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대한응급의학회지제 24 권제 6 호 Volume 24, Number 6, December, 2013 원 저 응급실환자에서감염확률점수 (Infection Probability Score) 와프로칼시토닌의관련성에대한연구 성균관대학교의과대학강북삼성병원응급의학과 조규동 최필조 한상국 신동혁 이현정 나지웅 The Correlation between Infection Probability Score and Procalcitonin in Emergency Department Patients Gyu Dong Jo, M.D., Pil Cho Choi, M.D., Sang Kuk Han, M.D., Dong Hyuk Shin, M.D., Hyun Jung Lee, M.D., Ji Ung Na, M.D. Purpose: Procalcitonin is a well-established biochemical marker for bacterial infection. We conducted this study to analyze the correlation between procalcitonin and Infection Probability Score (IPS), a recently introduced scoring system to predict bacterial infection in intensive care unit patients. The cutoff value of IPS corresponding to procalcitonin cutoff values was determined for procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in emergency department (ED) patients. Methods: A retrospective observation study was conducted on adult ED patients who simultaneously underwent an IPS-required blood test and procalcitonin treatment from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2012. Based on their diagnosis at discharge, patients were grouped into a lower respiratory infection group or an other diagnosis group. The correlation between IPS and procalcitonin was analyzed by correlation and linear regression analysis. The IPS value corresponded to 0.25 ng/ml procalcitonin (in the lower respiratory infection group) and 0.5 ng/ml (in the other diagnosis group) as inferred by ROC curve analysis. A total of 722 cases (lower respiratory infection group: 258, other diagnosis group: 464) were included in the final analysis. Results: In correlation analysis, the IPS showed a significant correlation with procalcitonin level in both groups 책임저자 : 나지웅서울특별시종로구평동 108 강북삼성병원응급의학과 Tel: 02) 2001-2488, Fax: 02) 2001-2891 E-mail: jiung.na@samsung.com 접수일 : 2013년 6월 18일, 1차교정일 : 2013년 6월 21일게재승인일 : 2013년 10월 11일 694 (r=0.26, p<0.01, r=0.25, p<0.01, respectively). In ROC curve analysis, IPS 14 could predict procalcitonin 0.25 μg/l in the lower respiratory infection group (area under curve: 0.783 [95% CI, 0.724-0.841], sensitivity: 77.8%, specificity: 72.3%). Also, IPS 14 