ํ์ ์๋ ผ๋ฌธ์ง ( ์์ฐ๊ณผํํธ ) ์ 52 ์ง 1 ํธ (2013) 1-21 ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง ๏คๅฎนๆตท * 1) Marine Natural Product : Puffer Fish poison (Tetrodotoxin) and the Analogous Derivatives Kim, Yong Hae * ABSTRACT Puffer fish poison (Tetrodotoxin ; TTX) which is known as a potent neurotoxin of an organic compound has been intensively studied due to the interesting biological activities. The TTX has been early known since thousand years ago in the period of Shun Nung emporor (2838-2698 B.C.) in China and in the ancient Egypt : there are discriptions for the TTX to be used as a medicinal drug. TTX has been found not only from the puffer fish but also from the various marine animals in the various places; from tiger salamandar in the near Stanford University Campus, California, America, from newts in Okinawa, Japan, from frogs' skin in Costa Rica in the Central America, from Octopus in * ๅคง้ๆฐๅๅญธ่ก้ข่ช็ถ็งๅญธ้จ็ฌฌ 1 ๅ็งๆๅก์ ์์ผ 2013 ๋ 7 ์ 23 ์ผ - 1 -
2 ๏คๅฎนๆตท the Australian coast, from goby fish in the Amami Oshima, Japan, and from goby fish in the Western coast of California, America. The toxins isolated from these marine animals have been elucidated to have the same structure of TTX. A new chiriquitoxin (CHTX) was isolated from Atelopus chriquiensis frogs'skin in the Costa Rica, Central America together with TTX : the chiriquiensis frogs contain two toxins. CHTX is a new derivative of TTX and has a high molecular weight. The biological activity of CHTX is about same to that of TTX. The structure and biological activities are described. The origin of TTX is intriguing. The venom of snakes' toxins has a protein structure. But TTX is an organic compound. The antitoxin of venom has been developed. But TTXs' antitoxin is not yet established. The origin of TTX is not yet elucidated. There is a possible origin of TTX caused by a symbiotic microorganism (bacteria). ์ด ๋ก ๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin : TTX) ์๊ฐ๋ ฅํ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก์์ค๋ซ๋์์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋์์ด๋์ด์๋ค. ๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์ํฅ๋ฏธ์๋์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ์๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ๋ํ๊ทธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์๋ํน์ดํด์๋ณ๋ฆฌํ์, ์ํํ์๋ฟ๋ง์๋๋ผ์ ๊ธฐํํ์์๊ฒ๋ํฅ๋ฏธ์๋์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ด๋์ด์๋ค. ๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์ด์๋ ค์ง์ญ์ฌ๋์์ฒ๋ ์ด๋๋ฉฐ, ์ค๊ตญ์ Shun Nung ํฉ์ (2838-2698, B.C.) ๋, ๊ณ ๋์ด์งํธ์๋์์์ฝ์ผ๋ก๋์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค๋๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์๋ณต์ด๋ฟ๋ง์๋๋ผ์ฌ๋ฌํด์๋๋ฌผ๋ถํฐ๋๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ด์ ธ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ์์์ธ๊ณผ์ง์ญ๋๋งค์ฐํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์คํ ํฌ๋๋ํ์บ ํผ์ค๋ถ๊ทผ๊ณผ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ค๋ผ๋์์์์ํ๋๋๋ง๋ฑ, ์ค๋จ๋ฏธ์์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ๊ณก์์์ํ๋๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ (Atelopus Chiriquiensis) ์๊ป์ง, ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์์ํด์์๋ฌธ์ด, ์ผ๋ณธ์์๋ง๋ฏธ์ค์๋งํด์๊ณผ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์ํํ์ํด์์๊ณ ๋น๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ (Goby fish) ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ๊ณผ๋๊ฐ์๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ๊ฐ์ง๋ฌผ์ง์ด๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. Costa Rica์ Atelopus Chirisquiensis ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ๋๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ๊ณผ๋ณต์ด๋ ๋ณด๋ค๋ถ์๋์ดํฐ์๋ก์ด์ ๋์ฒด์ธ Chiriquitoxin ์ด์ฒ์์ผ๋ก๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ด, ํฅ๋ฏธ์๋์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ์๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์๊ฒฐ์ ๊ณผ์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ์๋ํด์๊ธฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ๊ฐ์ง๋ฑ๋ ๊ณผ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐํํ๋ฌผ์ง์ด๋ค. ๋ฑ๋ ์ํด๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์ด์๋๋ฐ, ๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์ํด๋ ์ ๋์์ง๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๊ณ ์์ง์๋ค. ๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์๋ฐ์์์ธ์๋ํด์๋์์ง๋ช ๋ฃํ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ช ๋์ด์์ง์์ง๋ง๋ฐํ ๋ฆฌ์์๊ณต์์์ํ์ค์ด๋ฐ์๋๋ ค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. - 2 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 3 ์ฐจ ๋ก โ . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง โ ก. ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ โ ข. ๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin : TTX) ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ โ . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง ๋ณต์ด๋ก๋ถํฐ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ Tetrodotoxin (TTX) ์๊ฐ์ฅ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ๋ ์ฑ๋ฌผ์ง์ํ๋์ด๋ฉฐ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ด์๋์ ๊ธฐํํ๋ฌผ์ง์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ดํน์ดํ๋ฉฐ, ํนํ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ ์ฑ๋ฌผ์ง์ด๋ฏ๋ก์๋ฆฌํ, ๋ณ๋ฆฌํ์ ์ผ๋ก๋งค์ฐํฅ๋ฏธ์๋ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด์ฌ์, ์ํํ๊ณผ๋ณ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค์์ํด์๊พธ์คํํฅ๋ฏธ์๋์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์๋ฌผ์ง์ด๋์ด์๋ค. TTX์๋ฐ๊ฒฌ์์ค๋์ ๋ถํฐ์ด์งํธ 1 ๋์ค๊ตญ 2 ์์๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ค๊ตญ์์๋ Shun Nung ํฉ์ ๋ (2838-2698.B.C) ๋ณต์ด์์ด์์ฝํ์ผ๋ก์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๋๊ธฐ๋ก์ด์๊ณ , ๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์๋ํด์๋ Engelbent Kaempfers History Japan์ด์๋ ค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. TTX์๋ถ๋ฆฌ, ์ ์ , ์ฝ๋ฆฌ์์ฉ์์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋๋ฐ๋์ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ์ง๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์๊ฐ๋ฐ์ด๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๊ณ ์๋ค. TTX๊ฐ๋ฌธํ์๋ํ๋์ดํ, ์ ์ , ์ฝ๋ฆฌ์์ฉ๋ฑ์ด์๋ ค์ง๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๊ณ , ์ ํฉ์ฑ์ด์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ธฐ๊น์ง 100์ฌ๋ ์ด๊ฑธ๋ ธ์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ ๊ธฐํํ์์๋ 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฌ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋งน๋ ์๋ณต์ด์๋ง์๋ค๋ฅธ์ผ๋ณธ์์ํ์๋ํ๊ธฐ๋ก์ Engelbent Kaempfers Japanese life (London in 1727) 3 ์์ํด์๋ฐํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ์๋ค์ด์๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๋๊ณ , ์ ๊ธฐํํ์๋ค์์ํด์ ํฉ์ฑ๋์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค. 4-6 ๋ ์ฑ๋ฌผ์ง์๋ํด์๋ง์์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ด์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๊ณ , TTX๊ฐ๋ณต์ด๋ฟ๋ง์๋๋ผ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์คํ ํฌ๋๊ทผ์ฒ์์์๋๋ง๋ฑ์ด์ผ์ข ์ธ Taricha Torosa 7, ์ผ๋ณธ์คํค๋์์์์์ํ๋๋๋ง๋ฑ, ์ค์คํธ๋ ์ผ๋ฆฌ์ํด๋ณ์์์ํ๋๋ฌธ์ด, ์ค๋จ๋ฏธ์๋ง์์ํ๋ Atelopus์ข ์ธ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ผ๋ณธ์์๋ฏธ๋ฏธ์ค์๋ง์์์ Goby ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ์บ๋ฆฌํฌ๋์์ํด์. Montray ํด์๋ถ๊ทผ์์ํฌํ๋ Goby ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์์๋๋๊ฐ์ TTX๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ด๋งค์ฐํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋ค. ์ค๋จ๋ฏธ์์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด, ์ฝ๋กฌ๋น์, ํ๋๋ง์์๋ง์์ํ๋ Atelopus์ข ์๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์์๋ TTX๊ฐ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋๋ฐ, ์ฝ์คํ๋ฆฌ์นด์ Atelopus Chinquiensis ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌํผ๋ถ๋ก๋ถํฐ - 3 -
4 ๏คๅฎนๆตท ๋งน๋ ์ธ, TTX์ํจ๊ป TTX์์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง์ธ Chiriquitoxin (CHTX) ์ด๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์ด์ ์๋ค์์ํด์๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๋์๋ค. 8-10 CHTX๋ TTX๋ณด๋ค๋ถ์๋์ดํฐ์ ์ผํ์ ๋ฌผ์ง์์๋ฐํ๋ค. 11 CHTX๋์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ์ธ Na ์ฐฌ๋ฌ์์ฐจ๋จํ๋ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ์์๋ฟ๋ง์๋๋ผ, K ์ฐฌ๋ฌ๋์ฐจ๋จํ๋ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ์์ด์๋งค์ฐํฅ๋ฏธ์๋๋ฌผ์ง๋ก์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. 12 ๋์ผ๋ก์ด๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ ์ธ TTX๊ฐ์ฌ๋ฌํด์๋๋ฌผ์์์์ฑํ๋ค๋์ฌ์ค์ด๋งค์ฐํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ์์ธ๋ค์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ํ์ฌ๋ก๋๋จน๋๋จน์ด์์ํด์์์ฑ๋๋ค๋์ค๋ณด๋ค๋๋ฐํ ๋ฆฌ์์์ํด์๋๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ด์๊ณต์ํ๋ค๋์ค์ด์ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ์ง์คํ๊ณผ๊ด์ฐฐ์์ํด์์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. โ ก. ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ ์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผํํ์ด๋ฐ์ , ํ์ํด์์ ๊ธฐํํ๋ฐ์ํํ๋ถ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ฐ๋์ด์๋๋ฐ, ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ํํ์์ผ๋ก๋ณผ๋์ก์ง์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ฌํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋์ต๊ทผ์๋ฃ์์ง์ด๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐ๋ฌ, ์์ง๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฐ๋ฌ๋์ด๊ธ์ํํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผํํ, ์ํํ, ๋ถ์์๋ฌผํ์๋ง์์ํฅ์๋ผ์น๊ณ ์๋ค. ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ด์ก์ง์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผํฐ์ฐจ์ด๋๋์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง๋ฑ์ดํ ๋ก๊ฒ (F, Cl, Br, I) ์๋ง์ดํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ํฅ๋ฏธ์๋์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ๋ฌผ์ง๋ค์ด์ก์ง์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ๋ณด๋คํจ์ฌ๋ง์๊ฒ์ดํน์ง์ด๋ค. ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ํ, ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ดํด์์ฐ๊ตฌ์ (Marin Station) ๋ฅผ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ชฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ์์๋ฌผ๊ณํต๋ฐ์ํ์๋๋ฌด๋ก๋ํ๋๋๊ทธ๋ฆผ์์๊ฐํ๋ค ( ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1). ๋ฐํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ก์ถ๋ฐํด์๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฑ, ๊ฒ, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊น์ง์งํํ๋๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋ค. ํด์์๋ฌผ๋ก๋ถํฐ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋๋ฌผ์ง๋ค์์ก์ง์๋ฌผ๋ก๋ถํฐ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๋๋ฌผ์ง๋ค๊ณผ์ข ๋ฅ, ํํ๋๊ฑฐ์๋น์ทํ๋๊ฐ๊ฐ์ํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ค์ดํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๋๊ด๋ฅ๊ธฐ (Functional Groups) ๋ค์๋งค์ฐ๋ค๋ฅธํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ค์ด๋ง๋ค. ์๋ฅผ๋ค๋ฉด๋ธ๋กฌ (Br) ์ํฌํจํ๋ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ๋ค์ด๋ง์๊ฒ์ดํน์ง์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ธ๋กฌ์ํฌํจํ๊ณ ์๋ํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ค์ํํ์ ์ฑ์ง๋ฟ๋ง์๋๋ผ์๋ฆฌ์์ฉ๋๋ค๋ฅธํํฉ๋ฌผ์ง๋ค์ด๋ง์ด์๋ ค์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ก์ง๋ ์๋ฌผ์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ๋ค์๋นํด๋ง์ํด์๋ ์๋ฌผ๋ค์ดํฅ๋ฏธ์๋์ฝ๋ฆฌ์ฅ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋๊ฒ๋ค์ด๊ณ์๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ, ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ์๋ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐํ๋ฐํ์ด๋ฃจ์ด - 4 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ธฐ ํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ง ๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 5 ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ด์ ์์์ด๋ค. ํนํ ๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin)์ด ํน์ดํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ๊ธฐ ํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋งน๋ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ด ํน์ดํ ์์ด๋ค. ์ฌ์ฅ๊ณ ๋ ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฑ์ ์ก์ง ๋ฑ์ด๋, ๋ฐ๋ค ๋ฑ๋ ์ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐํ ๋ฆฌ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ [๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1] The Phylogenetic Tree (์๋ฌผ๊ณํต ๋ฐ์ํํ์) - 5 -
6 ๏คๅฎนๆตท ์ํ์ฌํฌ์ ๋๋ฌผ, ์, ๊ฐ๊ณจ์๋ฌผ๋ก์งํ๋ฅผํ๋๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋งน๋ ์ธ๋ณต์ด๋ ์ด๊ฐ์ฅ์งํ๋ํด์ํฌ์ ๋๋ฌผ์์๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋์๋ค๋๊ฒ์ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋ค. ๋ณต์ด, ๋๋ง๋ฑ, ๋ฌธ์ด, ๊ณ ๋น๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฑ๋ค์ํํด์๋๋ฌผ๋ก๋ถํฐ๋๊ฐ์ Tetrodotoxin (TTX) ์ด๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฒ์์๋์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ด์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌผ์์ด๋ฆ์์ง์์ผ๋, ๋ณต์ด์์ด๋ฆ์๋ฐ๋ผ Tetrodotoxin์ผ๋กํต์ผ๋์๋ค. 13 โ ข. ๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin : TTX) ๋ณต์ด๋ ์๋ ์ฑ, ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์๊ดํด์๋์ฌ๋ฌ๋ฌธํ์ด์ธ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. 14-19 ๋ณต์ด๋ (TTX) ์์์๋ ค์ง๊ฐ์ฅ๋ ์ฑ์ด๊ฐํ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ๋งน๋ ์ธ๋ณต์ด๋์์ฉ์ผ๋ก๋๋๋ฆฌ์๋ ค์ง๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ๊ตญ, ์ผ๋ณธ๋ฑ์์๋๊ณ ๊ฐ๋กํ๋งค๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณต์ด์์ด๋ถ๋ถ์๋๊ฑฐ์๋ ์ฑ์ด์๊ธฐ๋๋ฌธ์์๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๊ฐ์๋ฆฌํ๋ฉด์์ ํ๋ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ก์ฌ๋ฌ์ข ์ํฌ์ ๋๋ฌผ์ด๋ ์ฑ์๋น๊ตํ๊ธฐ์ํ์ฌ LD50 mg/kg, Mouse Unit/mg์ < ํ 1> ์ํ์ํ๋ค. < ํ 1> Amphibian Toxins Compound Batrachotoxin Tetrodotoxin Chriquitoxin