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대한내과학회지 : 제 94 권제 1 호 2019 https://doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2019.94.1.5 What s hot? 비만의내시경치료 한양대학교의과대학내과학교실 윤재훈ㆍ이항락 Current Status of Bariatric Endoscopy in Obesity Control Jai Hoon Yoon and Hang Lak Lee Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Obesity and metabolic syndrome affect ~40% of individuals in the United States alone. They are significant conditions that can cause severe economic problems. Obesity is also a global issue, with ~400 million obese adults worldwide. Moreover, the number of overweight children is increasing. Bariatric surgery is the gold standard treatment for obesity; however, endoscopic approaches may have a significant role in improving metabolic syndrome and achieving weight loss. Many endoscopic methods have been introduced, some of which are currently available and some that are undergoing experimentation. Endoscopists have a role in the treatment of obesity because endoscopic therapies are expected to become safer and more efficacious in the coming years. Endoscopic bariatric therapies can be categorized as space occupying, malabsorption, and gastric volume reduction. In this review, we summarize the currently available endoscopic procedures. (Korean J Med 2019;94:5-10) Keywords: Obesity; Endoscopy; Gastroplasty 서론비만은과도한지방이축적되어있는복잡한대사성질환이며다양한질환과연관되어있다. 기존의비만치료는생활습관교정, 식사조절, 운동과몇개의약물치료에의존을했으나이러한방법은체중감량효과가떨어지는경우가많 고체중감량효과가있더라도그지속성에문제가있었다. 따라서좀더적극적인치료방법이필요하게되었다. 고도비만환자에게복강경을이용한비만수술이소개되고시행되고있지만수술에따른합병증등을무시할수없고, 또한장내구조가비가역적으로변한다는문제를가지고있다. 따라서비만치료로덜침습적인다양한내시경적비만치료 Received: 2018. 10. 29 Revised: 2018. 11. 12 Accepted: 2018. 11. 12 Correspondence to Hang Lak Lee, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, 220 Wangsimni-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea Tel: +82-2-2290-8354, Fax: +82-2-2298-9183, E-mail: alwayshang@hanyang.ac.kr Copyright c 2019 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - 5 - Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

- The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 94, No. 1, 2019 - 방법이소개되고있다. 비만의내시경치료는단순한체중감량뿐만아니라다양한대사성질환의치료에도많은효과가있다는보고가있으며따라서최근에는비만의내시경치료를확대해서 endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMT) 로명명하기도한다 [1]. EBMT 는다양한내시경기기및기술을이용해서시술한다. EBMT 는최근의여러보고에의하면생활습관교정및비만약물치료보다는더효과가좋으나비만수술보다는효과가떨어진다고알려져있다 [2-5]. 하지만 EBMT 는비만수술보다는덜침습적이며합병증발생 Table 1. Summary of various endoscopic bariatric procedures according to FDA approval status Endoscopic bariatric procedure FDA status Space occupying FDA status Intragastric balloon (IGB) Orbera ReShape Duo Obalon Spatz Non-balloon TransPyloric Shuttle Full sense device Satisphere Gastric restriction Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty Primary obesity surgery endoluminal (POSE) Under FDA review Endocinch RESOTRe suturing system TOGA system Articulating circular endoscopic (ACE) stapling procedure Aspiration AspireAssist Malabsorptive Gastrointestinal bypass sleeve (EndoBarrier) Gastroduodenojejunal bypass sleeve (ValenTx) Other Electrical stimulation Magnetic compression anastomosis Duodenal mucosal resurfacing Intragastric botulinum toxin injections FDA, Food and Drug Administration; TOGA, tropical ocean and global atmosphere system. 