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대한내과학회지 : 제 79 권제 5 호 2010 털곰팡이증 : mphotericin 치료실패후 Posaconazole 로호전된 1예 동아대학교의과대학 1 내과학교실, 2 안과학교실, 3 병리학교실 김우재 1 한송이 1 남영희 1 김정민 1 안희배 2 김수진 3 이혁 1 case of successful posaconazole salvage therapy for rhinocerebral mucormycosis after failure of amphotericin Woo Jae Kim, M.D. 1, Song Yee Han, M.D. 1, Young Hee Nam, M.D. 1, Jung Min Kim, M.D. 1, Hee ae hn, M.D. 2, Su Jin Kim, M.D. 3 and Hyuck Lee, M.D., Ph.D. 1 Departments of 1 Internal Medicine, 2 Opthalmology and 3 Pathology, Dong- University College of Medicine, usan, Korea 58-year-old man with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus developed rhinocerebral mucormycosis. The infection progressed to intracranial extension despite more than 5 weeks of treatment with amphotericin. The patient then received oral posaconazole, 800 mg/d, in divided doses for 6 months. Salvage treatment with the new azole antifungal posaconazole resulted in dramatic clinical improvement as early as 1 week after the initiation of therapy. Oral posaconazole continued through 24 weeks of treatment, with marked clinical, mycological, and radiological improvements and no adverse events. Here we review the medical literature on rhinocerebral mucormycosis, which is a rapidly progressive and often fatal infection. The treatment of choice is amphotericin, which failed in our patient. Our case report suggests that posaconazole appears to be a well tolerated and effective salvage treatment option for rhinocerebral mucormycosis, including disseminated disease. (Korean J Med 79:587-591, 2010) Key Words: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis; Triazoles 서론털곰팡이증 (Mucormycosis) 은그의진행이빠르고인간에서는치명적인진균감염으로조기발견과치료가예후에중요하다 1). 당뇨병은단일인자로서털곰팡이증의가장중요한위험요소이고, 비뇌 (rhinocerebral) 털곰팡이증은그의가장흔한아형이다 2). 최근항암치료로인한면역저하상태의 연장, HIV 감염, 동종골수이식, 고형장기이식과면역억제치료등의면역저하상태가증가함에따라진균감염의기회가증가할뿐아니라치명적인결과로이어지기도한다 3). 파종성 (Disseminated) 혹은치료하지않은비안와털곰팡이증의경우에생존율이 3% 로보고된경우가있고, 외과적수술시행및항진균제를사용한경우에서도생존율이높지는않다 4). FD (Food & Drug dministration) 에서면역저하환자 Received: 2009. 9. 16 Revised: 2009. 10. 26 ccepted: 2009. 12. 1 Correspondence to Hyuck Lee, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Dong- University College of Medicine, 3-ga 1, Dongdaesin-dong, Seo-gu, usan 602-715, Korea E-mail: hyucklee@gmail.com - 587 -

- The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 79, No. 5, 2010 - 에대한 posaconazole의효과에대해증명한이후많은긍정적인결과들이발표되고있다 5). 현재까지국내에보고되었던털곰팡이증의경우 posaconazole 사용으로치료에성공한경우는없었다. 저자들은당뇨병환자에서외과적괴사조직절제술을시행하지못한채, amphotericin (M) 단독치료를시행하였으나치료에실패하고, posaconazole 구제치료 (salvage therapy) 를시행후임상적호전을보이는 1예를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고한다. Figure 1. Patients with proptosis, ptosis, chemosis, restriction of occular movement, and swelling of the right side of the face. 