Zetekitoxin Samaderin Dehydribufotoxin Ephinephrin Saxitoxin Cobra Venom Strychine Sodium Cyanide LD 50 mg/kg (i.p. mouse) 0.002 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.3 6 5 0.01 0.02 0.5 10 Mouse Units/mg 25,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 170 10 10 6,000 3,000 100 5 LD 50 : ๋ ์ฑ๋น๊ต๋ฅผ๊ฐ์ฅ์ํ์ํ๋๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์์ฅํ ์คํธ๋์ฅ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฌ์๋๊ณ ์ ๋ฐ์ด์ด์๋จ๋์์น Mouse Unit : LD 50 ๋ฅผ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ค๋ฉด๋ง์ํ ์คํธ์ฅ๊ฐํ์ํ๋ฏ๋ก์ฃผ๋ก์คํ๋๋ง์ด์ฌ์ฉํ๋์์น 20g์์ฅ๊ฐ 20๋ถํ์ํฌ์๋๋์์น - 6 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 7 [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2] Distribution of TTX and STXs in Biota ( ์ํ ) 1882, Matsuhara et al., Toxicity and Pharmacology. 1902, Tahara, Purity : 0.2%, named "Tetrodotoxin" from "Tetroadontidae". 1952, Yokoo et al., successful in crystallization. 1964, Structure elucidation : Woodward Mosher Tsuda Hirata 1972, Total systhesis Kishi 2003, Isobe [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3] History of TTX - 7 -
8 ๏คๅฎนๆตท Tetrodotoxin: Potent Neurotoxin Puffer Fish (32 Species) Present in Ovary (very strong), Liver (very strong) Intestines (quite strong), Skins (fairly strong), Meat (weak), Blood (none?) Season : Strong Toxin Season (Jan.-May) Back Ground : used for food and medicine in ancient China, Egypt and Japan [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4] Present of Tetrodotoxin [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5] Tetrodotoxin ์๋ฐ์ - 8 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 9 < ํ 2> Tetrodotoxin, Chiriquitoxin, Zetekitoxin ์์๋ฆฌํ์ฑ๋น๊ต < ํ 3> ZTX ์๋ถ์๋์์ธก - 9 -
10 ๏คๅฎนๆตท [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6] ์ฌ๋ฌ์ข ์๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์์ ๊ธฐ์๋ [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7] ZTX ์๋ถ์๋์์ธก - 10 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 11 [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8] Zeteki and Senex Frogs < ํ 4> ์ฌ๋ฌ์ข ์๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ํํฉ๋ฌผ์๋น๊ต - 11 -
12 ๏คๅฎนๆตท [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9] Mouse Unit ์๊ฒฐ์ [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10] TTX ์ CHTX ์์ ์ - 12 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 13 [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11] TTX ์ CHTX ์๋ถ๋ฆฌ [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12] CHTX ์ Mass Spectrum - 13 -
14 ๏คๅฎนๆตท [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13] CHTX ์ 13 CNMR - 14 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 15 < ํ 5> NMR spectral data of CHTX and CHTX-13, 6-lactone CHTX (1) a CHTX-13, 6-lactone (4) b C H C H 2 156.6 156.7 4 75.2 5.51 (d 9.4) 75.3 5.50 (d 8.5) 4a 40.5 2.31 (d 9.4) 41.7 2.16 (d 8.5) 5 73.5 4.40 (br s) 70.6 4.71 (br s) 6 72.1 84.3 7 81.1 4.39 (br t) 77.7 4.30 (br. t) 8 72.7 4.40 (s) 72.8 4.19 (d 1.5) 8a 59.3 59.5 9 70.9 4.00 (s) 70.7 4.03 (s) 10 111.0 111.1 11 70.3 4.90 (d 1.8) 69.7 5.20 (d 5.5) 12 58.1 4.27 (d 1.8) - 4.85 (d 5.5) 13 174.1 173.0 13 C NMR a. 75.5 MHz (GN-300), B. 100 MHz (JEOL GSX-4000), 13 CD 3COOD as 22.4 ppm. 1 H NMR a. 300 MHz (GN-300), b. 400 MHz (JEOL GSX 400), CHD 2COOD ad 2.06 ppm. Solvent: a. 4%CD 3COOD/D 2O, b. 1%TFA, 4%CD 3COOD/D 2O (45 ) - Unassignable carbon due to an exchange of H-12 with D. ( 13 C NMR spectrum of 4 was measured after keeping 1 in 1%TFA, 4%CD 3COOD/D 2O for one month at 5 ) - 15 -
