99 Standa rd Pro c e dure s Whe n Ea rthq ua ke Strike s
1 1 1.1 1 1.2 1 1.2.1 2 1.2.2 6 1.3 9 1.4 10 2 13 2.1 13 2.1.1 13 2.1.2 13 2.1.3 19 2.1.4 19 2.1.5 29 2.2 31 2.2.1 32 2.2.2 33 2.2.3 46 3 49 3.1 49 3.2 49 3.2.1 49 - i -
3.2.2 50 3.3 54 3.3.1 54 3.3.2 55 3.3.3 59 3.3.4 61 3.4 62 3.4.1 62 3.4.2 63 3.5 67 3.5.1 67 3.5.2 70 3.6 73 3.6.1 73 3.6.2 74 3.6.3 74 3.6.4 74 3.7 74 4 ( ) 75 4.1 75 4.1.1 75 4.1.2 75 4.1.3 75 4.1.4 77 4.2 ( ) 78 - ii -
4.2.1 78 4.2.2 80 4.2.3 80 4.3 81 4.3.1 82 4.3.2 88 4.4 102 5 107 5.1 109 5.1.1 109 5.1.2 109 5.1.3 112 5.1.4 113 5.1.5 114 5.2 116 5.2.1 116 5.2.2 117 5.2.3 134 5.2.4 148 5.2.5 153 5.2.6 156 5.2.7, 161 5.2.8 166 5.2.9 170 5.2.10 179 5.2.11 184 5.2.12 189 - iii -
5.2.13 199 5.2.14 202 A. 147 - iv -
1.1 3 1.2 3 1.3 4 1.4 6 1.5 7 1.6 11 2.1 13 2.2 14 2.3 15 2.4 17 2.5 18 2.6 18 2.7 19 2.8 MM, RF, JMA, MSK 29 2.9 31 2.10 ( ) 33 2.11 35 2.12 36 2.13 37 2.14 38 2.15 42 2.16 43 2.17 44 2.18 45 2.19 46 3.1 50 - v -
3.2 51 3.3 3999 7 52 3.4 3421999 10,000 52 3.5 99 54 3.6 55 3.7 YPT 56 3.8(a), (b),, 57 3.8(c), (d), 58 3.9 59 3.10 60 3.11 61 3.12 62 3.13 64 3.14 1, 2 64 3.15 65 3.16 65 3.17 65 3.18 66 3.19 66 3.20 66 3.21 66 3.22 119 66 3.23 67 3.24 67 3.25 68 3.26 68 - vi -
3.27 68 3.28 68 3.29 69 3.30, 69 3.31 70 3.32 70 4.1 77 4.2 78 4.3 PGA 79 4.4 ( ) 80 4.5 ( ) 81 4.6 82 4.7 84 4.8 () 85 4.9 86 4.10 87 4.11 88 4.12 90 4.13 90 4.14 96 4.15 97 4.16 119 97 4.17 97 4.18 97 4.19 97 4.20 98 4.21 98 4.22 99 - vii -
4.23 99 4.24 99 4.25 100 4.26 100 4.27 100 4.28 100 4.29 100 4.30 101 4.31 101 4.32 101 4.33 101 4.34 101 5.1 118 5.2 122 5.3 122 5.4 124 5.6 130 5.7 154 5.8 179 A.1 207 - viii -
1.1 5 1.2 8 2.1 MM 25 3.1 10,000 53 3.2 57 3.3 63 3.4 63 4.1, 89 4.2 91 4.3 98 5.1 116 5.2 119 5.3 120 5.4 125 5.5 128 5.6 128 5.7 MMI 134 5.8 161 5.9 168 5.10 174 5.11 175 5.12 194 5.13 198 - ix -
1 1.1.,,,. 19951 399..,,. 1905100., 7.0.,., 200.. 1.2-1 -
1001000., 1905, 100.,. 1.2.1 28( )., 1.115 17, 16, 1820. 1.2,. 1800.,. 12. MM ( 4.3 )400, 1.3. MM ( 5.3 ) 45(1.1). 50.. 1.4. 17.,,, - 2 -
,. 1. 1 1.2-3 -
1.3 ( 219 04 ) - 4 -