증례환자 : 문OO, 남자, 58세주소 : 우측안구동통, 발적, 시력상실, 안근마비현병력 : 내원한달전부터발생한우측안구돌출, 시력상실, 안검하수, 안통등의증상으로인근병원에서입원치료하였으나호전없어본원으로전원하였다. 과거력 : 5년전당뇨병진단받고, 간헐적으로경구용혈당강하제를복용하였다. 진찰소견 : 입원당시활력징후는혈압 120/80 mmhg, 맥박 80/ 분, 호흡수 20/ 분, 체온 38 였다. 만성병색을보였으나흉부, 복부, 사지검진상특이소견은관찰되지않았다. 신경학적검사에서의식은명료하였으나, 울혈및부종으로인한우측 2, 3, 4, 5 뇌신경마비소견을보였다 ( 그림 1). 검사실소견 : 일반혈액검사에서백혈구 16,410/uL, 혈색소 13.8 g/dl, 혈소판 127,000/uL이었고, 일반화학검사에서 calcium 8.7 mg/dl, glucose 351 mg/dl, UN/Cr 15/0.9 mg/l, 총 protein/albumin 6.7/4.1 mg/dl, ST/LT 17/26 IU/L, 총 bilirubin 1.2 mg/dl, C-반응성단백 21.86 mg/dl이었으며, 전해질검사와혈액응고검사는정상이었다. 당화혈색소는 12.0% 로혈당조절이불량한상태이며, 그외특이소견은없었다. 방사선소견 : 본원에서시행한두부자기공명영상 (MRI) 및안와단층촬영 (CT) 에서우측눈뒤공간 (retrobulbar space) 에경계가불분명한혼탁음영이관찰되었으며, 시신경침범소견을보였다. 우측상악동 (maxillary sinus), 사골동 (ethmoid sinus) 점막에전반적인비후, 수면상 (air-fluid level) 이관찰되었고, 우측안구는돌출되어있었으며안와주변과협벽부위의전반적인비후와조영영상에서혼탁음영이관찰되었다 ( 그림 2). 병리조직소견 : 비점막생검을통한조직검사상균사를동반한염증소견이관찰되었고, 이는털곰팡이증에합당한소견이었다 ( 그림 3). Figure 2. rain MRI shows diffuse inflammation, right periorbital area with proptosis (), and orbital CT showing fuzzy enhancement of the orbital fat and opacification of the maxillary, ethmoid sinus (). - 588 -

- Woo Jae Kim, et al. case of successful posaconazole salvage therapy for rhinocerebral mucormycosis - C Figure 3. () The nasal cavity mucosa showed acute and chronic inflammation (H&E, 40), () the exudate contained thick and irregular shaped fungal hyphae, which is consistent with mucormycosis (H&E, 200). (C) Gomori's methenamine sliver (GMS) stain highlights the fungal hyphae (GMS, 200). 치료및임상경과 : 비안와털곰팡이증진단하에 M 단독투여 (1.5 mg/kg/day) 및당뇨조절등보존적인치료를지속하였다. 이후환자는우측안구돌출, 결막부종, 우측안면지각마비의경미한증상호전을보였으며, 병변의확대소견은관찰되지않았다. 그러나 M를총 2.7 g 사용한입원 35일째부터오한, 우울감, 야간섬망, 신독성등의 M에의한부작용이관찰되어약물투여중단후지질성 (liposomal) M로교체투여하였다. 입원 37일째, 갑작스런좌측상하지근력감소, 편마비, 좌안시력저하등을호소하여시행한추적두부자기공명영상촬영상양측내측경동맥 (internal carotid artery) 의혈관염과혈관수축소견이관찰되었고, 대뇌다리 (cerebral peduncle) 부분의수막조영증강소견과함께우측전두엽, 측두엽부위의다발성경색소견이관찰되었다 ( 그림 4). 시야검사및안과검진상시신경교차 (optic chiasm) 침범이의심되었다. M 에대한치료실패로판단하여구제치료로서 posaconazole을 (800 mg/day) 처방하였고, 특별한부작용없이좋은약물순응도를보였다. 퇴원 6개월 C D Figure 4. Follow up brain MRI shows an aggravated state of retrobulbar, periorbital inflammation, () and enhancement of the cerebral peduncle meninges (). Multiple small infarctions in the right frontal, parietal white matter (C), and vasculitis or spasm in the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (IC) on both sides (D). C D Figure 5. Initial and 6-month follow-up of the left side field test and brain MRI. Figures show the improved state of the left medial hemianopsia (, ) and an enhancement of the cerebral peduncle meninges induced by mucormycosis invasion (C, D). - 589 -

