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KIM Sook Young : Lee Jungsook, a Korean Independence Activist and a Nurse during the ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ์˜์‹์ด ๊นจ์–ด์žˆ๋˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฐ„ ํ˜ธ๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง์—…์  ์†Œ

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6 ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ์ฒญ๋‹ด์ง€๊ตฌ ์ฒญ๋‹ด๋™ 46, ์‚ผ์„ฑ๋™ 52 ์ผ๋Œ€ 46,592-46,592 7 ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์น˜์ง€๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์น˜๋™ 922๋ฒˆ์ง€ ์ผ๋Œ€ 58,440-58,440 8 ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœํฌ์ง€๊ตฌ ๊ฐœํฌ๋™ 157์ผ๋Œ€ 20,070-20,070 9 ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœํฌ์ง€๊ตฌ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํฌ์ด๋™ 238 ์ผ๋Œ€ 25,070-25,

27์ง‘์ตœ์ข…10.22

ํ™ฉ๋ฃก์‚ฌ ๋ณต์› ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš โ…ฅ. ์‚ฌ์—ญ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ •๋น„๊ณ„ํš ๊ฐ€. ์‚ฌ์—ญ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ •๋น„๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์กฐ์„ฑ 1. ์ •๋น„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์„ค์ • ํ™ฉ๋ฃก์‚ฌ ๋ณต์›๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ž„ํ•ด์ „์ง€(์•ˆ์••์ง€) ๆตทๆฎฟๅ€(้›้ดจๆฑ )์™€ ๋ถ„ํ™ฉ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์ ๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ์ •๋น„๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด‘์žฅ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋ณ€

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Statistical Data of Dementia.

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ํ•™์ˆ ์›๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ง‘ ( ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™ํŽธ ) ์ œ 52 ์ง‘ 1 ํ˜ธ (2013) 1-21 ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท * 1) Marine Natural Product : Puffer Fish poison (Tetrodotoxin) and the Analogous Derivatives Kim, Yong Hae * ABSTRACT Puffer fish poison (Tetrodotoxin ; TTX) which is known as a potent neurotoxin of an organic compound has been intensively studied due to the interesting biological activities. The TTX has been early known since thousand years ago in the period of Shun Nung emporor (2838-2698 B.C.) in China and in the ancient Egypt : there are discriptions for the TTX to be used as a medicinal drug. TTX has been found not only from the puffer fish but also from the various marine animals in the various places; from tiger salamandar in the near Stanford University Campus, California, America, from newts in Okinawa, Japan, from frogs' skin in Costa Rica in the Central America, from Octopus in * ๅคง้Ÿ“ๆฐ‘ๅœ‹ๅญธ่ก“้™ข่‡ช็„ถ็ง‘ๅญธ้ƒจ็ฌฌ 1 ๅˆ†็ง‘ๆœƒๅ“ก์ ‘์ˆ˜์ผ 2013 ๋…„ 7 ์›” 23 ์ผ - 1 -

