3 한국심리학회지 : 발달 한국발달심리학회

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1 3 한국심리학회지 : 발달 한국발달심리학회

2 3 * (, ). 4., 3. 1 /. 2 3,., 3, (, ). 3. * BK21. (2014).,,,,,,. :,, 84 yochoi@cau.ac.kr

3 (genericity) (generic expression) (, 2010)., (kind),, (Lyons, 1977). (kind) (Gelman, Star & Flukes, 2002). (Gelman, 2004; Chambers, Graham & Turner, 2008). (Prasada, 2000).. (1) a. Bats live in caves. ( ). b. This bat lives on the tree. ( ) (1a) Bats.. (1b),. (1a). (Prasada, 2000). (generic noun phrases: NPs). - (Kind-referring NPs) (, 1997;, 2003),, (Cimpian & Markman, 2008; Gelman, Goetz, Sarnecka & Flukes, 2008). (2) a. Bats live in caves. b. The dog has four legs. c. A bird has hollow bones. d. Gold is valuable.,, (bare plural, 2a), (definite singular, 2b), (indefinite article, 2c), (mass noun, 2d) (number), (tense), (aspect) (Gelman, 2004; Hollander, 2002).

4 (, 2000).., Gelman Raman(2003) 2 the, 3 (, ). 3, 4.., (Cimpian & Markman, 2008). 2, 3 (Gelman & Bloom, 2007; Graham, Nayer & Gelman, 2011). Chambers, Graham Turner(2008) 4. (, pagon ), (, Pagons are friendly) (These pagons are friendly),. 4. (5, ) ( ) (, Pagons are friendly, except this pagon, this pagon isn't friendly). 4., (Gelman & Tardif, 1998;, 1997). (, 2003).? (3a) (3b) (, 1982 ),,,,

5 (number). (bare singulars) (, 2000;, 2003, 2004) - (, 2004). (3) a.. b.. (2000) (2003) (bare singulars) / (1a... ) (, 1982;, 2010 ) (1997, 2004) / /..,.,,. Chambers, Graham Turner(2008) (, ) (, 1982) 2 26%, 43% 3 80% 100% (,, 1999). 30 (,, 2005)

6 (, 2000;, 2010) /., (, 1997)., (Gelman, 2004). 10., 10 ( 22.2, =5 ).. / 2 4.., / / /..,,,, /. ( ).,. (136 ) 1. 75, 4

7 % - / / / / , 2. / 40 (29.4%), / 30 (22.0%). - 8 (5.9%), (,, ) (,, ) 7 (5.1%), 35 (25.7%)., / 31 (22.8%), / 28 (20.6%). - 9 (6.6%), 12 (8.8%), 19 (14.0%)., , ( 1 ).,

8 , , 10 ( 21.5, =4 )....,...,,,,. ( 100 ) , /., / (51.4%) (bare singular). 36.5%,,

9 ( ) (%) ( ) (, ) (, ) , 27 (36.5%). (10, 13.9%), 8 (11.1%), / 4 (5.5%) ( 2 ). 1-2., (2000) (2003) (bare singular) ( 51.4%). - /, - / - /.,. - / /, (2010), (2000), (2003)

10 ., 4 (Chambers, Graham & Turner, 2008) , Chambers, Graham Turner(2008) , ( 41.4, ) 52 ( 27 ). Chambers, Graham Turner(2008) ( 1 ). 6,,,,,, (5 )/ (1 2 ).. 4 (,, ).. ( ). (2 ) ( ). ( 1 ).

11 ( : 5 ) ).. )..? ( : 2, : 1 ) )..? )..? (,.. ( )/ ( ).). 3. 5, 2 1. Chambers, Graham Turner(2008) 2.

,, (?). /, 1, 0. 1, 6 (6 ). 1-1 1-2. /, -, /. 3. ( ) 78.8(10.6) 41.7(12.7) 62.8(12.4) 20.4(6.

12 ,, (?). /, 1, 0. 1, 6 (6 ) /, -, /. 3. ( ) 78.8(10.6) 41.7(12.7) 62.8(12.4) 20.4(6.9) ( ) 2., ( =.199, =.657). 6, 2(, ) x 2(, )., (F(1,48) = 10.69, <.01). (n = 24) (n = 28)., (F(1,48)

13 = 2.21, =.15). (F(1,48) =.22, =.64)., t(23) = 1.90, =.069,, t(27) = 3.37, < (extender) (non-extender). 2(, ) x 2( ) χ².,, χ²(1, n = 52) = 9.25, < %(24 17 ), 28.6%(28 8 ) ,., 3 4 (Chambers, Graham & Turner, 2008),,. Chambers, Graham Turner(2008) , 3. (examplar).,,. (Murphy, 2004). Chambers, Graham Turner(2008) ,.

