J. Korean Soc. People Plants Environ. Vol. 15 No. 6: 471-475, December 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2012.15.6.471 ISSN 1226-9778(Print) ISSN 2287-8238(Online) 김재순 정명일 한승원 장하경 정현환 이상미 * 농촌진흥청국립원예특작과학원도시농업연구팀 Growth according to the Direction of Climbing Wall and Attachment Characteristics of 5 Vine Plants on Planting Wall with Various Materials Jae Soon Kim, Myeong Il Jeong, Seung Won Han, Ha Kyung Jang, Hyun Hwan Jung and Sang Mi Lee* Urban Agriculture Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, suwon 441-440, Korea Abstract A research related to a growth characteristic according to attach or not in accordance with wall materials and growth direction of 5 kinds of vine plants used in green-wall was proceed. Test was proceed from May to September 2010. Materials of wall used in the test are 6 kinds of timber, adobe, grass, brick, concrete and aluminum, and the vine plants used in the test are Euonymus radicans cv. aueonmarinata Rehd., Euonymus radicans Sieb. var. argenteo-marginatus Rehd., Campsis grandifolia (Thunb.) K. Schum., Schizophragma hydrangeoides Siebold & Zucc., Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean. Growth of the vine plants is high in a sequence of Campsis grandifolia (Thunb.) K. Schum., Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean, Euonymus radicans cv. aueonmarinata Rehd., Euonymus radicans Sieb. var. argenteo-marginatus Rehd., Schizophragma hydrangeoides Siebold & Zucc., and sheath rate of the vine plants is high in a sequenc of Campsis grandifolia (Thunb.) K. Schum., Euonymus radicans cv. aueonmarinata Rehd., Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean, Euonymus radicans Sieb. var. argenteo-marginatus Rehd., Schizophragma hydrangeoides Siebold & Zucc. However, Euonymus radicans Sieb. var. argenteo-marginatus Rehd., Schizophragma hydrangeoides Siebold & Zucc., Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean, are has a lower sheath rate compared to the growth rate. Difference of the growth according to north and south directions of the vine plants is that ampsis Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean., is high in the south direction, Campsis grandifolia (Thunb.) K. Schum., Schizophragma hydrangeoides Siebold & Zucc. and Euonymus