Ù w wz, 18«y (01), pp. 79-89 Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology g w ƒ v k e w wùá *Á w w p w w œw wv Effects of Complex Diet of Collagen and Vinegar on Female Scalp and Diffuse Alopecia Aged from 40s to 60s Ha-Na Lee, Sang-Mo Kang 1, * and Hee-Sook Cho Dept. of Beauty Design, Halla University 1 Dept. of Microbial Engineering, Konkuk University Cosmetology & Beauty, Sahm Yook Health University In scalp and diffuse alopecia, the complex diet of collagen and vinegar substantially decreased scalp sebum output, microbial quantity, keratin quantity, erythema and pigment quantity, ph than the control group and the alone group. In particular, in the hair number of 5 mm on the center of the scalp and the hair number per hair follicle, the complex diet of collagen and vinegar increased by.5 times than the changes which the number of the collagen group's hair increases, and the number of the hair per hair follicle substantially increased as 1.6 times. In conclusion, in a clinical research for women in their 40s-60s whose gastric secretion function is presumed to fall and who have a diffuse alopecia, the complex diet of collagen and vinegar, protein hydrolysate, the complex diet of collagen and vinegar was better in the absorption than the intake of only collagen because it had a better effect on the improvement of the scalp and diffuse alopecia than a single diet. Key words: Collagen, Vinegar, Complex diet, Scalp, Diffuse alopecia I. v ƒ Á š v (cutis) v (skin appendages) l» (,, 005). w v v w v, vw,, w,, l ƒw Áyw yw v w yw» w» (, ½, 005). v y x ùkùš w k w (½, 009). k v v v ƒ ƒ v w v ³ w» y ã y w (, 008). k» 500 û (Hair follicle) x š 100,000 (scalp) w (Tobin, 008), k z û x š androgen w j» yw (Cotsarelis, Millar, 001). ˆ» k androgenetic k š s z androgen (Camacho-Martínez, 009). ƒ, ú x w f ù v p (, 006; Ekmekci et al., 010). w, y Ì, k w, t,, k» k (Peters et al., 006). ƒw û y ƒ»ƒ k ƒw š *Corresponding author: Sang-Mo Kan Tel : +8--450-354 E-mail : kangsm@konkuk.ac.kr (011 8 18 )/ (01 4 )/ k (01 4 9 ) 79
80 J. Kor. Soc. Cosm. Vol. 18, No., 01 (Horenstein et al., 005; Xu et al., 009). Minoxidil FDA œ w x k e sw -5% w (Rushton, 1993). v, spironolactone, flutamide, cyprotenone acetate e ƒ (Carmina, Lobo, 00). w, y» š finasteride.5 mg/day s» z k z š(camacho-martínez, 009; Trüeb, 005) z š(lucky et al., 000). ù w t v, v,, y,» v, e x, m w ww ù» wš (w, 006; Carmina, Lobo, 00). t k e r w t ùkùš k y v t zinc pyrithione (Lodén, Wessman, 000) ketoconazole (Ratnavel et al., 007), t Tar (Kircik, 010). ù w t š k e w. k wš w wù (dietary supplement) (, 005). w» w, k,, y t wù y ƒ š t ƒ k t, w (combination), (extract), (concentrate), (metabolite) w w. xkƒ e,, soft gel, gel capsule w z w (½ x, 006). 