could predict procalcitonin 0.5 μg/l in the other diagnosis group (area under curve: 0.764 [95% CI, 0.717-0.810], sensitivity: 70.1%, specificity: 74.2%). Conclusion: The IPS had a significant correlation with procalcitonin level and IPS 14 corresponded to the procalcitonin cut-off value to predict bacterial infection in ED patients. Thus, IPS 14 may be used to predict bacterial infection and can guide early anti-microbial therapy in ED patients when procalcitonin is not readily available. Key Words: Bacterial infections, Procalcitonin, Predictive Value of Tests Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 서 발열은감염증을시사하는대표적인증상가운데하나로응급실내원환자의 4~37% 가호소하는흔한증상이다 1,2). 응급실에서감염증이의심되어혈액배양검사를시행한환자의 29.2~51% 가전신염증반응증후군 (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS) 의기준을만족하며, 성인발열환자의 12~15.2% 는세균혈증이있는것으로알려져있다 3-6). 세균혈증은원인균에따라 14~72% 까지비교적높은사망률을보이는위험한질환이기때문에, 세균혈증또는세균혈증으로진행할가능성이있는감염증을빠르게진단하고적절한항생제치료를시작하는것은매우중요하다 7,8-10). 세균혈증은혈액배양검사를통해확진되지만그결과를확인하는데까지수일이걸린다. 설령혈액배양검사가음성으로나와도세균혈증을동반하지않은감염증의경우에 론

조규동외 : 응급실환자에서감염확률점수 (Infection Probability Score) 와프로칼시토닌의관련성에대한연구 / 695 는혈액배양검사결과가치료방향에도움을주지못하는단점이있다. 따라서응급실에서세균혈증을포함한감염증에대해항생제치료를결정할때여러임상양상과백혈구 (white blood cell, WBC), C-반응단백질 (C-reactive protein, CRP) 등혈액검사결과를참고하게된다 11-13). 그러나백혈구는면역계특성에따라환자마다다양한반응을보이며, 감염증이나세균혈증을진단하는데신뢰할만한기준을제공해주지못한다 14,15). 또한 C-반응단백질은감염증의심환자에서항생제투여를결정하는데도움을주는것으로알려져있으나, 자극에대한반응이느려질병초기에단독으로사용하기에부적합한측면이있다 16,17). 칼시토닌의전구물질인프로칼시토닌 (procalcitonin) 은세균감염에서 2~4시간이내에빠르고현저하게상승하며, 생물학적반감기가 22~26시간으로길어오랫동안유지된다 18-20). 또한바이러스감염시에는거의상승하지않아바이러스감염과세균감염을구별하거나세균혈증을예측하는데도움을준다. 응급실에서세균혈증이나감염증을의심하여항생제투여여부를결정할때이와같은프로칼시토닌의특성은큰장점으로작용한다. 최근프로칼시토닌결과를참고하여항생제를사용여부를결정하는지침에대해여러연구들이이뤄졌다. SIRS 및패혈증의심환자군에서프로칼시토닌절단값 0.5를기준으로했을때사망률이늘지않으면서항생제사용을의미있게줄일수있었고, 하기도감염 ( 지역사회폐렴, 급성기관지염, 만성폐쇄성폐질환의급성악화 ) 환자군에서는프로칼시토닌 0.25를절단값으로하였을때대조군에비해항생제사용을줄이면서부작용이늘지않았다 21-23). 프로칼시토닌기반의항생제사용판단지침은유용한것으로알려져있지만, 프로칼시토닌의검사비용이비싸고검사자체가불가능한경우도많아응급실환경에서쉽고부담없이사용하기에는무리가있다. 최근 Peres 등 24) 은쉽고간단하게감염증을예측하고자 Infection Probability score (IPS) 를개발하였다. IPS는생체활력징후 ( 체온, 호흡수, 심박수 ) 와혈액검사결과 ( 백혈구, C-반응단백질 ) 및 Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) 점수항목등으로이루어져있으며 모든구성항목들은대부분의응급실에서기본검사로얻을수있다 (Table 1). IPS는감염증을예측하는데 Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, Karnofsky 점수보다우수하며, 치료반응을예측하는데도유용한것으로알려져있다 24-27). 