2 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท the Australian coast, from goby fish in the Amami Oshima, Japan, and from goby fish in the Western coast of California, America. The toxins isolated from these marine animals have been elucidated to have the same structure of TTX. A new chiriquitoxin (CHTX) was isolated from Atelopus chriquiensis frogs'skin in the Costa Rica, Central America together with TTX : the chiriquiensis frogs contain two toxins. CHTX is a new derivative of TTX and has a high molecular weight. The biological activity of CHTX is about same to that of TTX. The structure and biological activities are described. The origin of TTX is intriguing. The venom of snakes' toxins has a protein structure. But TTX is an organic compound. The antitoxin of venom has been developed. But TTXs' antitoxin is not yet established. The origin of TTX is not yet elucidated. There is a possible origin of TTX caused by a symbiotic microorganism (bacteria). ์ดˆ ๋ก ๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin : TTX) ์€๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋…์„ฑ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์€ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ์„๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ๋˜ํ•œ๊ทธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‹๋„ํŠน์ดํ•ด์„œ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž, ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์ž๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์ด์•Œ๋ ค์ง„์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š”์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„์ด๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ Shun Nung ํ™ฉ์ œ (2838-2698, B.C.) ๋•Œ, ๊ณ ๋Œ€์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์˜์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ๋„์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์€๋ณต์–ด๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌํ•ด์–‘๋™๋ฌผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์ธ๊ณผ์ง€์—ญ๋„๋งค์šฐํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ๋Œ€ํ•™์บ ํผ์Šค๋ถ€๊ทผ๊ณผ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ค๋ผ๋‚˜์™€์—์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€, ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„๊ณก์—์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ (Atelopus Chiriquiensis) ์˜๊ป์งˆ, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜๋ฌธ์–ด, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์•„๋งˆ๋ฏธ์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆํ•ด์•ˆ๊ณผ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ํƒœํ‰์–‘ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜๊ณ ๋น„๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ (Goby fish) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ๊ณผ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ๊ฐ€์ง„๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Costa Rica์˜ Atelopus Chirisquiensis ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š”๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ๊ณผ๋ณต์–ด๋…๋ณด๋‹ค๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์ดํฐ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด์œ ๋„์ฒด์ธ Chiriquitoxin ์ด์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด, ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ์„๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‹์˜๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์€๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ๊ฐ€์ง„๋ฑ€๋…๊ณผ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฑ€๋…์˜ํ•ด๋…์ œ๋Š”๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์˜ํ•ด๋…์ œ๋Š”์•„์ง๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ์ง€์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์˜๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์ธ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”์•„์ง๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€์•Š์ง€๋งŒ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜๊ณต์ƒ์—์˜ํ•œ์„ค์ด๋ฐ›์•„๋“œ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. - 2 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 3 ์ฐจ ๋ก€ โ… . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง โ…ก. ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ โ…ข. ๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin : TTX) ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ โ… . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง ๋ณต์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ Tetrodotoxin (TTX) ์€๊ฐ€์žฅ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ๋…์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด์•„๋‹Œ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‹์ดํŠน์ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋…์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™, ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งค์šฐํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด์—ฌ์„œ, ์ƒํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์—์˜ํ•ด์„œ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. TTX์˜๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ 1 ๋‚˜์ค‘๊ตญ 2 ์—์„œ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” Shun Nung ํ™ฉ์ œ๋•Œ (2838-2698.B.C) ๋ณต์–ด์•Œ์ด์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” Engelbent Kaempfers History Japan์ด์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. TTX์˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌ, ์ •์ œ, ์•ฝ๋ฆฌ์ž‘์šฉ์˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. TTX๊ฐ€๋ฌธํ—Œ์—๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ์ดํ›„, ์ •์ œ, ์•ฝ๋ฆฌ์ž‘์šฉ๋“ฑ์ด์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ณ , ์ „ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 100์—ฌ๋…„์ด๊ฑธ๋ ธ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งน๋…์˜๋ณต์–ด์™€๋งŽ์€๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์ƒํ™œ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ Engelbent Kaempfers Japanese life (London in 1727) 3 ์—์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ณ , ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—์˜ํ•ด์ „ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋„์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. 4-6 ๋…์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์—๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŽ์€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , TTX๊ฐ€๋ณต์–ด๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ์˜๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€์ด์ผ์ข…์ธ Taricha Torosa 7, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜คํ‚ค๋‚˜์™€์—์„œ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€, ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฌธ์–ด, ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์—๋งŒ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” Atelopus์ข…์™ธ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜์•„๋ฏธ๋ฏธ์˜ค์‹œ๋งˆ์˜์ž‘์€ Goby ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์„œํ•ด์•ˆ. Montray ํ•ด์•ˆ๋ถ€๊ทผ์—์„œํฌํ™•๋œ Goby ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ TTX๊ฐ€๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด๋งค์šฐํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด, ์ฝœ๋กฌ๋น„์•„, ํŒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” Atelopus์ข…์˜๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋„ TTX๊ฐ€๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ Atelopus Chinquiensis ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌํ”ผ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ - 3 -