radicans Sieb. var. argenteo-marginatus Rehd. has high growth rate in the north direction. And Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean. has high growth rate in the south direction on May~July and in the north direction on August~September. Attach or not according to materials of wall is that Campsis grandifolia (Thunb.) K. Schum. can be attached to timber, adobe, brick and concrete, Euonymus radicans Sieb. var. argenteo-marginatus Rehd. can be attached to brick and adobe, and Euonymus radicans cv. aueonmarinata Rehd., Schizophragma hydrangeoides Siebold & Zucc., Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean., can be attached to timber. However, all vine plants can not be attached to grass and aluminum. Key words : Green-belt, Green-wall, Verticality, Wall, Wild plant Ⅰ. 서론 도시들의과밀화와고층화는녹지면적의감소와불투수면적의증가, 그리고도시생태계의파괴, 환경오염, 도시기후의변화등여러생태적문제를초래하였다. 이러한도시의생태적문제를해결하는지름길은식물의근원이되는토양과물의자연스런순환체계 Received on November 9, 2012. Revised on December 3, 2012. Accepted on December 15, 2012 *Corresponding author: sangmilee@korea.kr 회복을위한도시내녹지면적의확대일것이다 (Seoul Metropolitan city, 2000). 또한도심지에서도시민들의여가와휴게장소가될수있는생활권녹지의중요성이지속적으로높아지고있다. 서울시의경우녹지면적은전체도시계획구역의 253.34km 2 를차지하고있지만공원녹지의대부분은도시외곽의자연공원이며 (Seoul Metropolitan city, 1999) 도시내생활권에서접근이가능한공원면적은 4.53m 2 로서매우저조한실정이다 (Ro et al., 2003). 녹지확보가어려운도시에서는지속적으로증가되는건축물의수직면적을이용하여녹화를시도한다면도시환경을개선하는데많은기 471
여를할수있을것이다. 특히벽면녹화는소규모식재공간만으로도토지의종적이용을통하여절대적인식물의총량을증가시킬수있으므로녹지공간확보와유사한효과를볼수있다 (Lee and Kim, 2000). 벽면녹화기술은도시내부에녹지를공급하여도시화에따른도시의환경문제를완화시켜도시민에게쾌적한환경을제공할수있다. 또한건물의외피를보호하고, 단열기능을개선할수있는데, 여름철벽면의온도상승을억제하여실내외공간을쾌적하게만들며, 에너지절약의효과도있어실제로전력사용량의 30% 가감소한결과도보고되었다 (Han et al., 2008). 벽면녹화에주로사용되는덩굴성식물은비교적빠르게자라고부착성이뛰어나주로건물의외벽, 주택의담장에심겨지고있다 (No, 2003; Park, 2003; Lee, 2005; Shin, 2006; Yan and Zhou, 2008; Xu et al., 2009). 국내자생식물중벽면녹화소재에관한연구로는붉은꽃인동덩굴의옥상정원벽면녹화에관한연구 (Kim et al., 2007), 담쟁이덩굴의적정관비양액농도 (Ro et al., 2003), 담쟁이덩굴의흡착근의특성에관한연구 (Kim and Kim, 2007; Lee and Kim, 2011; Lee, 2011), 담쟁이덩굴, 송악, 줄사철, 능소화의생육, 부착력에관한연구 (Lee et al., 2003) 등이있다. 이와같이지금까지연구되어온벽면녹화소재에관한연구는주로식물의생육특성에관한것이다. 하지만실제도시의벽면에적용되기위해서는건축물의벽면재질에따른덩굴성식물의부착유무및식재방향에따른덩굴성식물의생육특성에관한정보가필요하다. 따라서본연구에서는벽면녹화에사용되고있는덩굴성식물 5종의벽면재질별부착유무및식재방향에따른생장특성에관한연구를진행하였다. Ⅱ. 연구방법벽면재질별덩굴성식물들의생장특성을알아보기위해흙벽돌, 적벽돌, 유리벽, 목재, 콘크리트, 알루미늄방음벽의 6가지각기다른재질의벽면 Mock-up을제작하였으며, 벽체의규모는 10cm 300cm 200cm로 ( 가로 세로 높이 ) 동 서방향으로설치하여식재식물들이남 북방향으로배치되도록하였다. 