이적다고알려져있고, 또한가역적이란점도좋은장점으로되어있다. 본고에서는최근에소개되고있는방법들에대하여소개하고장점과한계점에대하여알아보고자한다. 본론비만의내시경적치료는크게위강내에이물질을삽입해서공간을줄이는방법, 위로들어간음식물을제거하는흡입방법그리고내시경시술로위의구조를변경시켜위공간및적응력을감소시키는방법으로크게구분할수있다 [6]. 매우다양한방법들이개발되었거나개발중에있으며현재 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 에공인되어실제임상에서사용가능한시술도있다. 표 1은다양한내시경치료방법에대하여나열했으며 FDA 승인여부에따라분류했다. 현재 FDA에공인된방법은다양한위내풍선삽입방법, overstitch를이용한위성형술그리고위강내음식물을흡입해서제거하는흡입법등이있다. 위내풍선삽입술위내풍선을삽입하여풍선을부풀려서경구음식섭취량을줄이려는방법이며, 가장먼저시작된내시경치료방법이다. 풍선을위강내에설치하면위공간을차지해서식사량이감소하는역할도하지만동시에풍선을삽입하면위운동력이감소한다고되어있어서이또한체중감소의하나의기전으로설명하고있다. 현재다양한종류의풍선이개발되었으며개발중에있는풍선도있다. 현재미국에서는세가지종류의위내풍선이 FDA 승인후사용되고있으며다른종류의위내풍선이개발되어서 FDA 승인을기다리고있다. 대표적인풍선은 BioEnteric intragastric balloon (BIB) (Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA) 이다. 이풍선은구형의실리콘으로제작된풍선으로 6개월정도위산분해에견딜수있다고되어있다 [7]. 시술방법은내시경을통하여위로삽입후에 400 ml에서 700 ml가량의생리식염수와메틸렌블루가혼합된액체를풍선안으로주입하여풍선을부풀리게하는방법이다. 메틸렌블루를혼합하는이유는만약에풍선이터지는경우에소변색깔을변하게만들어조기진단이가능하게하기위해서이다. 일반적으로풍선삽입 6개월후에풍선을제거하게된다. 풍선을제거하는이유는 6개월이상지속시풍선에의한효과가없어지고풍선으로인한합병증발생이증가하기때문이다. Imaz 등 [7] 에의한 3,698명의환 - 6 -

- Jai Hoon Yoon, et al. Endoscopic bariatric therapies - 자를대상으로한메타분석결과를소개하면시술 6개월후에평균 14.7 kg의체중감소, 체질량지수는 5.7 kg/m 2 가감소되었다. 4.2% 의환자에서심한오심과구토로인하여조기에풍선을제거했다. 드물지만 0.8% 에서장폐색이, 0.1% 에서위천공이발생했다. 또다른풍선인 Orbera intragastric balloon system (Orbera; Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, TX, USA) 을이용한연구결과를소개하면풍선삽입후 8주에검사한결과식사후 2시간에위강내에남아있는음식물양이환자군에서유의하게높았다 (61.4 ± 23.2% vs. 25.7 ± 18%; p = 0.0003) [8]. 위강내에남아있는음식물이많다는것은풍선법이단순히조기포만감에의한식욕억제및이로인한체중감소를유발하기도하지만풍선을삽입한경우위운동력이감소해서이로인한체중감소효과도있다고것을시시한다. Forlano 등 [9] 은풍선삽입에의한대사변화에대하여연구했다. 평균체질량지수가 43.1 ± 8 kg/m 2 인총 130명의환자를대상으로한전향적인연구에서 10명의환자가복통및구토로조기에풍선을제거했으며 6개월간관찰시평균체중이 118.8 kg에서 105.7 kg으로통계적으로의미있게감소했다. 고도비만환자비율도 23% 에서 8% 로감소했으며동시에체질량지수 30 kg/m 2 환자도 0% 에서 19% 로증가했다. 혈당, 중성지방, ALT 수치등도의미있는변화를보였다. 위내풍선삽입후호르몬변화에대한연구는공복과식후콜레시스토키닌수치가풍선삽입군에서유의하게높았으며따라서위배출시간의지연과연관이있는것으로생각된다. 풍선에의한합병증은경미한합병증으로오심, 구토, 복통등이있으며대부분풍선삽입후 3일에서 7일안에호전된다고알려져있다. 심한합병증으로는식도점막손상, 식도천공, 위천공, 위궤양출혈및흡인성폐렴등이보고된바있다. 위강내풍선삽입법은비교적안전한시술이지만 6개월후에풍선을제거해야하며제거한후에많은환자에서이전의체중으로회복한다는제한점이있다. 그러나거대비만환자에있어복강경수술전거대비만으로인한수술후발생하는합병증을줄이기위한일시적인치료로사용될수있다. 위내풍선삽입은국내에서유일하게시행되고있는내시경비만치료이며현재미용치료로분류되어있다. 국내에서평균년간 200건의시술이이루어지고있으나시술에대한정확한적응증이없이시행되고있으며시술결과, 체중감소및합병증에대한연구결과는전무한상태로이에 대한국내연구가필요한실정이다. 위성형술 위축소를위하여다양한내시경을통한위성형방법이개발되고있다. 그중내시경봉합기구를이용한위성형술인내시경적위소매성형술 (endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty) 가현재시행되고있다. 내시경봉합기구인 overstitch는내시경봉합기구로서현재미국 FDA 공인을받은상태이다. 이방법은복강경을이용한위소매절제술과유사한시술이지만위절제는필요하지않다. 내시경봉합기구인 overstitch 시스템을이용하며위강내로들어가서위체부대만부를종축으로반복적으로봉합해서위내강을좁게만들게되며일반적으로평균 5-6회의봉합을한다 (Fig. 1). 시술시간은연구마다다르지만평균 2시간의시간이소요된다고알려져있다. 결국위내강이좁아져서조기포만감을유도하여음식섭취가감소하게하여체중감소가가능하게하며또한이시술후위내운동력이감소한다는보고도있다. 2012년다기관연구가발표되는데 25명의평균체질량지수가 35.5 kg/m 2 인환자를대상으로했으며 12개월후총체중감소가 54 ± 40%, 20개월후 45 ± 41% 였다. 중대한합병증으로는위주변농양형성, 폐색전증, 천공으로인한복강내유리공기등이 Figure 1. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty. This is a restrictive procedure to decrease the intraluminal volume using endoscopic suturing for gastric remodeling. - 7 -

