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Systemic Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors 장흥문 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원종양내과학교실 췌장에생기는신경내분비종양 (pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: PNET) 은매우드문종양으로주로췌장의 islets of Langerhans 에서발생하므로 islet cell tumor라고도부른다. 10만명당 1-2명정도발생하는것으로알려져있고, 췌장에생기는전체종양의 1-2% 를차지한다. 모든연령대에서발생하나 30대에서 60대사이에진단되는경우가가장흔하고남녀모두에서비슷하게발생한다. 일부 PNET는 multiple endocrine neoplasia type one syndrome (MEN-1) 혹은 von Hippel-Lindau disease와관련되어있다. 크게는이소성호르몬분비가있어서증상이있는경우를기능성종양으로분류하고, 증상이없는경우를비기능성종양으로분류하며비기능성종양이전체의 30-40% 를차지한다. 과거에는비기능성종양의경우에는이소성호르몬을분비하지않는다고생각했는데, 이들중상당수가 pancreatic polypeptide, neurotensin, somatostatin, chromogranins 등을분비한다고알려져있다. 전이성 PNET의치료의목적은증상완화, 생화학적인조절, 삶의질향상, 생존기간의증가등을들수있다. 주된치료는수술적절제술로, 간에전이가있는경우에도 debulking 수술이나 radiofrequency ablation을시행하는것이기능성종양의경우증상완화에커다란도움이되고생존기간증가에도어느정도도움이되는것으로알려져있다. 아래에서는주로전이가있는경우의내과적치료를중심으로기술을하였다. Chemotherapy 1. Well differentiated tumors Streptozotocin (STZ)/5-FU 혹은 STZ/doxorubicin 이가장널리사용되고있다. 1980년에 Moertel 등이 STZ 단독요법에비해 STZ/5-FU 복합항암화학요법의치료성적이우수함을보고하였다. 1) 그후에 STZ/doxorubicin 이 STZ/5-FU 혹은 chlorozotocin 단독요법보다성적이우월하다고보고되어서새로운기준요법으로자리를잡았다. 2) 그러나, 이연구는반응평가방법에문제점이있다는비판을받았으며이후에보고된다른연구에서는 STZ/doxorubicin 은 16명에서 1명에서만반응을보여그효과를확인하지못하였다. 3) 2004년에 STZ/5-FU/doxorubicin 3제요법에대한보고가있었는데반응율 39%, 중앙반응기간 9.3개월로 2제복합요법에비해더나은성적을보이지는못했다. 정리하면 STZ/5-FU 혹은 STZ/doxorubicin 2제복합요법이추천되며약 20-30% 의반응율을나타내며약 50% 에서증상완화와 biochemical response 를얻을수있다. 일부보고에의하면악성 insulinoma 와 VIPoma 가 gastrinoma 혹은비기능성종양보다좀더반응율이높은것으로알려져있다. 64

Systemic Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Table 1. Streoptozotocin in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor Response Regiment # Response Median survival Reference duration STZ+5-FU 42 63% 17 m 26 m STZ 42 36% 17 m 17 m STZ+ADR 36 69% 18 m 26 m STZ+5-FU 33 45% 14 m 17 m CLZ 33 30% 17 m 18 m STZ+ADR 16 6% 18 m STZ: streptozotocin, ADR: adriamycin, CLZ: chlorozotocin. 1) 2) 3) 2. Poorly differentiated tumors Poorly differentiated tumors에서는 etoposide/cisplatin (EP) 병합요법이사용된다. EP 병합요법은일반적으로분화가좋은경우는반응율이낮으나분화가나쁜경우에는상대적으로높은반응율을보고하고있다 (Table 2). 분화가좋은경우는 7-9% 의반응율을보고하는데반해, 분화가나쁜경우는반응율이 40-67% 을나타낸다. 4-6) Table 2. Etoposide/cisplatin combination in neuroendocrine tumor Histology # Response (%) TTP (Mo) OS (Mo) Reference WD 11 9.1 2.3 17.6 PD 41 40.5 8.9 15 WD 4 27% PD 11 50% WD 27 7% PD 18 67% WD: well differentiated; PD: poorly differentiated. 4) 5) 6) 3. New agents PNET의 50% 이상에서 VEGFs 와그 receptors, PDGFR α and β, EGFR, c-kit 등이발현되는것으로알려져있다. 이를바탕으로표적항암제를포함한새로운항암제들이시도되고있다. Bevacizumab/temozolamide 병합요법에서는 carcinoid 12명에서는반응이관찰되지않았지만, PNET 17명중 4명 (24%) 에서반응을보였다. 7) Temozolomide 는 alkylating 제제로서 DTIC 보다부작용이적은경구용약제로 DTIC와비슷한작용기전을가지고있고 thalidomide 와병합시 PNET 에서 45% 의반응을나타내었다. 8) VEGFR, PDGFR, c-kit 등에대한 multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor인 sunitinib은 2상연구에서 PNET에서 13% 의반응율을보였다. 9) 이를바탕으로현재 PNET를대상으로 sunitinib 과위약을투여하는제 3상임상연구가진행되고있다. Raf kinase inhibitor 인 sorafenib 은 PNET에서 9.8% 의반응율을보였다. 10) mtor 억제제인 RAD001 (everolimus) 과 VEGR 및 IGFR을억제한다고알려진 sandostatin 을병합투여한연구에서는 PNET 11명중 2 명에서반응을보였다. 11) 65