1. 1 1 27 37.4N 127.3E 8 2 89 37.4N 127.3E 9 3 100 35.8N 129.2E 9 4 304 35.8N 129.2E 9 5 304 35.8N 129.2E 9 6 458 35.8N 129.2E 8 7 502 39.0N 125.8E 9 8 510 35.8N 129.2E 9 9 664. 9. 12 35.8N 129.2E 8 10 768 35.8N 129.2E 7 11 779 35.8N 129.2E 9 12 1036. 7. 23 35.8N 129.2E 8 13 1226. 11. 5 38.0N 126.6E 7 14 1260. 6. 24 37.8N 126.5E 8 15 1385. 8. 1 38.0N 126.6E 8 16 1413. 5. 20 35.8N 129.2E 7 17 1416. 5. 23 36.6N 128.7E 7 18 1455. 1. 24 35.4N 127.4E 9 19 1518. 7. 2 37.9N 126.2E 9 20 1525. 5. 7 35.5N 126.5E 7 21 1546. 6. 27 37.6N 127.0E 8 22 1546. 6. 30 37.6N 127.0E 8 23 1546. 6. 30 39.4N 125.5E 7 24 1552. 2. 4 37.5N 126.8E 7 25 1553. 3. 2 35.9N 128.3E 8 26 1564. 2. 25 41.0N 126.6E 8 27 1594. 7. 20 36.6N 126.7E 8 28 1596. 2. 21 37.4N 128.5E 7 29 1597. 10. 8 41.3N 128.0E 8 30 1643. 5. 30 35.6N 128.2E 8 31 1643. 7. 24 35.5N 129.3E 9 32 1660. 2. 6 36.1N 128.1E 7 33 1662. 4. 21 36.7N 126.9E 7 34 1670. 10. 30 35.1N 126.9E 8 35 1670. 11. 15 33.5N 126.5E 8 36 1681. 6. 12 37.6N 127.0E 7 37 1681. 6. 12 37.4N 129.2E 8 38 1681. 6. 17 37.4N 129.2E 7 39 1681. 6. 26 37.8N 129.0E 8 40 1682. 3. 19 37.4N 128.4E 7 41 1692. 11. 2 36.6N 127.5E 7 42 1700. 4. 15 35.2N 127.7E 7 43 1700. 4. 29 35.2N 128.1E 8 44 1702. 8. 26 35.9N 128.4E 7 45 1727. 6. 20 39.9N 127.6E 8-5 -
1.4 1.2.2 1905. 1963WWSSN, 1977. 1980 10, 1991 (STS-1), 1995. 1850, 200175. - 6 -
1.5-7 -
1.2 ( 19 0 519 9 9), 4.0 (JMA) 1936. 7. 4 5.1 () : 4, : 113 1978. 9. 16 5.2 () : 1978. 10. 7 5.0 () : 2, : 118, : 90m 1980. 1. 8 5.3 () : ( ) 1981. 4. 15 4.8 () 80km : 1982. 2. 14 4.5 () 1982. 3. 1 4.7 45km : () ( ) 1985. 6. 25 4.0 30km : () ( ) 1992. 1. 21 4.0 50km : () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1992 12. 13 4.0 1994. 4. 22 4.6 1994. 4. 23 4.5 1994. 7. 26 4.9 70km,, () 175km,,, () 175km,,, () 100km,,, () 70km 1995. 7. 24 4.2 ( ), () 1996. 1. 21 4.2 80km : () ( ) 1996. 12. 13 4.5 1997. 6. 26 4.2 ( ) ( ) 80km (), (-) 9km (), () 1998. 2. 10 4.1 90km 1999. 1. 11 4.2 15km (), () - 8 -
() 1905 400, 5.0 5. 1.5.,,,,. 193674 ( 5.1), 1978916 ( 5.2), 1978107( 5.0), 198018 ( 5.0), 1981415( 4.7), 1995 1998 ( 4.2), 199612( 4.5), 19991 50km ( 4.2) 4.0 19. 4.04.9 14, 5.0 5. 1.2., 19961( 4.2), 16816 (M 7.5). 1.3, 21999 7794 ( 6.5, MM IX), 15187( 6.5, MM IX), 16437 ( 7.0, MM IX), 16816 ( 7.5, MM X), 18101 ( 6.5, MM IX). MM, 6.5,. - 9 -
. 16816 ( 7.5, MM XXI). 1.6. 1.4.,.,.., (,, ).,.,. - 10 -
1.6-11 -
- 12 -
2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2. (elastic reb ou n d th eory ) 1906H. F. Reid, () 2. 1-13 -
. (p late tectonics) 1960100km, cm,. (1) 2.2 (block) (normal fault), (reverse fault), (strike-slip fault) (oblique-slip fault). 2.2-14 -
(2) 4. 2.3,,..,. 2.3 6370km,.,.,,... - 15 -
.. 23......,.....,.. km km. 2.5,,,,,,,,,. 100 km 6070km. - 16 -
2.4. 2.6,.. (San Andreas)...... 1cm,. - 17 -