40-60 ü (El Fékih et al., 010) w (Moeinvaziri, 009) k k. e t y w (½ x, 006) ˆ» w w k e w z. (Kang, Lee, 010) w» š k 40-60 ƒ w g w w g w g w v w, ü š k testosterone û ƒ. x, g + 3 w ƒ x g,, IGF-I š ferritin z, ww testosterone z û. ƒ g y g» ƒ.» g w w 40-60 w ƒƒ v k ù z ƒ y wš v k w. g w z v, y, ƒ,, ph, v y w. v k x g w w v k wš w. 1. x II. x (Kang, Lee, 010) w x g Deutsche Gelatine Fabriken St v w w ü K g s w w. ü q ( )»» t (w/v%) 6.0~7.0% 1 z 15 ml w..» (Kang, Lee, 010) w,» w p k 40~60 ˆ»» ww ˆ» 60 w 15, g 15, 15, g + 15 4 z x w d w. 1 z ù k w, 15, g 15, 14, g + 15 59 x w, x» 009 6 9 l 009 9 16 ¾ w. 3. (Kang, Lee, 010) w g g e,, z g 6g g w w, (6.0~7.0% (acetic acid) e,, z 15 ml 45 ml 1 w w. g +
g, w ƒ 40-60 v k e w 81 1 g g+ 15 ml e,, z w w w. 4. v d k 40-60 15, g 15, 14, g + 15 59 x 009 6 9 l 9 16 ¾ ( x 1 ) w,»» w t z 3 ù v d w. v d v w, k, v,, w d d v center point l 10 cm»»,,, e d w. 1) v 40-60 k k v v š LumitesterTM PD- 10(KIKOMAN, Japan) w v d w. d luciferase w ATP d w Ÿ q w. d 1z LuciPacW (Swab test) w t z 3 ù v center point l 10 cm 3z ó w 10 z z LumitesterTM PD-10 w d w.» w,, e 3 d z s³ w. s³ d r ƒ 30% d wš SPSS for Window Version 1.0 w mean ± standard deviation w. z z d w x 4-5 o C, 50~55% y d w. ) v y 40-60 k w e q w» w Mexameter MX 18(Courage-Khazaka Electronic, Germany) w d w. MX 18 narrow-band reflectance spectrophotmeter probe 568 nm(green), 660 nm(red), 880 nm(infrared) w v d w» x w s w. d v center point l 10 cm Mexameter MX 18 w z 1 ü mw v y (eryhma Index, EI) d w.» w,, e 3 d z s³ w. s³ d r ƒ 30% d wš SPSS for Window Version 1.0 w mean ± standard deviation w. z z d w x 4-5 o C, 50~55% y d w. 3) v ph 40-60 k v ph v š skin ph meter(skincheck-1) w d w. (ph 4.0/pH 7.0) mw w, ph w t»w. d t z 3 ù v center point l 10 cm skin ph meter mx v w d w,» w,, e 5z d z s³ w. s³ d r ƒ 30% d wš SPSS for Window Version 1.0 w mean ± standard deviation w. ph yw w w y x 4-5 o C, 50~55% z z d w. 4) v 40-60 k v k š sebumeter SM 810(Courage- Khazaka Electronic, Germany) w z v t z 3 z d w, d w (½xy, 005) w. d e p (Sebumeter cassette) w d n v probe v t 0 ƒ v k z, d n w d w. d v center point 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm e 3 d w z s³ w. s³ ƒƒ d r ƒ 30% d w š SPSS for Window Version 1.0 w mean ± standard deviation w. v w jƒ ƒ w t z 4 z w d w x 4-5 o C, 50~55% w. 5) v ƒ 40-60 k v ƒ k š Skin visiometer(sv-600, Germany) w d w. d v center point l 10 cm corneofix l v v t š 3 ù ƒ e p ö š Ÿ w image ü l