14 6, 27 3 ( 41.9, 37-47, 13 ) , ( 3 ). 2-1, 2 (.. /.)., (..). (?). 1, 6 (6 ) )... )...?

1, 0. 4., ( <.02, =.89). 6 ( ), (, ), t(23) = 1.52, =.14., t(11) = 2.33, <.05., t(12) =.24, =.82. 2-1. 6 50%. 83.

15 1, 0. 4., ( <.02, =.89). 6 ( ), (, ), t(23) = 1.52, =.14., t(11) = 2.33, <.05., t(12) =.24, = %. 83.3%(12 10 ), 53.8%(13 7 ). 2(, )x2 ( ),, χ²(1, n = 25) = 2.49, = , 3. Chambers, Graham Turner(2008) /.,. 3

16 ., ,. /. (2000) (2003)., - (2002). (1997) /. / Chambers, Graham Turner(2008),.. 4, 3., 3,. 4 3,

17 / 3. 3, 2. (2002). Structural relations in korean discourse generics. (1), , & (1999). 2~ , & (2005). :,, (1982).,, (2000) (2010) (1997) (2003) (2004). / (1982). :. Chambers, C., Chambers, S., Graham, J., & Turner. (2008). When hearsay trumps evidence: How generic language guides preschoolers inferences about unfamiliar things. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, Cimpian, A., Cimpian, E., & Markman. (2008). Preschool children s use of cues to generic meaning. Cognition, 107, Gelman, S. A. (2004). Learning words for kinds: Generic noun phrases in acquisition. Weaving a Lexicon, Gelman, S. A., Star, J. R., & Flukes, J. (2002).

18 Children's use of generics in inductive inferences. Journal of Cognition and Development, 3, Gelman, S. A., Goetz, P. J., Sarnecka, B. W., & Flukes, J. (2008). Generic language in parentchild conversations. Language Learning and Development, 4, Gelman, S. A., & Tardif, T. (1998). A crosslinguistic comparison of generic noun phrases in english and mandarin. Cognition, 66, Gelman, S. A., & Raman, L. (2003). Preschool children use linguistic form class and pragmatic cues to interpret generics. Child Development, 74, Gelman, S. A., & Bloom, P. (2007). Developmental changes in the understanding of generics. Cognition, 105, Graham, S., Nayer, S., & Gelman. (2011). Twoyear-olds use the Generic/Nongeneric distinction to guide their inferences about novel kinds. Child Development, 82(2), Hollander, M. A. (2002). Children's interpretation of generic noun phrases. Developmental Psychology, 38, 883. Lyons, J. (1977). Semantics Cambridge University Press. Murphy, G. L. (2004). The big book of concepts. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Prasada, S., & Prasada. (2000). Acquiring generic knowledge. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, : : :

19 Making generic inferences from generic expressions among Korean 3-year-olds Jieun Bang Youngon Choi Chung-Ang University, Psychology Generic expressions (e.g., Birds have wings ) describe different general properties and help children acquire knowledge of a given category. Although prior studies have suggested that generic inferences become more sophisticated around 4 years of age, no studies have tested younger age groups, and the findings have largely been limited to children in English-speaking communities. The present study examined Korean-speaking 3-year-olds abilities to make inferences based on generic expressions. First, we elicited and analyzed Korean-speaking adults utterances that described general properties of an animal category, and found that the most widely utilized generic noun phrases (NPs) of Korean were bare singulars, with the topic marker eun/nun accompanying these NPs. We then presented Korean 3-year-olds with generic expressions about properties of novel animals using these morpho-syntactic features, and observed the extent to which they were willing to extend the property to a novel instance of the given category. Specifically, we examined whether 3-year-olds can make generic inferences regardless of the strength of evidence (e.g., number of exemplars), or when an exception was introduced. We found that 3-year-olds can make generic inferences regardless of evidence strength, and distinguish genericity from nongenericity despite the presence of an exception. The findings suggest that sophisticated abilities to make generic inferences are present as early as 3 years old, and the development of inferential abilities is universal rather than language- or culture-specific. Key words : generic expression, genericity, language development, concept development, generic inferences

step 1-1

step 1-1 Written by Dr. In Ku Kim-Marshall STEP BY STEP Korean 1 through 15 Action Verbs Table of Contents Unit 1 The Korean Alphabet, hangeul Unit 2 Korean Sentences with 15 Action Verbs Introduction Review Exercises