- 대한내과학회지 : 제 94 권제 1 호통권제 686 호 2019 - 보고되었다. 가장대규모의연구는 242명을대상으로미국과스페인 3개의연구기관에서진행된연구가있다. 시술후체중감소는총체중감소가 6개월때 16.8 ± 6.4%, 12개월때 18.2 ± 10%, 18개월때 19.8 ± 11.6% 였다. 흡입치료 AspireAssist를이용한흡입치료는식사후위강내에있는음식물을경피하위루관을이용해서흡입및제거하는치료방법이다. 시술은쉽게설명하면경구섭취가불가능한환자들에게경구섭취를위하여시행하는경피관위루술과동일하며위루관삽입 2주후음식물을제거하는 port를설치하게된다 (Fig. 2). 일반적으로식사 30분후에음식물을제거하게되며화장실변기에음식물을버리게된다. 이방법은섭취한음식물의 30% 를제거할수있다고되어있어따라서체중감소가발생한다. 2013년 18명을대상으로한첫번째연구 [10] 가발표되었는데시술후 12개월때총체중감소량이 18.6 ± 2.3% 였다. 중요한점은시술에따른특별한합병증은없었으며시술후무리한과식을하는등의환자의식사패턴의큰변화도없었다. 2016년대대규모의환자대조군연구 [11] 가발표되면서이시술이 FDA 공인을받게된다. 이연구는체질량지수 35-55 kg/m 2 환자를대상으로미국 10개병원에서진행되었으며총 171명의환자를대상으로했으며총체중감소가 14.2 ± 9.8% 였다. 소장스텐트삽입술 이방법은 Roux-en-γ에의한소장우회술이대사질환개선및체중감소효과가있는점을감안해서고안되었으며, 소장점막과음식물이만나지못하게인위적으로그물스텐트 Figure 3. Transpyloric shuttle (TPS). Gastric and intestinal contractions act to pull the TPS into the duodenum up to the pylorus, resulting in intermittent gastric outlet obstruction. Figure 2. Aspiration therapy. AspireAssist consists of a PEG tube to aspirate gastric food, a valve located in the skin, and a device for flushing and aspiration. Figure 4. EndoSphere SatiSphere, an endoscopically placed device to increase the contact time of food as it traverses the duodenum. - 8 -

- 윤재훈외 1 인. 내시경비만치료 - 같은긴구조물을소장에삽입하는방법이다. 이방법은체중감량효과와함께당대사에좋은역할을하는것으로알려져있다. Endobarrier gastrointestinal liner (GI Dynamics Inc., Lexington, MA, USA) 가가장처음으로사람에게시행된십이지장공장우회기구이다. 이기구는 60 cm 길이의플라스틱물질로된자가확장형구조물이다. 내시경및 X선투시하에서시행하며근위부공장에서부터십이지장까지걸쳐서위치시키며원위부로의이동을방지하기위하여십이지장에고정을시켜야한다 [12,13]. 2008년도 12명의환자를대상으로한연구 [12] 에서시술은모두성공적으로이루어졌으며 10명은연구목표기간인 12주까지유지되었으나 2명에서심한복통으로중도에제거했다. 중요한합병증은없었으며 percentage of excess weight loss (% EWL) 가 23.6% 였다. 최근 21명을대상으로한연구 [14] 에서 38% 의환자에서중도에기구를제거했다. 기구를제거한주요원인은치유되지않은심한복통, 출혈, 고정구이탈, 소장폐색등이었다. 결국이기구는비교적높은비율로나타나는중도제거율이문제이며향후이에대한보완이필요하다 [15,16]. 기타 BAROnova Therapeutics (Goleta, CA, USA) 에서 TransPyloric Shuttle (TPS; BARONova Inc, San Carlos, CA, USA) 방법을고안했다 (Fig. 3). 이시스템은반복적으로유문을차단하여음식물섭취를제한하며따라서위장내에서접촉시간을증가시킨다 [1]. TPS 는진정내시경검사로시술할수있으며특별한고정장치는필요없으며파일럿연구에서안전성과초기유효성은있었으나장기간연구가필요하다. 음식접촉시간을증가시키는내시경적으로배치된장치인 SatiSphere (Endosphere Inc. Columbus, OH, USA) 도개발되었으며 (Fig. 4), 길이는약 20-25 cm이며시스템은원위부위또는근위십이지장에자체고정되어호르몬신호를증가시켜조기포만감과포도당생산의하향조절을유발한다. 궁극적으로이시스템은 6개월에서 18개월사이에제거된다. 11명의환자를대상으로한소규모연구가실시되었으며의미있는부작용없이 1개월에 12% 의 % EWL 을보였다. 결론현재다양한방법의내시경적비만치료방법이개발되고소개되고있다. FDA 승인을받은방법은위내풍선삽입법, 위성형술, 흡입치료정도이다. 소개되고있는비만의내시경적치료방법은비만의치료뿐아니라다양한대사질환의치료에도효과가있다고알려져있다. 체중감소에대해서는단기간에는효과가있다고할수있으나지속적인체중유지면에서는미흡한점이많으며어떤환자를대상으로시술을해야하는지에논의가필요하다. 국내에서는위내풍선삽입법이미용시술로구분되어시술되고있으나이에대한연구결과는전무한상태로향후이에대한연구가필요하다. 다양한내시경비만치료가정착을하기위해서는단순한비만치료뿐만아니라다양한대사성질환의조절에도움이된다는인식이중요하며내시경관련의료진뿐아니라내분비질환관련의료진의관심도필요하다. 중심단어 : 비만 ; 내시경 ; 위성형술 REFERENCES 1. Sullivan S, Edmundowicz SA, Thompson CC. Endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies: new and emerging technologies. Gastroenterology 2017;152:1791-1801. 2. Ponce J, Woodman G, Swain J, et al. The REDUCE pivotal trial: a prospective, randomized controlled pivotal trial of a dual intragastric balloon for the treatment of obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015;11:874-881. 