하지만아직까지응급실환자에있어서 IPS를통하여감염증을예측하거나항생제사용여부를결정하는데프로칼시토닌만큼도움을주는지에대한비교연구는없었다. 저자들은응급실에내원한감염성질환의심환자에서 IPS와프로칼시토닌과의관련성을알아보고, 프로칼시토닌기반의항생제사용지침에서제시하는프로칼시토닌의기준값을대체할수있는 IPS의절단값이있는지알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 1. Study design & subjects 이연구는서울시에소재한일개 3차병원응급의료센터에서시행된후향적관찰연구이다. 연구병원은 701병상으로연간응급실방문환자는약 35,000~40,000명이다. 2012년 1월 1일부터 2012년 6월 30일까지응급의료센터에내원한 18세이상의성인환자가운데프로칼시토닌검사와 IPS를산출하는데필요한항목 ( 백혈구, 혈소판, C-반응단백질, 빌리루빈, 크레아티닌등 ) 을동시에시행받은환자를우선선별하였다. 기존의프로칼시토닌기준항생제치료지침의두가지절단값에부합한분석을하기위하여, 선별된환자의최종퇴실진단이지역사회폐렴, 급성기관지염, 만성폐쇄성폐질환의급성악화인경우하기도감염그룹으로분류하였고, 그외진단인경우기타진단그룹으로구분하였다 22). 하기도감염의경우 SIRS 여부와상관없이연구대상에포함시켰고, 기타진단그룹은프로칼시토닌검사와 IPS를산출하는데필요한항목을동시에시행받았을뿐아니라, 응급실내원초기에 SIRS의기준을추가로만족하는경우를대상으로정하였다. 체온, 심박수, Table 1. Infection Probability Score (IPS). IPS points 0 1 2 3 6 8 12 Body temperature ( C) 37.5 >37.5 Heart rate (beats/min) 80 81~140 >140 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) 25 >25 White blood cell ( 10 3 /mm 3 ) 5~12 >12 <5 C-reactive protein (mg/dl) 6 >6 SOFA score 5 >50 IPS was calculated by summating IPS points of each predictor variables. SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. (Original table was from Crit Care Med 2003;31:2579-84)

696 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 6 호 2013 호흡수등초기활력징후가누락된경우, 타원에서전원온경우, 연구기간중동일증상으로재방문한경우, 장기간항생제치료가필요한만성감염질환 ( 결핵등 ), 프로칼시토닌을상승시킬수있는비세균성질환 ( 외상, 화상, 심근경색, 말라리아, 갑상선수질암, 소세포폐암, 카르시노이드증후군등 ) 이있는경우는연구에서제외하였다 28). 2. Data collection 연구기간동안의응급실에내원한 18세이상의성인환자의전자의무기록을조회하여다음의항목을수집하였다 ; 나이, 성별, 진단명, 응급실내원초기활력징후 ( 체온, 혈압, 호흡수, 심박수, 산소포화도, 의식수준 ), 응급실내원초기혈액검사 ( 전체혈구계산, C-반응단백질, 프로칼시토 닌, 빌리루빈, 크레아티닌등 ), 응급실내원당일시행혈액배양검사결과, 응급실퇴실결과등. 활력징후나혈액검사항목가운데중복자료가있는경우내원일최초에시행된값을기준으로삼았다. 진단명은응급실퇴실또는입원환자의경우퇴원시를기준으로삼았고, 질병및관련건강문제의국제통계분류 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, ICD) 10차개정판에따랐다. 대상환자들의개인식별정보는고유일련번호부여후삭제하였으며, 헬싱키선언 (Helsinki Declaration) 에따라연구를시행하였다. 초기체온은고막체온계 (Infrared Thermometer IRT 4520, BRAUN, Kaz Europe SA, Germany) 를사용하여측정하였다. 