4 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท ๋งน๋…์ธ, TTX์™€ํ•จ๊ป˜ TTX์˜์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ Chiriquitoxin (CHTX) ์ด๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด์ €์ž๋“ค์—์˜ํ•ด์„œ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8-10 CHTX๋Š” TTX๋ณด๋‹ค๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์ดํฐ์œ ์ผํ•œ์‹ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž„์„๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. 11 CHTX๋Š”์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ์ธ Na ์ฐฌ๋„ฌ์„์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€์žˆ์„๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, K ์ฐฌ๋„ฌ๋„์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋งค์šฐํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 12 ๋์œผ๋กœ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋…์ธ TTX๊ฐ€์—ฌ๋Ÿฌํ•ด์–‘๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋งค์šฐํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์›์ธ๋“ค์ด์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ๋Š”๋จน๋Š”๋จน์ด์—์˜ํ•ด์„œ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”์„ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋™๋ฌผ์ฒด๋‚ด์—๊ณต์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”์„ค์ด์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ๊ด€์ฐฐ์—์˜ํ•ด์„œ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ…ก. ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผํ™”ํ•™์ด๋ฐœ์ „, ํŒŒ์ƒํ•ด์„œ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ์ƒํ™”ํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์€ํ˜•ํƒœ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ณผ๋•Œ์œก์ง€์˜์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ตœ๊ทผ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘์ด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด๊ธ‰์†ํžˆํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผํ™”ํ•™, ์ƒํ™”ํ•™, ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—๋งŽ์€์˜ํ–ฅ์„๋ผ์น˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์ด์œก์ง€์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผํฐ์ฐจ์ด๋Š”๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ฑ์ดํ• ๋กœ๊ฒ (F, Cl, Br, I) ์„๋งŽ์ดํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด์œก์ง€์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๋ณด๋‹คํ›จ์”ฌ๋งŽ์€๊ฒƒ์ดํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Œ€ํ•™, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ค์ดํ•ด์–‘์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ (Marin Station) ๋ฅผ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์˜์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„ํ†ต๋ฐœ์ƒํ•™์„๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ๋‚˜ํƒœ๋‚˜๋Š”๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค ( ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1). ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด์„œ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฑ€, ๊ฒŒ, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€์œก์ง€์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค๊ณผ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์˜๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์˜ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ดํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ด€๋Šฅ๊ธฐ (Functional Groups) ๋“ค์€๋งค์šฐ๋‹ค๋ฅธํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด๋ธŒ๋กฌ (Br) ์„ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด๋งŽ์€๊ฒƒ์ดํŠน์ง•์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ธŒ๋กฌ์„ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ํ™”ํ•™์ ์„ฑ์งˆ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ž‘์šฉ๋„๋‹ค๋ฅธํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด๋งŽ์ด์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œก์ง€๋™ ์‹๋ฌผ์˜์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๋น„ํ•ด๋งŽ์€ํ•ด์–‘๋™ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ดํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š”์•ฝ๋ฆฌ์žฅ์šฉ์„๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด๊ณ„์†๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์—๋Œ€ํ•œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด - 4 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1์„ธ๊ธฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 5 ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin)์ด ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋งน๋…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žฅ๊ณ„ ๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฑ€์€ ์œก์ง€ ๋ฑ€์ด๋‚˜, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฑ€๋…์€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1] The Phylogenetic Tree (์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•™ํ‘œ์‹œ) - 5 -

6 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌํฌ์œ ๋™๋ฌผ, ์ƒˆ, ๊ฐ‘๊ณจ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋งน๋…์ธ๋ณต์–ด๋…์ด๊ฐ€์žฅ์ง„ํ™”๋œํ•ด์–‘ํฌ์œ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์–ด, ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€, ๋ฌธ์–ด, ๊ณ ๋น„๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋“ฑ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œํ•ด์–‘๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ Tetrodotoxin (TTX) ์ด๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด์ œ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋…๋ฌผ์˜์ด๋ฆ„์„์ง€์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ณต์–ด์˜์ด๋ฆ„์—๋”ฐ๋ผ Tetrodotoxin์œผ๋กœํ†ต์ผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 13 โ…ข. ๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin : TTX) ๋ณต์–ด๋…์˜๋…์„ฑ, ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์—๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ด์ธ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 14-19 ๋ณต์–ด๋… (TTX) ์€์ž˜์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๊ฐ€์žฅ๋…์„ฑ์ด๊ฐ•ํ•œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งน๋…์ธ๋ณต์–ด๋Š”์‹์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋„๋„๋ฆฌ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ๋“ฑ์—์„œ๋Š”๊ณ ๊ฐ€๋กœํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์–ด์˜์‚ด๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๋Š”๊ฑฐ์˜๋…์„ฑ์ด์—†๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์š”๋ฆฌ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์š”๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ข…์˜ํฌ์œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋…์„ฑ์„๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ LD50 mg/kg, Mouse Unit/mg์„ < ํ‘œ 1> ์—ํ‘œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. < ํ‘œ 1> Amphibian Toxins Compound Batrachotoxin Tetrodotoxin Chriquitoxin Zetekitoxin Samaderin Dehydribufotoxin Ephinephrin Saxitoxin Cobra Venom Strychine Sodium Cyanide LD 50 mg/kg (i.p. mouse) 0.002 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.3 6 5 0.01 0.02 0.5 10 Mouse Units/mg 25,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 170 10 10 6,000 3,000 100 5 LD 50 : ๋…์„ฑ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž˜ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์ƒ์ฅํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋•Œ์ฅ์˜์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ดํฌ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š”์ˆ˜์น˜ Mouse Unit : LD 50 ๋ฅผ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด๋งŽ์€ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์ฅ๊ฐ€ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ์ฃผ๋กœ์‹คํ—˜๋•Œ๋งŽ์ด์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ˆ˜์น˜ 20g์˜์ฅ๊ฐ€ 20๋ถ„ํ›„์—ํฌ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”์ˆ˜์น˜ - 6 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 7 [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2] Distribution of TTX and STXs in Biota ( ์ƒํƒœ ) 1882, Matsuhara et al., Toxicity and Pharmacology. 1902, Tahara, Purity : 0.2%, named "Tetrodotoxin" from "Tetroadontidae". 1952, Yokoo et al., successful in crystallization. 1964, Structure elucidation : Woodward Mosher Tsuda Hirata 1972, Total systhesis Kishi 2003, Isobe [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3] History of TTX - 7 -