16 ๏คๅฎนๆตท [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14] CHTX ์ IR Science, 189, 151-152(1975) [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15] Cyclization of Chiriquitoxin - 16 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 17 [ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16] Oxidation of Chiriquitoxin Tetrodotoxin, Chiriquitoxin, Zetekitoxin - 17 -
18 ๏คๅฎนๆตท Washington ์กฐ์ฝ Zetekitoxin - 18 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 19 Bioactivity of ZTX and STX 1. IC50 to expressed sodium channels in Xenopus oocytes sodium channel ZTX (pm) STX (nm) STX/ZTX human heart (hhla) 278 149 536 rat brain IIa 6 2.1 344 rat skeletal muscle μ (โ ) 65 3.1 48 2. Toxicity to mice ddy, male, ip (μg/kg) 10 10 By Prof. Samuel C. Dudley. Jr. (Emory Univ. Division of Cardiology) Preliminary data. 20 MS Spectrum of ZTX - 19 -
20 ๏คๅฎนๆตท Stereochemistry of C15 and C16 of ZTX TTX ์๋ฐ์ - 20 -
ํด์์ฒ์ฐ๋ฌผ : 1 ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐํํฉ๋ฌผ๋ก์๋ ค์ง๋ณต์ด๋ (Tetrodotoxin) ๋ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ง 21 ๅ่ๆ็ป 1. Gaillard, C. Mem. Inst. Francais Arch. Orient. 1923 : 51, 97-100. 2. Kao, C. Y. 1966. Poisonous and Venomous Animals of World. vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington D.C. 3. Kaempfers, E. 1727. the history of Japan. Giving an Acount of the Ancient and Present State and Government of that Empire ; of Its Temples, Palaces, Castles, and other Buildings : of Its,Metals Minerals. Trees, Plants, Animals. Birds, and Fishes; ets. J.G. Scheuchzer, Trans, London. 4. Kishi, Y. ; M. Aratani ; T. Fukuyama, F. Nakatsbo ; T. Goto, S. Inoue, H. Tanino ; S. Sgiune & H, Kakoi, 1972. J, Am, Chem, Soc., 94 : 9217-9219. 5. Kishi, Y. ; T. Fukushima, M. Aratani, F. Nakatsubo, T. Goto : S. Inone ; H. Tanino, S. Sgiune & H, Kakoi, 1972. J, Am, Chen, Soc., 94 : 9219-9222. 6. Isobe, M. ; 2003. J, Am, Chem. Soc., 125, 8798-8895. 7. Mosher, H.S. ; F. A. Fuhrman ; H. H. Buchwald & H.G. Fischen. 1964, Science 144 : 1100-1110. 8. Kim, Y. H. ; G. B. Brown ; H. S. Mosher, & F. A. Fuhrman, 1975. Science 189 : 151-152. 9. Kim, Y. H. ; G. B. Brown ; H. Kuntzee, & H.S. Mosher, 1977, Toxicon. 15 : 115. 10. Kim, Y. H. ; L. Pavelka, & H.S. Mosher, 1977, Toxicon. 15 : 135. 11. Kim, Y. H. ; M. Yotsu ; T. Yasumoto. 1990, Tetrahedron Lett. 31 : 3187. 12. Kao, C. Y. ; P. N. Yeoh ; M.D. Goldfinger, F.A. Fuhrman & H.S. Mosher, 1981, J. Pharmaeol. Exp. : 217, 416-429. 13. Tahara, Y. 1911. Biochem, Z. 10 : 255-275. 14. Mosher, H. S. ; F.A. Fuhrman ; H. D. Buchwald & H.G. Fischer. 1964. Science 144 : 1100-1110. 15. Tsuda, K., 1966. Naturwissenschaften, 53 : 171-176. 16. Halstead, B. W., 1967, Poisnous and Venomous Marin Animals of the World. vol.2 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C. 17. Evans, M. H. 1972 Int. Rev. Newrobiol. 15 : 83-166. 18. Tsuda, K. ; S. Ikuma ; M. Kawamma ; R. Tachikawa ; K. Sakai ; C. Tamma & O. Amakasu. 1964. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Jpn. 12 : 1357-1374. 19. Goto, T ; Y. Kishi ; S. Takahashi ; & Y. Hirata. 1965. Tetrahedron 21 : 2059-2088 20. Kim, Y. H. ; M. Y-Yamashita; S.C. Dudly Jr. ; G. Chaudhary ; A. Pfahnee ; Y. Oshima and J. W. Daly, 2004. proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 101 : 4346-4351. - 21 -