본시험은 2010년 5월에서 9월까지진행하였으며, 시험에사용된덩굴성식물은금빛줄사철 (E. radicans cv. aueonmarinata Rehd), 은빛줄사철 (E. radicans Sieb. var. argenteo-marginatus Rehd), 능소화 (C. grandifolia (Thunb.) K. Schum), 바위수국 (S. hydrangeoides Siebold & Zucc), 송악 (H. rhombea (Miq.) Bean) 이다. 공시식물들은구입후온실에서 2주일정도순화과정을거친뒤 5월초에벽면하부의노지에 3반복으로식재하였다. 식재후무관수를하였 Fig. 1. Daily average temperature from 17 May to 29 Oct. with no data from 15 Aug. to 14 Sept. Fig. 2. Daily average sunshine from 17 May to 29 Oct. with no data from 15 Aug. to 14 Sept. 으며시비는하지않았다. 식재후매월식물의초장을측정하였고측정한데이터는 Office Excel 프로그램을이용하여평균과표준오차를구하였다. 식재후 5개월뒤녹화된벽면의사진을찍은뒤격자표를이용하여피복율을측정하였다. 벽면의거칠기는육안으로확인하고재질표면을접촉하여서재질별거칠기의정도를측정하였다. 또한환경계측센서 (Almemo 5690-2M09, Ahlborn, Germany) 를이용하여대기온도와일조량, 벽면의온도변화를측정하였다. 수집한대기온도와일조량데이터는 Fig. 1 과 Fig. 2와같으며센서의오작동으로인하여 8월 15일부터 9월 14일사이의환경정보는수집하지못하였다. Ⅲ. 결과및고찰 1. 식물에따른생육변화 식재한덩굴성식물의초장변화를살펴본결과, 능소화, 송악, 은빛줄사철, 금빛줄사철, 바위수국순으로왕성하게나타났으며피복율은능소화, 금빛줄사철, 송악, 은빛줄사철, 바위수국순으로높게나타났다. 능소화는초장의생육과피복율이높게나타난반 472
김재순 정명일 한승원 장하경 정현환 이상미 Fig. 3. Greening rate of 5 kinds of vine plants in timber in the north direction after 5 months of planting. 면금빛줄사철, 은빛줄사철, 바위수국, 송악은초장의생육과피복율이낮게나타났다. 이는줄사철류와송악은분지의증가량이적을뿐만아니라엽면적도적기때문이며 (Ro et al., 2003) 특히송악과바위수국은벽을타는수직성장습성보다지면을기는수평성장습성이강하기때문인것으로여겨진다 (Fig. 3). 2. 식재방향에따른식물생육변화 식재방향에따른생육의차이를살펴본결과, 송악은남향에서생육이왕성한반면, 능소화, 바위수국, 은빛줄사철은북향에서생육이왕성하였다. 금빛줄사철은 5~7월에는남향에서 8~9월에는북향에서생육이왕성하였다 (Fig. 4). 대부분의식물들이북향에서생육이좋았으며이는북향은남향보다토양수분이양호하고 (Day and Monk, 1974; Lucks et al., 1981; Park et al., 2000) 일교차가적은환경조건을가지고있기때문인것으로보인다 (Table. 1). 또한송악이남향에서생육이왕성했던것은, 송악은넓은수분적응범위 (Korea National Arboretum, 1999) 를가졌기때문에방향에따른수분의영향이초장생육의제한요인으로작용하지못한것으로보인다. 능소화, 바위수국, 은빛줄사철은남향보다북향에서생육이왕성하였던것은능소화는양지식물이며수분이많은토양에서잘자라고 (Korea expressway corporation, 2006) 바위수국은양지 반음지식물이지만습한곳에서생육이양호하다 (Korea national arboretum, 1999). 그리고은빛줄사철은반음지에잘적응을하는특성 (Jang, 2011) 때문으로판단된다. 이런각식물의특성은쉽게건조되지않고여름철온도차가적은 (Kim et al., 2007) 북향의환경조건과일치하기때문에생육이양호하게나타난것으로보인다. 3. 벽면재질별부착특성벽면재질별로덩굴성식물들을적용하여부착유무를조사하였다. 능소화는목재, 흙벽돌, 적벽돌, 콘크리트벽면재질에부착이가능하였고은빛줄사철은목재, 적벽돌에부착이가능하였다. 그리고금빛줄사철, 바위수국, 송악은목재에부착이가능하였다. 그 Fig. 4. Comparison of growth of 5 kinds of vine plants during 5 months after planting. 러나유리벽과알루미늄방음벽에는모든식물이부착하지못하였다 (Table. 1). 덩굴성식물의흡착근은부정근이변형된형태이다. 줄기에서형성되어나무줄기나건물벽등의피착면에착생하여식물체를효율 473