전체혈구계산 Couleter LH 780 (Beckman Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patients. Lower respiratory infection (n=258) Other diagnosis (n=464) p Age 68.1 (16.8) 058.6 (20.4) <0.01* Male, n (%) 153 (59.3%) 252 (45.7%) <0.01* Initial vital signs HR (beats/min) 099.5 (16.6) 104.3 (19.6) <0.01* SBP (mmhg) 135.3 (23.6) 128.7 (31.3) <0.01* DBP (mmhg) 074.5 (13.9) 071.9 (17.2) <0.03* MAP (mmhg) 094.4 (16.0) 090.5 (21.0) <0.01* RR (breaths/min) 021.2 (02.2) 020.6 (03.2) <0.01* BT ( C) 37.5 (36.7-38.2) 38.1 (36.9-38.7) <0.01 SpO 2 (%) 090.1 (09.9) 089.0 (11.7) <0.30* Laboratory findings WBC ( 10 3 /mm 3 ) 11.657 (6.301) 12.684 (6.566) <0.04* CRP (mg/dl) 009.44 (09.06) 007.59 (08.74) <0.01* Platelet ( 10 3 /mm 3 ) 255.748 (104.102) 250.814 (117.906) <0.57* Creatinine (mg/dl) 001.06 (00.79) 002.06 (08.10) <0.04* Bilirubin (mg/dl) 000.85 (00.40) 001.20 (01.52) <0.01* Procalcitonin (μg/l) 002.74 (08.72) 004.64 (16.52) <0.09* SOFA, median (IQR) 2 (1-3) 1 (0-3)0 <0.45 IPS, median (IQR) 11 (9-16) 11 (10-16) <0.03 SIRS, n (%) 147 (57.0%) Blood culture, n (%) 230 (89.0%) 355 (76.5%) <0.01* Positive 012 (05.2%) 078 (22.0%) Negative 218 (94.8%) 277 (78%)0. Antibiotics, n (%) 256 (99.2%) 332 (71.6%) <0.01* Desposition, n (%) Discharge 124 (48.0%) 217 (47.0%) <0.74* Admission to Ward 107 (41.5%) 168 (36.0%) Admission to ICU 027 (10.5%) 079 (17.0%) Data are expressed in mean (SD) or median (IQR). HR: heart rate, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, MAP: mean arterial pressure, RR: respiratory rate, BT: body temperature, SpO2: oxygen saturation, WBC: white blood cell, CRP: C-reactive protein, SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, IPS: infection probability score, SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ICU: intensive care unit. * p value by Chi-squared test p value by Mann-Whitney test

조규동외 : 응급실환자에서감염확률점수 (Infection Probability Score) 와프로칼시토닌의관련성에대한연구 / 697 Coulter, Miami, FL), C-반응단백질과생화학검사는 UniCel DxC 800 Synchron Clinical System (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL) 을이용하여시행하였다. C-반응단백질의최저측정치는 0.5 mg/dl 이었다. 프로칼시토닌은 minividas (biomerieux, Marcy-l Etoile, France) 으로측정하였고, 최저측정치는 0.05 μg/l 이었다. 3. Outcomes 수집한자료를기반으로 SOFA 점수및 IPS를계산하였다. 진단명에따라하기도감염그룹과기타진단그룹으로분류하였고각그룹에따라자료의특성을파악하였다. 일차결과는 IPS와프로칼시토닌과의상관관계가있는지여부를알아보는것이며, 이차결과는진단그룹에따라프로 칼시토닌의항생제사용지침기준값을예측할수있는 IPS 의절단값이있는지확인하는것이다. 프로칼시토닌의혈액배양검사양성에대한예측기준은하기도감염인경우 0.25 μg/l, 기타감염인경우 0.5 μg/l 로알려져있으며, 이는항생제사용지침의권장기준과일치한다 15,16,21-23,28-30). 