8 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท Tetrodotoxin: Potent Neurotoxin Puffer Fish (32 Species) Present in Ovary (very strong), Liver (very strong) Intestines (quite strong), Skins (fairly strong), Meat (weak), Blood (none?) Season : Strong Toxin Season (Jan.-May) Back Ground : used for food and medicine in ancient China, Egypt and Japan [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4] Present of Tetrodotoxin [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5] Tetrodotoxin ์˜๋ฐœ์ƒ - 8 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 9 < ํ‘œ 2> Tetrodotoxin, Chiriquitoxin, Zetekitoxin ์˜์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ์„ฑ๋น„๊ต < ํ‘œ 3> ZTX ์˜๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์˜ˆ์ธก - 9 -

10 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6] ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ข…์˜๋…ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™ [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7] ZTX ์˜๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์˜ˆ์ธก - 10 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 11 [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8] Zeteki and Senex Frogs < ํ‘œ 4> ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ข…์˜๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋…ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜๋น„๊ต - 11 -

12 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9] Mouse Unit ์˜๊ฒฐ์ • [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10] TTX ์™€ CHTX ์˜์ •์ œ - 12 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 13 [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11] TTX ์™€ CHTX ์˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌ [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12] CHTX ์˜ Mass Spectrum - 13 -

14 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13] CHTX ์˜ 13 CNMR - 14 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 15 < ํ‘œ 5> NMR spectral data of CHTX and CHTX-13, 6-lactone CHTX (1) a CHTX-13, 6-lactone (4) b C H C H 2 156.6 156.7 4 75.2 5.51 (d 9.4) 75.3 5.50 (d 8.5) 4a 40.5 2.31 (d 9.4) 41.7 2.16 (d 8.5) 5 73.5 4.40 (br s) 70.6 4.71 (br s) 6 72.1 84.3 7 81.1 4.39 (br t) 77.7 4.30 (br. t) 8 72.7 4.40 (s) 72.8 4.19 (d 1.5) 8a 59.3 59.5 9 70.9 4.00 (s) 70.7 4.03 (s) 10 111.0 111.1 11 70.3 4.90 (d 1.8) 69.7 5.20 (d 5.5) 12 58.1 4.27 (d 1.8) - 4.85 (d 5.5) 13 174.1 173.0 13 C NMR a. 75.5 MHz (GN-300), B. 100 MHz (JEOL GSX-4000), 13 CD 3COOD as 22.4 ppm. 1 H NMR a. 300 MHz (GN-300), b. 400 MHz (JEOL GSX 400), CHD 2COOD ad 2.06 ppm. Solvent: a. 4%CD 3COOD/D 2O, b. 1%TFA, 4%CD 3COOD/D 2O (45 ) - Unassignable carbon due to an exchange of H-12 with D. ( 13 C NMR spectrum of 4 was measured after keeping 1 in 1%TFA, 4%CD 3COOD/D 2O for one month at 5 ) - 15 -