8 J. Kor. Soc. Cosm. Vol. 18, No., 01 v probe z ƒ d w index d w. v ƒ % t % w ƒ w ùkü. ƒ 1z d z SPSS for Window Version 1.0 w mean ± standard deviation w ƒ ƒ 1 cm ƒ ù image w. x 4-5 o C, 50~55% z z d w. 6) k y 40-60 k k w y w q z sƒw» w v ƒ t z 3 z v» Multicam- 1000 w v w, v w (½,, 008) (, 008) w. k v ( ) ¼ ƒ š ƒ ƒ û xy z p center point l 10 cm 1, 80, 50 w v k k w. z w ƒ k, œ,, vm w. 1 k w k, 80 5 mm, 50 5 mm œ vm w w v w w. Fig. 1 k w». 5. w SPSS for Window Version 1.0 w v, y, ƒ,,, ph, k y mean ± standard deviation(m±sd) ùkþ. x z y t (paired t-test) ww ( P<0.05). 1. v III. Fig. v d w y w v. Fig. v (p=0.43), g (p=0.145), (p=0.84) š g + (p=0.367) 4. v 11379.94 ± 339.34 unit z 1831.6 ± 19.4 unit 1.8%(p=0.134) ƒw ù. g 15530.75 ± 457.35 unit z 10636.41 ± 4361.8 unit 31.6% w w (p=0.031), 1483.4 ± 548.87 unit z 731.1 ± Fig.. Microbial quantity change of the scalp before and after the diet. Measured paired t-test within group, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01 Abbreviations : Cont, control; C, collagen; V, vinegar; C+V, collagen + vinegar. Fig. 1. The standard figure in the classification of woman's hair loss progressing degree in Ludwig classification (Ludwig, 1977). Fig. 3. Erythema index change of the scalp before and after the diet. Measured paired t-test within group, Abbreviations were the same as Fig.. *P<0.05
g, w ƒ 40-60 v k e w 83 568.91 unit 49.3%(p=0.003) w. w, g + 16348.6 ± 367.41 unit z 5456.16 ± 981.6 unit 66.6%(p=0.00) w (P<0.05).. v y Fig. 3 v y d w yw v. Fig. 3 z v y (p=0.61), g (p=0.137), (p=0.81) š g + (p=0.47) 4. v y 39 ± 3.3 EI z 4 ± 40. EI 1.3%(p=0.104) ƒ w ù. 66 ± 8.5 EI z 31 ± 40. EI 13.% (p=0.015), g 41 ± 9.4 EI z 1 ± 33. EI 1%(p=0.038) w. w, g + 48 ± 4.4 EI z 01 ± 9.8 EI 19%(p=0.037) w w (P<0.05). 3. v ph Fig. 4 v d w yw v. Fig. 4 v ph (p=0.83), g (p=0.18), (p=0.364) š g + (p=0.151) 4. v ph 5.91 ± 0.18 z 5.87 ± 0.5 0.7%(p=0.548) w ù. g 5.83 ± 0.1 z 5.5 ± 0.43 5.3% w w (p=0.014), 6.11 ± 0.45 z 5.44 ± 0.37 11%(p=0.07) w. w, g + 5.93 ± 0.6 z 5.1 ± 0.17 1.1%(p=0.004) w (P<0.05). 4. v Table 1 v d w. Table 1 v (p=0.56), g (p=0.71), (p=0.137) š g + (p=0.85) 4. v 107.4 ± 1.37 µg/cm z 110.74 ± 16.6 µg/cm.8%(p=0.107) ƒw ù. g 105.38 ± 11.6 µg/cm z 9.8 ± 10.15 µg/cm 1.4% w w (p=0.00), 11.16 ± 9.41 µg/cm z 90.11 ± 18.13 µg/cm 19.6%(p=0.000) w. w, g + 109.51 ± 18.8 µg/ cm z 86.16 ± 11.94 µg/cm 1.1%(p=0.000) w (P<0.05). Table 1. The sebum of the scalp before and after the diet experiment Unit:(µg/cm ) Group Before After Cont (n=15) 107.4 Û 1.37 1) 110.74 Û 16.6 C (n=15) 105.38 Û 11.6 9.8 Û 10.15** V (n=14) 11.16 Û 9.41 90.11 Û 18.13*** C+V (n=15) 110.51 Û 18.8 86.16 Û 11.94*** Measured paired t-test within group 1) Mean ± S.D. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 Abbreviations were the same as Figure. Fig. 4. The ph change of the scalp before and after the diet. Measured paired t-test within group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, Abbreviations were the same as Fig.. Fig. 5. Changes of the scalp keratin quantity. Measured paired t-test within group. *P<0.05, Abbreviations were the same as Fig..