4. Statistical analysis 연속형변수는평균과표준편차, 범주형변수는중간값과사분위수범위로기술하였다. 이항변수는 Chi-squared test 또는 Fisher s exact test로비교하였고, 연속변수의평균및중앙값의비교는변수의특성에다라 Student s t test 또는 Mann-Whitney test를시행하였다. IPS와프로칼시토닌과의관계를확인하기위해피어슨상관분석및선형회귀분석을시행하였다. 또한프로칼시토닌의혈액배양검사양성기준값예측을위한 IPS의판별력을알아보기위해수신기작동특성 (Receiver Operating Characteristics, ROC) 분석을실시하여곡선아래면적 (Area Under Curve, AUC) 을구하였고, 민감도와특이도를각각 70% 이상만족하는절단점을확인하였다. 통계분석은 STATA version 11.0 (StataCorp LP, college station, TX, USA) 프로그램을사용하였고, 통계적유의성은 p-value<0.05으로하였다. 결 과 Fig. 1. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis of IPS for the prediction of PCT 0.25 μg/l in low respiratory infection The area under the curve is 0.783(95% CI, 0.724-0.841) with a cutoff value of 14(77.8% sensitivity and 72.3% specificity). 연구기간동안응급실에내원한총환자는 20,847명이었다. 포함기준을만족하는환자는총 1416명이었고이들가운데하기도감염은 292명, 기타진단은 1124명이었다. 하기도감염그룹은하기도감염을진단받은 292명가운데배제기준에따른 34명을제외한 258명을, 기타진단그룹은기타진단환자 1124명가운데 SIRS 기준을만족하는 506 Table 3. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios of IPS cut-offs for the prediction of procalcitonin 0.25 μg/l in low respiratory infection. (n=258) Cut-off point Sensitivity, % Specificity,% Positive Likelihood Ratio Negative Likelihood Ratio 10 86.9 41.5 01.485 0.316 11 86.9 61.6 02.264 0.213 12 78.8 69.2 02.557 0.307 13 78.8 69.8 02.610 0.304 14 77.8 72.3 02.811 0.307 15 63.6 81.8 03.489 0.445 16 45.5 84.9 03.011 0.642 17 33.3 91.2 03.786 0.731 18 10.1 99.4 16.061 0.905

698 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 6 호 2013 명에서배제기준에따른 42명을제외한 464을최종분석대상으로선정하였다. 1. 진단그룹에따른기본특성하기도감염그룹 258명은폐렴 172명 (66.7%), 만성폐쇄성폐질환의급성악화 47명 (18.2%), 급성기관지염 39 명 (15.1%) 으로이루어져있으며, 평균나이는 68.1세이고 153명 (59.3%) 이남성이었다. 기타진단그룹 464명은기타호흡기계통 ( 하기도감염제외 ) 107명, 소화기계계통 85 명, 요로생식기계통 55명, 기타 217명등으로구성되어있고평균나이는 58.6세, 252명 (45.7%) 이남성이었다. 진단그룹별임상적특징과혈액검사결과는 Table 2에나열하였다. 대부분의활력징후와혈액검사소견은두진단그룹간에통계적으로유의한차이를보여주었다. 특히 IPS는기타진단그룹 (11 [Interquartile range, IQR, 10-16]) 이하기도감염그룹 (11 [IQR, 9-16]) 보다유의하게높았고 (p=0.03), 혈액배양양성률도기타진단그룹이높았다 (p<0.01). 프로칼시토닌의경우기타진단그룹 (4.64 ±16.52 μg/l) 이하기도감염그룹 (2.74±8.72 μg/l) 보다평균은높았으나통계적인의미는없었다 (p=0.09). 2. 프로칼시토닌과 IPS의관계하기도감염그룹에서프로칼시토닌과 IPS의피어슨상관분석결과통계적으로유의한양의상관관계가있었다 (pearson=0.26, p<0.01). IPS 구성항목별로는 SOFA (r=0.24, p<0.01), 백혈구 (r=0.23, p<0.01), C-반응단백질 (r=0.22, p<0.01) 등의순서로상관관계가강하였다. 