3. ASGE Bariatric Endoscopy Task Force and ASGE Technology Committee, Abu Dayyeh BK, Kumar N, et al. ASGE bariatric endoscopy task force systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the ASGE PIVI thresholds for adopting endoscopic bariatric therapies. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82:425-438.e5. 4. Farina MG, Baratta R, Nigro A, et al. Intragastric balloon in association with lifestyle and/or pharmacotherapy in the long-term management of obesity. Obes Surg 2012;22: 565-571. 5. Chang SH, Stoll CT, Song J, Varela JE, Eagon CJ, Colditz GA. The effectiveness and risks of bariatric surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, 2003-2012. JAMA Surg 2014;149:275-287. 6. Kumar N. Weight loss endoscopy: development, applications, and current status. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:7069-7079. 7. Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez EE, Sendra- Gutiérrez JM, González-Enríquez J. Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. A meta-analysis. Obes Surg 2008;7:841-846. 8. Gómez V, Woodman G, Abu Dayyeh BK. Delayed gastric emptying as a proposed mechanism of action during intra- - 9 -

- The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 94, No. 1, 2019 - gastric balloon therapy: results of a prospective study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016;24:1849-1853. 9. Forlano R, Ippolito AM, Iacobellis A, et al. Effect of the BioEnterics intragastric balloon on weight, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis in obese patients. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71:927-933. 10. Sullivan S, Stein R, Jonnalagadda S, Mullady D, Edmundowicz S. Aspiration therapy leads to weight loss in obese subjects: a pilot study. Gastroenterology 2013;145:1245-1252.e1-e5. 11. Thompson CC, Abu Dayyeh BK, Kushner R, et al. Percutaneous gastrostomy device for the treatment of class II and class III obesity: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:447-457. 12. Rodriguez-Grunert L, Galvao Neto MP, Alamo M, Ramos AC, Baez PB, Tarnoff M. First human experience with endoscopically delivered and retrieved duodenal-jejunal bypass sleeve. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008;4:55-59. 13. Gersin KS, Rothstein RI, Rosenthal RJ, et al. Open-label, sham-controlled trial of an endoscopic duodenojejunal bypass liner for preoperative weight loss in bariatric surgery candidates. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71:976-982. 14. Gersin KS, Rothstein RI, Rosenthal RJ, et al. Open-label, sham-controlled trial of an endoscopic duodenojejunal bypass liner for preoperative weight loss in bariatric surgery candidates. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71:976-982. 15. Majumder S, Birk J. A review of the current status of endoluminal therapy as a primary approach to obesity management. Surg Endosc 2013;27:2305-2311. 16. Coté GA, Edmundowicz SA. Emerging technology: endoluminal treatment of obesity. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70: 991-999. - 10 -