J. Kor. Soc. Cosm. Vol. 18, No., 01 84 5. 두피의 각질량 Fig. 5는 두피의 각질량을 측정한 결과의 값을 도식화한 그래 프이며, Fig. 6은 그룹별로 두피 중앙부 1 cm의 각질을 관찰한 사진이다. Fig. 5의 두피의 ph은 식이 전 대조군(p=0.41), 콜라 겐군(p=0.538), 식초군(p=0.341) 그리고 콜라겐+식초군(p=0.167) 의 4 그룹 간의 유의적인 차이는 없어 동질성이 검증되었다. 대 조군에서 두피의 각질량은 식이 전 5.3 ± 1.4%에서 식이 후 50.7 ± 1.6%로 3.8%(p=0.064) 감소하였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 콜라겐군은 식이 전 53.4 ±.5%에서 식이 후 47.67 ±.8%로 11.3%로 유의하게 감소하였으며(p=0.05), 식초군은 식 이 전 55.6 ± 1.7%에서 식이 후 43.38 ± 1.9%로 1.8% (p=0.017) 유의적으로 감소하였다. 또한, 콜라겐+식초군은 식이 전 5.68 ± 1.%에서 식이 후 40.1 ± 1.6%로 3%(p=0.04) 유의적으로 감 소하였다(P<0.05). Fig. 6의 A, B, C, D는 각 군에서 대표적인 식이 전의 각질사 진으로 각질의 들뜸 현상이 크게 보였으며 큰 각질과 작은 각 질이 불규칙하게 분포되어 있었으며 많은 각질이 관찰되었다. A-1은 대조군의 식이 후의 사진으로 식이 전 사진보다는 작은 각질들이 보였으나 각질의 분포 지역은 식이전과 많은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 B-1와 C-1은 콜라겐군과 식초군의 단독 식이 후 각질 사진으로 식이 전 사진에 비하여 각질의 분포 지 역이 줄어들었으며 큰 각질이 없어지고 작은 각질들이 관찰되 었다. D-1은 콜라겐과 식초군의 복합식이 후 각질 사진으로 식 이 전 사진에 비하여 큰 각질이 없어지고 미세하게 작은 잔 각 질들이 보였으며 모공입구가 깨끗해졌다. 또한, 모공입구에서 털들이 보였으며 색소가 침착된 부위는 약간 밝아진 것이 관찰 되었다. 6. 두피의 화상분석 미만성탈모증상을 보이지 않는 40-60대 여성의 경우 1 cm 당 약 150개, 5 mm 당 약 70개의 모발의 개수를 가지고 있다 (류은주 등, 008). 루드윅분류법은 여성의 미만성탈모증의 진 행 정도를 분류하는 대표적인 방법이다(Ludwig, 1977). 두피진 단 시 렌즈의 배율에 따라 1배율 렌즈는 탈모의 진행 상태를 관찰, 80배율은 렌즈로 면적 당 모발개수를 관찰, 50배율은 렌 즈로 모공 당 모발개수 및 두피톤을 관찰한다(류은주 등, 008). Table 는 루드윅분류법을 이용하여 연구자들의 탈모의 진 행 형태를 분류하였다. Table 3은 80배율 렌즈로 두피중앙부의 Classification of a woman case's hair loss type Unit:(Number) Number Group Grade I 13 Cont (n=15) Grade II Grade III 0 Grade I 13 C (n=15) Grade II Grade III 0 Grade I 13 V (n=14) Grade II 1 Grade III 0 Grade I 13 C+V (n=15) Grade II Grade III 0 Abbreviations were the same as Fig.. Table. Ludwig classification Keratin picture before and after the diet. Abbreviations: A, control before; A-1, control after; B, collagen before; B-1, collagen after; C, vinegar before; C-1, vinegar after; D, collagen+vinegar before; D-1, collagen+vinegar after. Fig. 6.
콜라겐 식초의 복합식이가 대 대 여성의 두피 및 미만성탈모에 미치는 영향, 40-60 85 The number of the hair per 5 mm area of a scalp center Unit:(number/5 mm ) Before After Group Cont (n=15) 40.51 ± 5.6 39.4 ± 9.51 C (n=15) 4.8 ± 8.14 48.31 ± 4.86* V (n=14) 39.4 ± 7.38 4.63 ± 8.45* C+V (n=15) 37.6 ± 5.7 51.17 ± 5.36** Measured paired t-test within group Abbreviations were the same as Fig.. Mean ± S.D., **p<0.01 Table 3. 