이어시행한선형회귀분석에서프로칼시토닌에대한 IPS 의회귀계수가 0.48, 회귀상수가 -2.97인결과를얻었으나, 사후분석에서잔차가정규분포를따르지않고, 등분산성을만족하지않아회귀식은의미가없는것으로판단하였다. 기타진단그룹에서도프로칼시토닌과 IPS는유의한양의상관관계를보여주었으며 (person s r=0.25, p<0.01), 구성항목중에서는 C-반응단백질 (r=0.28, p<0.01), SOFA (r=0.16, p<0.01) 등의순서로상관관계가강하였다. 회귀분석결과회귀식은의미가없었다. 3. 프로칼시토닌과 IPS 의 ROC 분석 Fig. 2. ROC curve of IPS for the prediction of PCT 0.5 μg/l in other diagnosis The area under the curve is 0.764(95% CI, 0.717-0.810) with a cutoff value of 14(70.1% sensitivity and 74.2% specificity). 진단그룹에따라프로칼시토닌의혈액배양양성예측또는항생제투여지침의기준이되는절단값을 IPS로예측가능한지알아보기위해 ROC 분석을실시하였다. 하기도감염그룹에서프로칼시토닌 0.25 μg/l 를예측할수있는 IPS의 ROC 분석결과 AUC는 0.783(95% Confidence Interval, CI, 0.724-0.841) 이었다. IPS 절단값 14점일때민감도와특이도는각각 77.8% 와 72.3% 이었다 (Table Table 4. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios of IPS cut-offs for the prediction of procalcitonin 0.5 μg/l in other diagnosis. (n=464) Cut-off point Sensitivity, % Specificity,% Positive Likelihood Ratio Negative Likelihood Ratio 10 92.2 23.6 1.206 0.331 11 85.7 50.0 1.714 0.286 12 75.3 64.2 2.104 0.384 13 75.3 65.5 2.182 0.377 14 70.1 74.2 2.718 0.403 15 68.8 76.1 2.884 0.409 16 55.8 83.6 3.394 0.529 17 42.2 89.4 3.965 0.647 18 11.7 98.4 7.247 0.898

조규동외 : 응급실환자에서감염확률점수 (Infection Probability Score) 와프로칼시토닌의관련성에대한연구 / 699 3, Fig. 1). 기타진단그룹에서프로칼시토닌 0.5 μg/l를예측기준으로한 ROC 분석에서는 AUC가 0.764(95% CI, 0.717-0.810) 이었고절단값 14점에서민감도와특이도는 70.1%, 74.2% 이었다 (Table 4, Fig. 2). 4. 혈액배양결과와 IPS 하기도감염그룹가운데 230명 (89%) 에서혈액배양검사를시행하였으며, 12명 (5.2%) 이양성으로판명되었다. IPS 는혈액배양양성인경우 14점 (IQR, 11-18.5) 이었고, 음성인경우 14점 (IQR, 9-16) 으로혈액배양결과에따른통계적차이는없었다 (p=0.07, Table 5). IPS 절단값 14점에서혈액배양양성예측에대한민감도와특이도는 50%, 49.5% 이었고양성예측도와음성예측도는각각 5.17%, 94.7% 이었다. 기타진단그룹에서는 355명 (76.5%) 이혈액배양검사를시행했고 78명 (22%) 이양성이었다. IPS는혈액배양양성인경우 (16점[IQR, 11-17]) 가음성인경우 (13점[IQR, 10-16]) 보다의미있게높았다 (p<0.01, Table 5). ROC 분석에서 AUC는 0.626 (95% CI 0.556-0.696) 이었고절단값 14점에서민감도와특이도, 양성예측도, 음성예측도는각각 66.7%, 54.9%, 29.4%, 85.4% 였다. 5. 혈액배양결과와프로칼시토닌하기도감염그룹에서혈액배양양성예측을위한프로칼시토닌절단값 0.25의민감도와특이도는 75%, 61% 이었고, 양성예측도와음성예측도는 9.57%, 97.8% 이었다. 기타감염그룹에서절단값 0.5일때는민감도 74.4% 특이도 67.5%, 양성예측도 39.2%, 음성예측도 90.3% 이었다. 고찰감염증환자는발병초기에주로응급실로내원하기때문 에응급실에서이러한환자들을조기에진단하고선별해내는것은매우중요한문제이다. 