,.,. 2.5 2.6-18 -
2.1.3. (Hyp ocenter),. :. (Ep icenter). 1996. 2.7 2.1.4-19 -
. (m agnitu de, m ) (1) (2) (Richter local m agnitu de, M L) 1935(Richter),. Wood-Anderson, (600km ) " "., 100km Wood- Anderson (m) (logarithm of base 10). (M L)" ",. (3) (surface w av e m agnitu de, M s) (wave).. (, body wave) (surface wave)1. (surface wave magnitude, Gutenberg and Richter, 1936)20 (Rayleigh waves). - 20 -
M s = log A + 1.66 log + 2.0 (2.1), A : (ground displacement) : (360) (: Wood-Anderson. seismometer) (70 km ), (1000 km ). (4) (b ody w ave, M b ),. (, body wave) (Gutenberg, 1945)P, P. M b = log A - log T + 0.01 + 5.9 (2.2), A : p T : P ( 1) (5) (m om ent m agnitu de, M w ),., " "., ( ), - 21 -
. (saturation), (bodywave) 6 7, 8.,. (moment magnitude, Mw) (Kanamori, 1977; Hanks and Kanamori, 1979), (seismic moment, Mo). ( M o )dyne-cm,. M o = A D (2.3), : A : D : (6) 60km (Tsuboi, 1954). M = 1.73 log A + log B - 0.83 (2.4), M :,. - 22 -
A : ( : km) B : ( MN 2 + ME 2 ) 1000/, 2 (: 10-6 m) (MN :, ME : ),.. (intensity, I) (1),,,, (2),. 1880 - (Rossi-Forel, RF) RF 12 (modified Mercalli, MM), MSK (Medvedev-Spoonheuer-Karnik), 8(Japan meteorological agency, JMA) (, 1.5 ) - 23 -
(: JMA),,,,, (epicentral intensity)., 0. - 24 -
2. 1 MM MM Wo o d a n d Ne u m a n n (1931) Ric hte r (1956),.,.,,.,, (0.51gal),.,,.. (12.1gal)...,..,. (2.15gal).,.,.,,.,,,,,,.,,. (510gal).,.. - 25 -
< 2.1 > MM Wo o d a n d Ne u m a n n (193 1) Ric hte r (1956),.,....,..,......(1021gal).,...,..,.,.,.,,.,....,,...,,,,., D., (2144gal)...,.,,,..,..,. D...,,,.. C.,..,..... (4494gal).,,,.. - 26 -
< 2.1 > MM Wo o d a n d Ne u m a n n (193 1) Ric hte r (1956)...,. C,, B. A..,,,,,.,,.,,..,,..,.,,.,,. (94202gal)... D, C.. B,,.,...,.,,.,, (202432gal).,.,..,..,...,,,,.,.,.. (432gal ).,,. - 27 -
< 2.1 > MM Wo o d a n d Ne u m a n n (193 1) Ric hte r (1956),..,....,...,.,....,...,.,.,..,.,.. : 1) MMWood and Neumann (1931), Richter (1956). 2) MM Richter (1956). A:., B: A C:., D:., - 28 -
. 2.8 MM, RF, J MA, MS K ( Ric ht e r, 19 5 8 ; Kra me r, 19 9 6 ) 2.1.5.,,,,,, 2. Nobi( 6m, 2m),,. 197014km 40,000... - 29 -
.,., 1896( ) 10m..,,.,,,,..,,...,. 1906, 1923 1995. - 30 -
- 31 -
2.2. 2.9, 1995.,. ( ). 2.9. 2. 1-31 -
,.,. 2.2.1,. 1 8( :, : ) 100.. 32. 7.07.2. 0.2.,. ()( )( ). 8.0 100150km 100km m. 31/ 307. 7 3040km, 1015km 12m.,., 200km 8.0, IV, 7.0 VII.., 8.5-32 -
, 100. 1/ 3. 2.2.2 (1) ( ) 2. 10 ( ) 2.101891 8.4.. 6m,.. 1916 ( ).. (2) - 33 -