Table 1. Roughness of wall and attach or not of 5 kinds of vine plants. Plant E. radicans cv. aueonmarinata E. radicans Sieb. var. argenteo-margin atus Timber Adobe Glass (+++) z (+++) (-) Climbing wall material Brick (++) Concrete (++) Aluminum (+) 〇 y 〇 〇 C. grandifolia 〇〇 〇〇 S. hydrangeoides 〇 H. rhombea 〇 z Surface roughness (+++: strong, ++: normal, and +: weak). y 〇 : attachment and : no attachment. 적으로지지하는중요한역할을한다 (Heide-Jorgensen, 1988; Fahn, 1990; Yim and Kim, 2002). 착생의원리는착생면에먼저 닿는하피조직부위에분포하는전자밀도가높은물질이덩굴성물 질의착생에있어중요한역할을하는것으로추정되며이물질은 Tannin 계열로알려져있다 (Yim, 2001; Yim and Kim, 2002). 덩 굴성식물의흡착은모든물체의표면에흡착하는것으로보이나 실제로는부착면재질에따라착생의성공여부가결정되며 (No, 2003; Park, 2003; Lee, 2005) 접촉표면의거친표면이나간극또 는미세한틈사이로탄닌계물질이분비되어접촉표면의재질을 부분적으로용해또는변형시키고 (Lee and Yoon, 2002) 이때착 생면에함유된수분이흡착근의형성에영향을끼치는것으로추정 된다 (Lee, 2011). 목재벽면에는금빛줄사철, 은빛줄사철, 능소화, 바위수국, 송악 이부착하였는데, 목재표면은조직이매우거칠고빈공간이상당 한부분을차지하여 (Kim, 2008) 덩굴성식물들이벽면에착생하 기에용이한것으로보인다. 적벽돌벽면은능소화와은빛줄사철이 부착하였는데적벽돌의표면조직은거친상태로배열되고있고, 전표면에걸쳐간극이나빈틈이많기 (Lee and Kim, 2011) 때문인 것으로생각된다. 흙벽돌과콘크리트벽면에는능소화만이부착하 였고유리벽과방음벽에는모든식물이착생하지못하였다. 이는 흙벽돌과콘크리트벽면이목재와적벽돌에비하여표면이매끄럽 기때문이며, 특히유리벽의경우비결정질인완전한일체구조로 (Kim, 2008) 빈틈이없는매끄러운표면을가지고있어공기중의 수분을흡수하여함유할수없고, 알루미늄방음벽의경우는높은 열전도율을가지고있어수분을보유할수없기때문인것으로보 인다. 이와같이덩굴식물의종과벽면재질에따라부착력에는차이가 나타났는데이는벽면의표면조도, 재질에따른표면온도의차이 Fig. 5. Average surface temperature according to materials of walls on July. (Fig. 5), 덩굴식물에따른착생능력의차이때문인것으로보인다. 벽면재질에서는표면거칠기가큰재질이흡착근에서분비하는타닌계열의흡착물질과접촉할수있는면적을늘려주고착생과정상필요할것으로생각되는수분을보유하는능력을증가시켜흡착근의착생을용이하게하기때문이다. 또한식물의종들간의부착력은식물의뿌리에서분비되는타닌계열의흡착물질의양과질에의해차이가나는것으로보인다. 본연구의결과건물벽면의벽면녹화에는남향에는송악을북향에는능소화, 바위수국, 은빛줄사철를식재하는것이유리하며빠른녹화를위해서는능소화를, 4계절관상을위해서는금빛줄사철, 은빛줄사철, 송악을식재하는것이유리하다. 그리고벽면재질별로목재에는금빛줄사철, 은빛줄사철, 능소화, 바위수국, 송악, 적벽돌에는은빛줄사철, 능소화, 흙벽돌과콘크리트에는능소화를식재하는것이유리할것으로보인다. Ⅳ. 적요 본연구에서는벽면녹화에사용되고있는덩굴성식물 5종의벽면재질별부착유무및식재방향에따른생장특성에관한연구를진행하였다. 시험은 2010년 5월에서 9월까지진행하였다. 시험에사용된벽면재질은흙벽돌, 적벽돌, 유리벽, 목재, 콘크리트, 알루미늄방음벽으로 6가지유형이었으며시험에사용된덩굴성식물은능소화, 바위수국, 송악, 은빛줄사철, 금빛줄사철이었다. 덩굴성식물의초장의생육은능소화, 송악, 은빛줄사철, 금빛줄사철, 바위수국순으로높았으며피복율은능소화, 금빛줄사철, 송악, 은빛줄사철, 바위수국순으로높았다. 능소화는초장생육과피복율이모두높게나타났다. 하지만은빛줄사철, 바위수국, 송악은초장생육에비하여낮은피복율을보였다. 덩굴성식물의남 북방향에따른초장생육의차이는송악은남향에서높았으며능소화, 바위수국, 은빛줄사철은북향에서초장의생육이높았다. 그리고금빛줄사철은 5~7월에는남향에서 8~9월에는북향에서초장생육이높았다. 벽면재질별로덩굴성식물들의부착유무는능소화는목재, 흙벽돌, 474
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