로지하역사내 PM10 농도수준을측정평가한연구로몇가지제한점이있다. 첫째, 지하철역사내 PM10 농도와실외 PM10를동시에측정하여비교하지못하고대기환경망 (Air Korea) 자료로비교하여평가한것이다. 같은시료채취기로동시간에측정을하여비교하지못하여정확한비교라고할수없다. 둘째, 온도, 습도, 역사부피와같은환경요인자료를함께고려하여측정농도값과비교하지못하였다. 셋째, 측정이그역사를대표할수있을만큼의충분한기간과시료수가아니어서그역사의농도수준을대표할수가없다. 하지만본연구는서울메트로전체지하역사역사 100곳 (1-4호선) 에서측정및평가를하였기때문에전반적인지하역사의 PM10 농도수준을알수있는근거가되는기초자료로활용될수있다. V. 결론본연구는서울메트로지하철 1-4호선전체지하역사대상으로공기중 PM10 농도를주변의환경요소와실외 PM10 농도간의상관성및평균농도비교를실시한연구로주요결과로는다음과같다. 지하철역사의 PM10 농도는 1-4호선간의농도차이가없었고, 환경요소인승객수와가장유의한상관성을보였다. 역사내의 PM10 농도는유지기준을초과하지는않았지만실외 PM10 농도와비교해유의하게높은것으로나타났다. 지하역사 PM10 농도와설치년도간의상관성을분포도를통해 1990년도이전에설치된역사가 1990 년이후로설치된역사보다 PM10 농도가높은것으로나타났다. 감사의글 본연구는 2016년도동남보건대학교연구비지원에의하여수행된것임. References 1. Klepeis NE, Nelson WC, Ott WR, Robinson JP, Tsang AM, Switzer P, et al. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Expo Analysis Environmental Epidemiology. 2001; 11: 231-252. 2. Ministry of Environment of Korea. Indoor Air quality management in public facilities Indoor Air Quality Management Act Amendment. 2014. 3. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Available at: http://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-qualityiaq/introduction-indoor-air-quality, 2016 [accessed 10 October] 4. Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Gomez-Perales JE, Colvile RN. Levels of particulate air pollution, its elemental composition, determinants and health effects in metro systems. Atmospheric Environment. 2007; 41(37): 7995-8006. 5. Seaton A, Cherrie J, Dennekamp M, Donaldson K, Hurley JF, Tran CL. The London underground: dust and hazards to health. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2005; 62(6): 355-362. 6. Sitzmann B, Kendall M, Watt J, Williams I. Characterisation of airborne particles in London by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy. Science of the Total Environment. 1999; 241(1-3): 63-73. 7. Zhao W, Hopke PK. Source apportionment for ambient particles in the San Gorgonio wildness. Atmospheric Environment. 2004; 38: 5901-5910. 8. Kwon SB, Park DS, Cho YM, Park EY. Measurement of natural ventilation rate in Seoul metropolitan subway cabin. Indoor and Built Environment. 2010; 19(3): 366-37. http://www.kseh.org/ J Environ Health Sci 2017; 43(1): 71-76
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