중환자실환자들을대상으로한기존연구에서 IPS 14점을절단값으로했을때감염증을예측할수있었는데 24,25), 응급실환자를대상으로한이번연구에서도 IPS 14점을절단값으로하였을때하기도감염그룹과기타진단그룹모두에서각각의프로칼시토닌양성기준을예측할수있었다. 대부분의감염증에서항생제를투여한다는점을고려하면기존연구와유사한결과로판단된다. 다만이번연구에서 IPS의혈액배양양성예측을위한민감도와특이도는 70% 를넘지못했다. 그러나음성예측도는 85~94% 에달해프로칼시토닌과비교하여크게떨어지지않았고기존연구에서프로칼시토닌이세균혈증을예측하는데 90~98% 에달하는높은민감도를보여준점을고려했을때 28,29), 프로칼시토닌검사가불가능한환경에서 IPS 절단값은참고할만한가치가있을것으로사료된다. 프로칼시토닌은감염성질환의심환자들의진료흐름에영향을줄수있는검사항목중하나이다. 원인균을동정하고항생제감수성검사까지시행하는혈액배양검사를대체할수는없지만, 혈액배양검사가초기치료에주는정보가전혀없는반면, 프로칼시토닌은수시간이내에결과를확인할수있어감염증의심환자를처음접하는응급실전담의의임상적판단에결정적인도움을줄수있는단일검사이다. 그러나비싼검사비용때문에판단이애매한일부환자들에한해선별적으로사용되는경우가많다. 반면, IPS는간단한계산을통해얻을수있고응급실에서일상적으로시행하는기본검사항목들을이용하므로모든환자에게일률적으로적용해볼수있는장점이있다. 프로칼시토닌검사가불가능하거나환자가비용적인문제로검사에동의하지않는경우프로칼시토닌을대신하여 IPS 수치를산출해봄으로써항생제투여여부등을결정하는데도움을받을수있을것으로판단된다. IPS의구성항목은심박수 (0점, 8점, 12점 ), C-반응단백질 (0점, 6점 ), 백혈구 (0점, 1점, 3점 ), 체온 (0점, 2점 ), SOFA (0점, 2점 ), 호흡수 (0점, 1점 ) 순으로점수비중이높 Table 5. Comparison of IPS and procalcitonin according to the results of blood culture test in each group. Lower respiratory infection Other diagnosis Positive (n=12) Negative (n=218) p Positive (n=78) Negative (n=277) p IPS 14 (11-18.5) 14 (9-16) <0.07 16 (11-17) 13 (10-16) <0.01 Procalcitonin 17.07 (24.13) 2.27 (6.93) <0.01 15.11 (28.02) 3.35 (13.97) <0.01 SOFA 4.5 (2.5-6.5)0 2 (1-3) <0.01 3 (1-5)0 2 (0-3)0 <0.01 Disposition Discharge 4 (33.3%) 094 (43.1%) <0.06 19 (24.4%) 108 (39.0%) <0.04 Ward 4 (33.3%) 101 (46.3%) 38 (48.7%) 116 (41.9%) ICU 4 (33.3%) 023 (10.6%) 21 (26.9%) 053 (19.1%) Data are expressed in median (IQR) or mean (SD). IPS: infection probability score, SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, ICU: intensive care unit.

700 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 24 권제 6 호 2013 다 24). 본연구에서 IPS의구성항목점수는하기도감염그룹과기타진단그룹모두심박수 ( 하기도감염그룹평균 6.9점, 기타진단그룹평균 7.7점 ), C-반응단백질 (3.1점, 2.5점 ), 체온 (0.9점, 1.2점 ), 백혈구 (0.6점, 0.9점 ), SOFA (0.1점, 0.2점 ), 호흡수 (0.1점, 0.0점 ) 순으로높았다. IPS 점수의대부분이심박수, C-반응단백질, 체온, 백혈구에의해결정되며, SOFA와호흡수는점수의합이 0.2점에불과해전체 IPS에큰영향을미치지않은것으로판단되었다. 본연구에서하기도감염그룹과기타진단그룹은호흡수를제외하고심박수, C-반응단백질, 체온, 백혈구등의기본특성에서통계적차이를보이고있는데심박수와체온, 백혈구는기타진단그룹에서높은반면 C-반응단백질은하기도감염그룹에서높다. 이러한점수차의분포가 IPS 평균에반영되어기타진단그룹에서 IPS가높게나타난것으로판단된다. IPS는연구대상에따라값이달라질수있다. 기존연구에서혈액종양병동환자를대상으로했을때 IPS 중앙값이 6점 ( 평균 7.3점 ) 이었고, 중환자실환자에서는 IPS 평균이 11.4점이었다 25,26). 