16 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14] CHTX ์˜ IR Science, 189, 151-152(1975) [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15] Cyclization of Chiriquitoxin - 16 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 17 [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16] Oxidation of Chiriquitoxin Tetrodotoxin, Chiriquitoxin, Zetekitoxin - 17 -

18 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท Washington ์กฐ์•ฝ Zetekitoxin - 18 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 19 Bioactivity of ZTX and STX 1. IC50 to expressed sodium channels in Xenopus oocytes sodium channel ZTX (pm) STX (nm) STX/ZTX human heart (hhla) 278 149 536 rat brain IIa 6 2.1 344 rat skeletal muscle μ (โ… ) 65 3.1 48 2. Toxicity to mice ddy, male, ip (μg/kg) 10 10 By Prof. Samuel C. Dudley. Jr. (Emory Univ. Division of Cardiology) Preliminary data. 20 MS Spectrum of ZTX - 19 -

20 ๏คŠๅฎนๆตท Stereochemistry of C15 and C16 of ZTX TTX ์˜๋ฐœ์ƒ - 20 -

ํ•ด์–‘์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์œ ๊ธฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„๋ณต์–ด๋… (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ 21 ๅƒ่€ƒๆ–‡็ป 1. Gaillard, C. Mem. Inst. Francais Arch. Orient. 1923 : 51, 97-100. 2. Kao, C. Y. 1966. Poisonous and Venomous Animals of World. vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington D.C. 3. Kaempfers, E. 1727. the history of Japan. Giving an Acount of the Ancient and Present State and Government of that Empire ; of Its Temples, Palaces, Castles, and other Buildings : of Its,Metals Minerals. Trees, Plants, Animals. Birds, and Fishes; ets. J.G. Scheuchzer, Trans, London. 4. Kishi, Y. ; M. Aratani ; T. Fukuyama, F. Nakatsbo ; T. Goto, S. Inoue, H. Tanino ; S. Sgiune & H, Kakoi, 1972. J, Am, Chem, Soc., 94 : 9217-9219. 5. Kishi, Y. ; T. Fukushima, M. Aratani, F. Nakatsubo, T. Goto : S. Inone ; H. Tanino, S. Sgiune & H, Kakoi, 1972. J, Am, Chen, Soc., 94 : 9219-9222. 6. Isobe, M. ; 2003. J, Am, Chem. Soc., 125, 8798-8895. 7. Mosher, H.S. ; F. A. Fuhrman ; H. H. Buchwald & H.G. Fischen. 1964, Science 144 : 1100-1110. 8. Kim, Y. H. ; G. B. Brown ; H. S. Mosher, & F. A. Fuhrman, 1975. Science 189 : 151-152. 9. Kim, Y. H. ; G. B. Brown ; H. Kuntzee, & H.S. Mosher, 1977, Toxicon. 15 : 115. 10. Kim, Y. H. ; L. Pavelka, & H.S. Mosher, 1977, Toxicon. 15 : 135. 11. Kim, Y. H. ; M. Yotsu ; T. Yasumoto. 1990, Tetrahedron Lett. 31 : 3187. 12. Kao, C. Y. ; P. N. Yeoh ; M.D. Goldfinger, F.A. Fuhrman & H.S. Mosher, 1981, J. Pharmaeol. Exp. : 217, 416-429. 13. Tahara, Y. 1911. Biochem, Z. 10 : 255-275. 14. Mosher, H. S. ; F.A. Fuhrman ; H. D. Buchwald & H.G. Fischer. 1964. Science 144 : 1100-1110. 15. Tsuda, K., 1966. Naturwissenschaften, 53 : 171-176. 16. Halstead, B. W., 1967, Poisnous and Venomous Marin Animals of the World. vol.2 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C. 17. Evans, M. H. 1972 Int. Rev. Newrobiol. 15 : 83-166. 18. Tsuda, K. ; S. Ikuma ; M. Kawamma ; R. Tachikawa ; K. Sakai ; C. Tamma & O. Amakasu. 1964. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Jpn. 12 : 1357-1374. 19. Goto, T ; Y. Kishi ; S. Takahashi ; & Y. Hirata. 1965. Tetrahedron 21 : 2059-2088 20. Kim, Y. H. ; M. Y-Yamashita; S.C. Dudly Jr. ; G. Chaudhary ; A. Pfahnee ; Y. Oshima and J. W. Daly, 2004. proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101 : 4346-4351. - 21 -