1906., 8.3. 2030... 100m., 1989 90km. (3) 1923, 14.,.,. 0.1.,,.. 2.11. - 34 -
2. 1 1 (4) ( ) 19487.3. 7.2. VII.., ( )., ( ), (),. - 35 -
. (5) ( ) 19647.5..,.,. 2. 12 2.12( ). 10m. 400400 m 2 m5m - 36 -
10m...,. 2. 13 2.13..., 1/ 3.,. ( ), - 37 -
.. (6) 1971, 1994117.. 6.6,,,,. 1973.!.. 2. 14 2.14 514 1994. 14-38 -
.,..........,,.. 1/ 10. (7) ( ) 1971, 19787.5. ( ),. - 39 -
..,,.. 1980, 80 1995. 1963( ),.,.,.,,... ( ),,. (8) 1983 7.7. 108., - 40 -
,.... (9)., 300km. 8.1300km......,., 24 2040. (10) - 41 -
2. 15 1987.,. 2.15, 20cm 5cm...... - 42 -
....,. (11) 2. 16 2.161989. 7.1... 10,. - 43 -
. 2.17. S4, S3, S1. S4, S3, S1. S1 S4. 2. 17 (12) 19938. 2.18 2.. - 44 -
2. 18 (13) 19937127.9. ( )( ), 1983.. 2.19. 1996. 1983, 1964, 1993.. - 45 -
2. 19 2.2.3 19941176.9.,.,,....,,,. - 46 -
,.,.,.....,,.,.,....,. - 47 -
3 3.1 1999817. 820 119, 1999820830. 820 (Atatürk Havalimani),. 1 (Istanbul) (Izmit),.,,., 1999. 3.2 3.2.1 (plate tectonics), (Eurasian plate)(african plate) (North Anatolian fault), - 49 -
(Arabian plate). (Aegean plate), (Turkish plate), (Van plate). cm. 3.1. 3. 1 ( De we y e t a l., 197 3 ) 3.2.2 (N orth Anatolian fault).,,, ( 3.2). (San Andreas fault). 244mm/, 2034mm/. - 50 -
3.2 ( US GS, 19 9 9 ). strike-slip,.,,.. 19677.1. 3.3193919997. 7... 7. - 51 -
3.1 10,000, 3.4. 3.3 3 99 97 ( US GS, 19 9 9 ) 3.4 34 21999 3. 1 10,0 0 0(OC HA, 19 9 9 ) - 52 -
Date Lat Lon Mag Deaths General area 342 36.2 36.1 40,000 (?) Antakya (Antioch) 565 36.2 36.1 30,000 (?) Antakya 688 38.4 27.2 7.0(ISK) 20,000 Izmir 847 36.2 36.1 20,000 Antakya 1268 39.8 40.4 15,000 Erzincan-Erzurum 1268 37.5 35.5 60,000 (?) NE of Adana 1458 39.9 40.4 30,000 Erzincan-Erzurum 1509 09 14 40.7 29.3 7.0(ISK) 13,000 Istanbul 1653 02 23 38.2 28.2 7.5(ISK) 2,50015,000 East of Izmir 1688 07 12 38.4 26.9 7.5(ISK) 15,00020,000 Izmir 1859 06 02 39.9 4 1.3 6.4(ISK) 15,000 Erzurum 1883 10 15 38.3 26.2 7.0(ISK) 15,000 West of Izmir 1939 12 26 39.5 38.5 7.9(ISK) 30,000 Erzincan *ISK : Earthquake catalog of Kandilli Observatory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, supplied by NOAA/NGDC (Meyers and Von Hake), Boulder CO, 1985. - 53 -
3.3 3.3.1, (USGS, United States Geological Survey), 3, 150km (40.702N, 29.987E) 1517km. 70km. (surface wave magnitude, Ms) 7.8, (body wave magnitude, Mb) 6.3, (moment magnitude, Mw) 7.4. 3.5. Ms : 7.8 Mb : 6.3 Mw : 7.4 : Izmit (40.702N, 29.987E) : 17km 3.5 3.6, 4.0. 40.540.8N29.830.0E, 29E. 91. - 54 -