Table 3. Novel antineoplatics currently under evaluation Agent Evaluated effects Reference Bevacizumab/temozolomide Carcinoid 0/12 PR 7) PNET 4/17 PR Temozolomide/thalidomide Carcinoid 1/14 PR 8) PNET 5/45 PR Sunitinib Carcinoid 1/41 PR 9) Sorafenib RAD001/Sandostatin LAR PNET 8/61 PR Carcinoid 4/41 PR PNET 4/41 PR Carcinoid 2/16 PR PNET 2/11 PR 10) 11) Somatostatin Analogue Somatostain analogue 는장, 췌장등의여러기관에서 peptide 호르몬의분비를억제한다. Somatostatin 수용체는대부분 (80-90%) 의 PNET에서발현되는데, 미분화 NET나 somatostatinoma 에서는발현이낮다. Somatostatin analogue 는수용체 subtype 2 (sst2) 와 subtype 5 (sst5) 에결합을하는것으로알려져있는데 biochemical response는주로 sst2를통해서나타나는것으로알려져있다. 내부호르몬 somatostatin 은반감기가 2분정도에불과하기때문에실제치료에쓰일수없었으나반감기가긴 somatostatin analogues (octreotide, lanreotide) 가개발되어치료제로사용할수있게되었다. Octreotide 는반감기가수시간이기때문에하루에 2-3회주사한다. 최근에는서방형의약제가개발되어 Lanreotide ( 격주주사 ), Sandostatin LAR ( 매달주사 ), Lanreotide autogel ( 매달주사 ) 가사용되고있다. 기능성종양인경우는속효성 octreotide로 10-28 일주사후서방형주사로변경한다. 이와같은치료로악성 insulinoma 의약 50%, 기타기능성종양의 70-90% 에서생화학적반응및증상완화가관찰된다. 종양자체가감소하는경우는약 5-10% 로드물지만종양의성장을지연시키는효과는약 35-50% 정도에서기대할수있으며이러한종양의안정화는 5-18개월정도유지되는것으로알려져있다. 비기능성종양에서의 somatostatin analogue 의역할은분명하지않다. 이제까지의보고에의하면 25-47% 의환자에서안정병변을보인다고알려져있다. 비기능성종양의경우에도 peptide 호르몬을분비하는경우가많기때문에, 이런호르몬분비를억제하는것이어떤효과가있는지에대해서는추후연구가필요하다. Radiolabelled Somatostatin Analogue 통상적인체외방사선치료는골전이또는뇌전이가있는경우를제외하고는별효과가없다. Radionuclide 치료는 octreotide scan 같은검사를통해서해당약제의흡수가증가된경우에투여하는것이좋다. 131 I-MIBG, 90 Y-octreotide, 177 Lu -octreotide 등이주로최근에사용되고있다. 12-18) 이와같은치료를통해서 20-25% 가종양이감소하고, 생화학학적으로반응을보이는경우는 40-50% 정도인것으로보고되고있으며향후좀더체계적인연구가필요하다. 66

Systemic Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Table 4. Efficacy using various radiopharmaceuticals based on somatostatin analogues in patient with NETs Radiopharmaceutical # CR/PR (%) SD PD Reference 111 In 26 0 61 38 26 8 81 12 16 31 23 25 90 Y 39 23 69 8 54 7 74 19 177 Lu 76 30 51 18 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 결론 PNET의가장기본적인치료는수술적절제술이며수술의적응증이안되는경우, 분화암인경우는 streptozotocin/5-fu 또는 streptozotocin/doxorubicin 의병합요법이추천되며미분화암의경우는 etoopside/ cisplatin이효과를보인다. 기능성 PNET에서는 somatostatin analogue들이효과를보여주었다. 최근에는표적항암제를포함한새로운항암제들이 PNET에시도되고있어치료성적의향상을기대해볼수있겠다. 참고문헌 1. Moertel CG, Hanley JA, Johnson LA. Streptozocin alone compared with streptozocin plus fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced islet-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1980;303:1189-1194. 2. Moertel CG, et al. Streptozocin-doxorubicin, streptozocin-fluorouracil or chlorozotocin in the treatment of advanced islet-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1992;326:519-523. 3. Cheng PN, Saltz LB. Failure to confirm major objective antitumor activity for streptozocin and doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with advanced islet cell carcinoma. Cancer 1999;86:944-948. 4. Mitry E, et al. Treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours with etoposide and cisplatin. Br J Cancer 1999;81:1351-1355. 5. Fjallskog ML, et al. Treatment with cisplatin and etoposide in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer 2001;92:1101-1107. 6. Moertel CG, et al. Treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas with combined etoposide and cisplatin. Evidence of major therapeutic activity in the anaplastic variants of these neoplasms. Cancer 1991;68:227-232. 7. Kulke MH, et al. A phase II study of temozolomide and bevacizumab in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2006;24:4044a. 8. Kulke MH, et al. Phase II study of temozolomide and thalidomide in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:401-406. 9. Kulke M, et al. A phase 2 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SU11248 in patients (pts) with unresectable neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2005;23:4008a. 10. Hobday TJ, Rubin J, Holen R, et al. MC044h, a phase II trial of sorafenib in patients (pts) with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NET): A phase II consortium (P2C) study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2007;25:abstract #4504. 11. Yao JC, et al. Phase II study of RAD001 (everolimus) and depot octreotide (Sandostatin LAR) in patients with advanced low grade neuroendocrine carcinoma (LGNET). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2006;24:4042a. 67

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