1) 1) The number of the hair per 5 mm area of hair follicle of the scalp Unit:(number) Before After Group 1. ± 0.15 Cont (n=15) 1.5 ± 0.31 C (n=15) 1.03 ± 0.7 1.58 ± 0.36* V (n=14) 1.1 ± 0.91 1.53 ± 0.7* C+V (n=15) 1.14 ± 0.87 1.94 ± 0.59* Measured paired t-test within group Abbreviations were the same as Fig.. Mean ± S.D. *p<0.05 Table 4. 1) 1) 5 mm 면적 당 모발의 개수를 측정한 결과의 값이며, Table 4 는 50배율 렌즈로 두피중앙부의 5 mm 면적의 모낭 당 모발 의 개수를 측정한 결과의 값이다. 또한, Fig. 7은 연구자들이 각 각의 그룹에 따라 식이 전후의 두피중앙부를 관찰한 사진이다. Table 는 미만성탈모의 진행 정도를 분석하기 위해 40-60대 여성 59명을 대상으로 루드윅분류법을 실시한 결과로 대조군, 콜라겐군, 콜라겐+식초군에서 탈모 Grade 이 13명과 Grade 가 명으로 4그룹 연구자들의 미만성탈모 진행 정도가 같았다. 식 초군은 Grade 이 13명과 Grade 가 1명으로 Grade 의 명수는 같 았으나 Grade 가 1명인 것은 식이 후 속쓰림이 일어나서 중도 에 탈락한 1인의 탈모의 진행 정도가 Grade 이었기 때문이다. Table 3은 80배율 렌즈로 두피중앙부의 5 mm 면적 당 모발의 개수는 식이 전 대조군(p=0.53), 콜라겐군(p=0.74), 식초군 (p=0.164) 그리고 콜라겐+식초군(p=0.54)의 4 그룹 간의 유의 적인 차이는 없어 동질성이 검증되었다. 대조군에서 모발개수 는 식이 전 40.51 ± 5.6 개/5 mm 에서 식이 후 39.4 ± 9.51 개/ 5 mm 로.7%(p=0.53) 감소하였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 콜라겐군은 식이 전 4.8 ± 8.14 개/5 mm 에서 식이 후 48.31 ± 4.86 개/5 mm 로 1.8% 유의하게 증가하였다(p=0.013). 식초 군은 식이 전 39.4 ± 7.38 개/5 mm 에서 식이 후 4.63 ± 8.45 개/5 mm 로 8.1%(p=0.04) 유의적으로 증가하였다. 또한, 콜라 겐+식초군은 식이 전 37.6 ± 5.7 개/5 mm 에서 식이 후 51.17 ± 5.36 개/5 mm 로 37.3%(p=0.00) 유의적으로 증가하였다 (P<0.05). Table 4는 50배율 렌즈로 두피중앙부 5 mm 면적의 모낭 당 모발개수는 식이 전 대조군(p=0.371), 콜라겐군(p=0.745), 식 The scalp pictures before and after the diet. Abbreviations were the same as Fig.. Fig. 7.
86 J. Kor. Soc. Cosm. Vol. 18, No., 01 (p=0.86) š g + (p=0.534) 4. û 1.5 ± 0.31 z 1. ± 0.15.4%(p=0.604) w ù. g 1.03 ± 0.7 z 1.58 ± 0.36 53.3% w ƒw (p=0.036). 1.1 ± 0.91 z 1.53 ± 0.7 6.4%(p=0.04) ƒw. w, g + 1.14 ± 0.87 z 1.94 ± 0.59 70.1%(p=0.0431) ƒw (P<0.05). Fig. 7, g,, g + v y. v v y v. v vƒ yw yw vƒ. w, w v vƒ, x w ƒ. k ƒ w v 5 mm 35-40 ƒ œ 1 ƒ š ¼ ƒ, œ. z v p, g z v y ù w y. v ƒ ƒ. w, v 5 mm 40-45 ƒ, œ w. g + z v ù, y œ. z ƒ x, w ƒ. w, v ƒ. v 5 mm 45-50 ƒ œ w. IV. š» 40-60, k ƒ š g w w g y š z v, y, ƒ,, ph, v y w g, w ƒ v k e w wš w. w, {,, v t ³ ƒ Propionibacterium acnes 84%, y» diphteroidƒ 14%, coagulasedma s ³ ³ % ( y, 1987). û v v y w ƒ v v ƒ (½xy, 005). v v s ù»yw w g { jš ƒ v y w öe (, 001). v v y yƒ v ƒw v e y ƒw w (w, 005)ƒ. ƒ Table 1 Fig. v ù kü. w, (Kang, Lee, 010) w x testosterone û, testosterone ƒ û v šƒ ( x, 001; Takashima, 1990). ƒ Table 1 y 19.6%, g + 1.1% w., v g 1.4% w w g z ƒ. ù v g 1.4%, 19.6%, g + 1.1% w. w, g 31.6%, 49.3%, g + 66.6% w w v w w ùkù ƒ w w z y w. ƒ 40-60 p y š ù testosterone g w v w v û ƒ. w, v g w w tv s ƒ ƒ w w v v w š v ƒ w (ùx, 008; Downing, Strauss, 198). g w y 40-60 ƒ w g v g w ƒ š tv s ƒ z g v ƒ ƒ. ù g w v ƒ w g + w ƒ j z ƒ ùkù g + w z y w. y x ƒ w»z ù y ü, w x y x y š k ƒ n