. 3.6 ( US GS, 19 9 9 ) 3.3.2 47. 3.8. Yarimca (YPT). 3.7 YPT 118cm74.1cm. 72.3cm. 3.7(a) 20, (b). - 55 -
(a ) 2 0 ( b ) 3.7 YPT ( Bog a z ic i Un iv., 19 9 9 ) 3.2Istanbul (Peak Ground Accleration). Yarimca (YPT). 322.205mg, 241.089mg. (Gölcük) (Adapazar )(Düzce) 410mg370mg(Bogazici Univ., 1999). Adapazar,. YPT Adapazar. 3.2-56 -
( Bog a z ic i Un iv., 19 9 9 ) STATION Peak Ground Acceleration Max. Horizontal PGA Max. Vertical PGA ARC 211.365 mg 83.252 mg ATS 252.564 mg 80.078 mg BOT 98.877 mg 23.560 mg CNA 177.307 mg 57.678 mg DHM 90.210 mg 55.115 mg YKP 41.070 mg 27.100 mg YPT 322.205 mg 241.089 mg FAT 189.392 mg 131.714 mg HAS 110.230 mg 143.494 mg BUR 100.891 mg 48.218 mg 60 40 20 0-20 - 40-60 60 40 20 0-20 - 40-60 S T A T ION Y P T - N S - D IS P L. (c m ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) S T A T ION Y P T - E W - D IS P L. (c m ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) 80 40 0-40 - 80 80 40 0-40 - 80 ST AT ION YPT - NS - VEL. (cm/ sec ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) ST AT ION YPT - UD - VEL. (cm/ sec ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) 60 40 20 0-20 - 40-60 ST ATION YPT - UD - DISPL. (cm) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) 80 40 0-40 - 80 ST AT ION YPT - UD - VEL. (cm/ sec ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) (a ) ( b ) 3.8 (a ), ( b),, - 57 -
300 200 100 0-100 - 200-300 ST AT ION YPT - NS - ACCEL. (cm/ sec 2 ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) 5 4 3 2 1 0 S T A T ION Y P T - N S - F F T 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 Frequency (hertz) 300 200 100 0-100 - 200-300 ST AT ION YPT - EW - ACCEL. (cm/ sec 2 ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) 5 4 3 2 1 0 S T A T ION Y P T - E W - F F T 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 Frequency (hertz) 300 200 100 0-100 - 200-300 ST AT ION YPT - UD - ACCEL. (cm/ sec 2 ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 time (sec) 5 4 3 2 1 0 S T A T ION Y P T - U D - F F T 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 Frequency (hertz) (c ) (d ) 3.8 (c ), (d ), ( Is t a n bu l T e c h. Univ., 19 9 9 ) 3.8Istanbul YPT,,. 3.8(d) 3.64.0 hz, 3.84.2 hz 6.57.5 hz. 3.9 YPT tripartite logarithm plot.. 0%, 2%, 5%, 10% 20%. 20%. - 58 -
3.9 Ya r imc a (YPT ) ( Is t a n b ul T e c h. Un iv., 19 9 9 ) 3.3.3 (seismic gap),., (seismic gap).,..