언어습득 Language Acquisition

언어습득 Language Acquisition

Before what we ve learned 1. Language is biological and genetic. 2. Language is unique to human beings. 3. Child acquires language without intentional efforts. 4. Any normal child is capable of learning any language to which he or she is exposed. 5. A person s knowledge of their native language is implicit and sub-conscious: that is, you don t know what you know about language.

However 언어는또한환경적 / 사회적요소를지니고있음. - 우리는우리가어렸을때노출된언어를제 1 언어로습득함. - 우리는습득하는언어가내재적이지않음에도불구하고그언어에대한지식을습득하게됨. Q: How can we do it?

The Input 아이들은다양한레벨에서 ( 음운론, 음성학, 형태론, 의미론, 통사론.) 여러가지예들을접하게된다. 흥미로운점은아이들은예 (example) 를접하게될뿐규칙을접하지는않는다. 그들은여러가지예를통해서규칙을만듦. 그러나아이들은규칙을만드는동안많은 error 를만들어냄. 그러나이들이만들어내는 errror 도 rulebased 임.

언어습득이론 Imitation Theory ( 모방이론 ) - 아이들은그들이듣는말을모방하면서언어를습득함. - 비판 : 아이들이노출되는말은늘새로운것임. Behaviorism ( 행동이론 ) - 아이들은강화 ( 부모가주는긍정 / 부정적자극을통해 ) 를통해언어를습득함. - 비판 : 부모가아이의문법성을고쳐줄수는있지만이것이항상효과적인것은아님.

The Innateness hypothesis ( 내재이론 ) 자극의부재 (Poverty of the stimulus): 인간이습득하는문법은그들이겪게되는언어적경험에의해결정되지않는다. 아이들이습득하는문법의복잡성을설명하기에아이들에게주어지는언어적자극은매우불충분함 (impoverished) 아이들은어떠한특별한도움없이도그들이노출되는언어자극을뛰어넘어복잡한문법을습득함. 이것이가능한것은그들이 UG 를활용할수있는언어능력 (linguistic competence) 를지니고있기때문임. 모든인간의언어는추상적인 UG 를가지고있음. 인간의두뇌는인간이언어문법을습득하기에적합한기재임.

More on language input 부모들이얼만큼아이들의언어습득과정을이끄는가? - In some cultures, adults don t talk to kids at all, but kids still acquire language. - Otherwise: adults only correct the truth value of children s statements, not their grammatical errors. Child: Robin goed to school yesterday. Adult: No, Robin went to a BIRTHDAY PARTY yesterday.

Another example Child: Want other one spoon, Daddy. Father: You want THE OTHER SPOON. Child: Yes, I want other one spoon, please, Daddy. Father: Can you say the other spoon? Say other. Child: Other. Father: Spoon. Child: Spoon. Father: Other spoon. Child: Other spoon. Now please give me other one spoon.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE: Child: My teacher holded the baby rabbits. Adult: Did you say your teacher held the baby rabbits? Child: Yes. Adult: What did you say she did? Child: She holded the baby rabbits and we patted them. Adult: Did you say she held them tightly? Child: No, she holded them loosely.

언어습득의단계 영아들은말소리를만들어낼수없음. 이시기영아들은유인원의발성기간과비슷함. 2-3개월쯤영아들이소리를내고 (coo) 웃기시작함.

Motherese Adults often talk to infants in a stylized form of speech that was originally known as motherese. ( child-directed speech ) - Exaggerated pitch range - Higher pitch - Shorter utterances - Longer pauses between utterances.

Motherese Benefits - Captures infants attention better - Infants prefer to listen to motherese - Evidence that it helps infants segment words better. However: - Sentences in Motherese are not syntactically simplified. - Includes function words, inflectional affixes, transformations, etc.

Babbling 모국어에대한지식이없는유아초기에 babbling( 재잘임 ) 을시작한다. - 처음 : 반복되는말 (repeated or canonical babbling) [mamamamama] [babababab] - 나중 : 다채로운표현 (variegated babbling) [pitidugoba] - 비록모국어에존재하는소리에대한선호도가나타나지만 Babbling 은모국어에없는소리를발음할수도있음.