g, w ƒ 40-60 v k e w 87 k w. y x w w v k y v x y v xkƒ (, 003). v, v, v, k v v ƒ y w ( w, 004). w, v v y ƒ y w w v y v f tv k ƒ w v xk ( wv wzz r z, 1994). v v v ƒ ƒ š (Mimouni et al., 1995; Podmore et al., 1986). w k y v 53.4% ƒ ( Ÿy, 009) ƒ v y yƒ w» š š (Chen et al., 1996; Zhang et al., 008). ƒ Table 1 v Fig. 3 y ƒ ùkû. v» d w f p sƒ ƒ d w k w ƒy (keratinization)»ƒ ùe v s w š ùe ƒ kv w ƒ ƒ d ƒ d É š w œ (½ x, 007).»ƒ ƒy t v»ƒ ƒy t, e (w, 005). ƒy ƒy k j wù. v w v w œ s w v k»» w (Kligman, 1991; Kligman, Katz, 1968). Fig. 5 Fig. 6 ƒ ƒ ùkû, ƒ x j. w, j ƒ ƒ ³ew s ƒ. v w v w œ s w v k ƒ, ƒ ƒ x w v y v ù ƒ. w, w v,, ƒ, y v p k y v v ƒ š ƒ. š g, Fig. 5 ƒ g 11.3% 1.8% w g, Fig. 3 y g 1% 13.% w g. ù g + ƒ 19%, y 3% w g w ƒ j z ƒ ùkù w z y w. g w w ƒ» g y. w, g w g w t y z ƒ j ùkù ƒ., g + v ƒ y w e. g w v v w e v z g v» w ƒ ƒy»ƒ y š k ƒ. v ƒ v w y ƒ. v ph v t v ƒ yw x v t y ph. v t w ³ ùe w,, ƒ l v yw ( y, 1987). v ph 4.5-5.5 ( w, 004), v phƒ e y» v ³ k (,, 009). v ph 4.5-5.5 ( w, 004), v phƒ e y» v ³ k (,, 009). Fig. 4 v ph 5.8-6. e ùkû. ù g z g 5.3%, 11% w. w, g + 1.1% w w z ph j d w z y w. ph v, w v v» w w. w û k š y z»ƒ ƒw š š (½ y, 009), g z»ƒ ƒw k z š š (, ½y, 005). w, x ( x, 009)ù w w k sw w k k š š ( ³, y, 009). ª,,,, d,,, w,, w,,,, ym,,,, y, š, Á,», ƒv,,,,,,,, Ë, Ë, Ë,, w, s,, Á, w w ù w k sw k k ( ³, y, 009). ƒ g w v
88 J. Kor. Soc. Cosm. Vol. 18, No., 01 v,, ƒ, y, ph g k v y Table 4 v 5 mm û g 53.3% ƒ, 6.4% ƒ, g + 70.1% ƒ g. w û ƒ Table 3 v 5 mm g 1.8% ƒ, 8.1% ƒ, g + 37.3% ƒ g. v ƒ k y w. w g v g w v w s z, v z g g w l ƒƒ w w k v y ƒ. v y ƒ k ùkù ƒ. ƒ 40-60 p y š ù testosterone g w v w, w ƒ g v g w v w s z, v z g g w l ƒƒ w w k v y ƒ. w, v y g ƒ ƒ k ùkù ƒ. ù ƒ, v, ƒ, y, ph g j ùkû ù, ƒƒ g v y w e v û û s w v w w w ƒ. V. g w v v,, ƒ, y, ph g. š g + v y.5 w, g v y 3.7 y. v y g + v y y 1.6 w, g v y y 1.3 y. v g + v y 1.04 w, g v y 1.8 ƒ y. w, v ƒ g + v ƒ y 1.1 w, g v ƒ y.3 y. g +, v, ƒ, y v v y g v phƒ y 1.1 w. g phƒ y.3 g v, y, w v ƒ g v y. p, v 5 mm û g w ƒ g ƒ ƒ y.5, û 1.6 ƒw. v v,, ƒ, y, ph g. w, v 5 mm û ƒ g, k v 5 mm ƒ g. g w v k z ƒ, 40-60 k» wš w. š x,,. (003). p p p., y, 15-16 ½. (009). v z w. w wz, 5() 15-130 ½ y,,,. (009). š y k z w. š wz, 33(3), 3-8 ½,. (008). t z v. w v wz, 4(), 15-3 ½ x. (006). v w š. w v wz, (1), 1-3 ½x. (007). f kf.,, 109 ½xy, y, x, k. (005). q m vš v e. wv wz, 3(1), 139-145 ùx,,, z,,,,,. (008). p g p 3. z,, 4-6, 87-10 wv wz r z. (1994). v w 3q. ƒ,, 394-407, ½. (005). k. w wz, (), 51-63, x,. (008). p g, TRICHOLOGY LEVELIII q,, 8-178,. (005). v ü w. w wz, (1), 1-13. (001). š (Sophara Radix) v w w³. w w w w
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