응급실환자를대상으로한본연구에서는하기도감염그룹이중앙값 11점 ( 평균 11.8점 ), 기타진단그룹에서중앙값 11점 ( 평균 12.6점 ) 으로중환자실환자들의기존연구결과와유사하였다. 혈액배양검사결과에따라 IPS를살펴봤을때하기도감염그룹에서는통계적차이가없었다. 그러나기타진단그룹에서는혈액배양양성인경우 ( 중앙값 16점 ) 음성인경우 ( 중앙값 13점 ) 보다 IPS가컸다. 기타진단그룹의 IPS 세부항목에서 C-반응단백질과 SOFA 점수가통계적인차이를보였는데, C-반응단백질의경우혈액배양양성일때 (11.89±9.28 mg/dl) 혈액배양음성인경우 (8.38±8.93 mg/dl) 보다높아약 1.5점의 IPS 차이를만들어낸것으로보인다. 심박수의경우 IPS 전체구성항목가운데가장큰빈도를차지하긴하지만혈액배양결과에따른하위분석에서는큰차이를보이지않았다 ( 하기도감염그룹 [p=0.72], 기타진단그룹 [p=0.20]). 한편, 기존연구에서중환자실환자의혈액배양양성그룹의 IPS 평균은 13.8 점으로 25), 이번결과와비교하면본응급실연구대상이약간높은편이다. 구성항목에서 C-반응단백질평균은비슷했지만 SOFA 점수는본연구그룹에서더낮은점을고려하면응급실환자군이기존의중환자실환자군보다심박수가높은것으로추정된다. 이연구는몇가지제한점을가지고있다. 첫째, 후향적연구로서프로칼시토닌등검사항목에대한표준지침이없이응급실진료의사의판단에따라시행여부가결정되었다. 이로인한선택편의발생가능성이있다. 둘째, 본연구는 IPS와프로칼시토닌의관계를보고자했기때문에프로칼시토닌을시행하지않은사례는연구에포함되지않았다. 따라서프로칼시토닌검사를시행하지않은감염증환자가연구에서제외되었고그결과 IPS와감염증또는 IPS 와혈액배양양성결과를예측해내는데한계가있었다. 셋째, IPS 구성항목중높은점수비중을차지하는생체징후에영향을줄수있는상황이나약물 ( 베타차단제, 교감신경흥분제등 ) 복용여부등의혼란변수를통제하지못하였다는점이다. 또한응급실초기활력징후는감염자체에의한심박수상승이아닌응급실내원초기의스트레스로인한상승일가능성을배제할수없다. 넷째, 다양한임상의가프로칼시토닌시행여부를결정하여대상군이모든응급실세균감염의심환자를대변하지못할수있다. 다섯째, 단순히 IPS 수치와프로칼시토닌수치를비교한연구로서, 하기도감염과기타진단을구분하여분석하였지만, 기타진단의경우세부질환에따른특성이분석되지못했다는점이다. 하지만기타진단그룹은 SIRS의기준을충족하며패혈증을감별해야할대상이라는공통점이있어포괄적으로접근하는데의미가있었다. 결 응급실에내원한감염증의심환자에서프로칼시토닌과 IPS 사이에의미있는상관관계가있으며, IPS가 14점인경우하기도감염환자에서프로칼시토닌 0.25 μg/l, 기타감염증의심환자에서프로칼시토닌 0.5 μg/l 이상을예측할수있었다. IPS 14점은프로칼시토닌기반의항생제사용지침의기준치와부합되는값으로응급실에서감염증이의심되는성인환자에서항생제조기투여를결정하는데적용해볼수있을것이다. 론 참고문헌 01. Nawar EW, Niska RW, Xu J. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2005 emergency department summary. Adv Data. 2007:1-32. 02. Kwak YH, Kim DK, Jang HY. Utilization of emergency department by children in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2012; 27:1222-8. 03. Shapiro N, Howell MD, Bates DW, Angus DC, Ngo L, Talmor D. The association of sepsis syndrome and organ dysfunction with mortality in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2006; 48:583-90, 90.e1. 04. Berger T, Green J, Horeczko T, Hagar Y, Garg N, Suarez A, et al. Shock index and early recognition of sepsis in the emergency department: pilot study. West J Emerg Med. 2013;14:168-74. 05. Ortega M, Almela M, Martinez JA, Marco F, Soriano A, Lopez J, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of primary

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