Babbling 패턴 옹알이는인간의언어에서공통적으로존재하는소리를포함하는경향이있음. Common babbling sounds: [p], [b], [m] [t], [d], [n] [k], [g] [s], [h], [w], [j] Atypical babbling sounds: [f], [v], [θ], [d] [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ] [l], [ɹ], [ŋ]

언어발달단계

일어문단계 (Holophrastic stage) 10-12개월전후, 유아는같은사물을의미하기위해같은소리의배열을사용하기시작한다. 이를 holophrastic stage, or one word stage라부름. 그들이말하는단어는행동 / 요구 / 사물의이름 / 발화행위등을나타냄.

people, food, animals, clothes, toys hot, all-gone, dirty, here, there up, sit, go, eat, hi, yes, no, please

Holophrastic lexicon 일어문단계에서아이들은자주그들의통신목적에맞추어각단어의의미를확장또는축소하곤한다. Overextension: semantic range of a word is extended beyond that of adult language - doggie for all animals. Underextension: semantic range of a word is narrower than in the adult language - doggie for only the family dog.

Holophrastic phonology Some common phonological processes in children s speech: - syllable deletion kangaroo [wu] spaghetti [gɛ] syllable simplification / reduction of clusters - stop [tap] - deletion of [s] - try [taɪ] - deletion of liquids - sleep [sip] - deletion of liquids - bump [ba p] - deletion of nasals - boot [bu] - deletion of final consonants

Two-word Stage 18-24 개월전후, 유아들은단어를두개정도합쳐서말할수있다. 통사적이나형태론적으로 error 가있음. Ex: mommy sock can mean Mommy s sock Mommy is putting on the sock Ex: car go can mean The car is going. We are going in the car. Get the car moving!

The Wug Test 복수형습득은 wug test 라불리우는실험으로증명됨.

The Wug test Wug test는아이들이스스로언어규칙을습득해나가는것을증명함. 언어습득의내재이론, 언어의창의성을증명함.

Telegraphic Stage 24개월후, 아이들은두단어이상연결하여 문장 을만들수있음. 그들이만들어낸 문장 에는기능어나의존형태소가없으므로 전문체 의간결한표현임. He play little tune No sit down Me want cookie

The U-shaped learning curve in the acquisition of the past tense marker in English Stage 1: went ran Stage 2: goed runned Stage 3: went ran 언어습득은창조적인과정임을보여줌.

Development of Syntax - 통사적지식은변형문법 (transformational grammar) 을통해습득 Ex: Yes/No Question formation. He is there. Is he there? He will be there. Will he be there? - 아이들은변형문법이전의기본적문장을습득. Stage 1: Yes-no Qs signaled by intonation I ride train? Stage 2: Appearance of auxiliary, without transformation He can go? Stage 3: Auxiliary inversion Did you come home?

After Three 36 개월이후, 아이들은하나의절이상의복잡한단어를만들어낼수있음. He was stuck and I got him out. I want this doll because she s big. I think that she s sick. - 남아있는문제점들 Pronoun reference ( I vs. you ) Definite and indefinite articles ( the vs. a )

Bilingual Acquisition 많은아이들이동시에하나이상의언어를습득할수있음. 언어습득기간동안, 아이들은 code switch 의기재를사용함. ( 두언어를왔다갔다하면서사용하는것 ) Examples (French/English bilingual): His nose is perdu. His nose is lost. A house pink. A pink house. That s to me. That s mine.

이론 첫단계에서 bilingual 아이들은두언어를하나의 mental grammar로합쳐서생각함 나중에각기다른두언어로갈라짐. 처음은단어습득에어려움을겪음 나중엔, 두언어가합쳐져서훨씬더많은단어수를갖게됨.

언어습득에관한몇가지생각 언어습득은생물학적임. Poverty of the stimulus: 주위환경으로부터배울수있는것보다훨씬더많은언어구조가존재함. 언어습득은어떠한강제성없이도가능함.