- 대한내과학회지 : 제 79 권제 5 호통권제 603 호 2010 - 후의방사선추적검사상호전양상을보였고 ( 그림 5), 신경학적검사상좌측편마비도호전양상을보였다. 고찰털곰팡이증은혈관침습과그동반된혈전증으로인한급속한조직괴사를특징으로하고 6), 특히비뇌형은해면정맥동이나내경동맥과같은두개내구조로빠르게진행하는데염증이파급되면경련, 혼수, 경부경직, 반신마비등이발생할수있다. 털곰팡이증의진단에는진균의조직감염을조직병리학적으로증명하는것이중요하며, 특징적으로균사가크고 (3~25 μm in diameter), 중격이없으며, 종종구형확장, 이분지모양으로수직분지한다 7). 중증의환자에서는침습적인진단방법이용이하지않아진단이지연되는경우도있으나본증례는털곰팡이증의유의한부비동침범소견과기저의당뇨병력을참조하여지체없이비점막생검을시행한경우이다. 조직배양이시행되지는않았으나, 조직검사상두텁고불규칙한모양의균사와함께점막의급, 만성염증소견이관찰되었다. 환자의 MRI, CT 등에서부비동, 상악동, 사골동내의연부조직종창을암시하는결정성비후 (nodular thickening), 수면상, 부비동골격의점상파괴 (spotty destruction) 등의소견을볼수있었고, 이는비안와털곰팡이증의전형적인소견이었다 8). 대뇌침범소견이없었던최초영상과는달리추적영상에서는털곰팡이증에의한대뇌침범소견이관찰되었고, 대뇌침범의정도를파악하는데도움이되었다. 털곰팡이증에대한최적의치료는명확하게제시되어있지는않으나, 현재까지는수술과항진균요법이동반되는경우에생존율이높다고알려져있다 4). 약물치료로써 M의최대수용용량을사용하는것이추천되고있고 (1.0~1.5 mg/ kg/d) 신독성및주입부작용으로지질성 M를사용하기도한다. 기저에당뇨가있고, 털곰팡이증에감염되어 M 를단독투여하였으나실패한 64명의털곰팡이증환자의증례보고에서신독성과같은주요합병증이없을경우, 치료효과는 50% 에불과하였다 9). M 단독약물치료만시행한국내보고의경우에도대부분불량한예후를보였다 10-12). 본증례에서는환자의전신상태가불량하여항진균제단독치료가행해졌으며병은진행하였다. Posaconazole은 cytochrome P-450 34를억제하여시험관내 (in vitro) 연구상기존의항진균제에비해털곰팡이증에서낮은최소억제농도 (MIC) 를 보였고 13), 이에저자들은 posaconazole을선택하였다. Fluconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole과같은대부분의 azole 유도체계열의항진균제는털곰팡이증에유효하지않은것으로입증되었으나, posaconazole은경구복용가능한광범위치료시험 triazole로써 (800 mg/d 분복 ) 털곰팡이증에효과있음이최근입증되고있다 14). 최근 24명의털곰팡이증환자를대상으로한구제치료개방표지시험에서치료효과가 70% 로보고되었고 5), 그외만성육아종성질환과동반된침습성진균증에서 posaconazole 600~800 mg/day 복용후 88% 의완전관해에도달한보고가있었으며 15), 비안와털곰팡이증에서 posaconazole 800 mg/d 복용으로시행한구제치료로 65% 의치료성공률을보인보고도있다 16). 현재까지는 posaconazole에대한최적의사용방법이나치료기간에대한정의는없고, 상황에따라개별화되어있는실정이다. 외국의보고에의하면, posaconazole 단독치료만으로치료성공사례가있었고 17), 수술과 M 및 posaconazole 병용처방하여완치한사례가있으며 18), posconazole과 M를병용투여하는경우에상승효과가있다는보고도있다 19). 본증례에서환자는유의한약물부작용없이 6개월이상의 posaconazole 복용중이며, 24명의비안와털곰팡이증환자에대한 posaconazole 구제치료연구에서평균 292일 (8-1,004일 ) 동안투여되었으며, 평균치료기간은 182일이었다 5). 현재까지비안와대뇌털곰팡이증에대한 posaconazole 치료성공사례는국내에서보고되지않았다. 본증례의환자는 6개월이상의기간동안안정적인상태로생존하고있으며, 유의한약물부작용없이, 임상적인호전을보이고있다. 인슐린주사로엄격한혈당조절중이고, 이는그의경과에중요한역할을하였을것으로판단된다 20). 환자는눈확모두제거술 (orbital exenteration) 이나개두술 (craniotomy) 을시행받지않고서도좋은예후를보였다. 이는대뇌침범과같은심각한상태의털곰팡이증에서도침습적인외과적치료를받지않고, 조기진단과적극적인내과적치료를통해서성공적인결과를기대할수있음을시사한다. Posaconazole에대한향후추가적인임상경험및전향적임상연구가필요하며, 이는털곰팡이증을포함한진균감염에대한치료적접근에좋은자료가될것으로생각한다. 요약혈당조절이불량한 58세남자환자가털곰팡이증으로진단되었다. 5주이상의 amphotericin 치료를받았으나병은 - 590 -

- 김우재외 6 인. Posaconazole 로호전된털곰팡이증 1 예 - 진행하여대뇌로침범하였다. 이후그는경구 posaconazole (800 mg/d 분복 ) 을 6개월동안복용중이다. Posaconazole 구제치료시작 1주일후, 환자는극적인임상적호전을보였고, 부작용없이 24주째복용중이다. 털곰팡이증은그의진행이빠르고예후가불량한감염증으로표준치료로써 M가추천되었다. 저자들은 M 치료에실패하였으나, posaconazole 구제치료에성공한비대뇌털곰팡이증 1예를경험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고한다. 중심단어 : 비뇌털곰팡이증 ; triazoles REFERENCES 1) Schwartz JC. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Three case reports and subject review. J Emerg Med 3:9-11, 1985 2) Gale GR, Welch. Studies of opportunistic fungi. m J Med Sci 241:604-612, 1961 3) Langner S, Staber P, Neumeister P. Posaconazole in the management of refractory invasive fungal infections. Ther Clin Risk Manag 4:747-758, 2008 4) Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, uchanan WL, Knudsen T, Sarkisova T, Schaufele RL, Sein M, Sein T, Chiou CC, Chu JH, Kontoyiannis DP, Walsh TJ. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis 41:634-653, 2005 5) Greenberg RN, Mullane K, van urik J, Raad I, bzug MJ, nstead G, Herbrecht R, Langston, Marr K, Schiller G, Schuster M, Wingard JR, Gonzalez CE, Revankar SG, Corcoran G, Kryscio RJ, Hare R. Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis. ntimicrob gents Chemother 50:126-133, 2006 6) Radner, Witt MD, Edwards JE Jr. cute invasive, rhinocerebral zygomycosis in an otherwise healthy patient: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 20:163-166, 1995 7) Medoff G, Kobayashi GS. Pulmonary mucormycosis. N Engl J Med 286:86-87, 1972 8) Green WH, Goldberg HI, Wohl GT. Mucormycosis infection of the craniofacial structure. m J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 101:802-806, 1967 9) Perfect JR. Treatment of non-spergillus moulds in immunocompromised patients, with amphotericin lipid complex. Clin Infect Dis 40(Suppl 6):S401-S408, 2005 10) 정희, 강필중, 이정유, 차광수, 이일두, 손덕현, 김용기, 김동수, 박인철. 당뇨병에합병된비대뇌모균증 1 예. 대한내과학회지 39:715-721, 1990 11) 박명규, 채양석, 박승철, 김민자, 김우주, 박희남, 이상화, 남용진, 한승환. 당뇨병에합병된비안와형모균증 1 예. 대한내과학회지 47:569-574, 1994 12) 이광우, 김제희, 인재환, 김경애, 차상복. 당뇨성케톤증에합병된비뇌 Mucor 진균증 1 예. 대한내과학회지 25:91-95, 1982 13) lastruey-izquierdo, Castelli MV, Cuesta I, Monzon, Cuenca-Estrella M, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. ctivity of posaconazole and other antifungal agents against Mucorales strains identified by sequencing of internal transcribed spacers. ntimicrob gents Chemother 53:1686-1689, 2009 14) Torres H, Hachem RY, Chemaly RF, Kontoyiannis DP, Raad II. Posaconazole: a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal. Lancet Infect Dis 5:775-785, 2005 15) Segal H, arnhart L, nderson VL, Walsh TJ, Malech HL, Holland SM. Posaconazole as salvage therapy in patients with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive filamentous fungal infection. Clin Infect Dis 40:1684-1688, 2005 16) Concoran G, Greenberg R, Herbrecht R, Mullane K, van urik J, Raad I. Posaconazole therapy for refractory invasive zycomycosis(poster). 10th Congress of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology p. 17-20, Wroclaw, 2004 17) Tarani L, Costantino F, Notheis G, Wintergerst U, Venditti M, Di iasi C, Friederici D, Pasquino M. Long-term posaconazole treatment and follow-up of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in a diabetic girl. Pediatr Diabetes 10:289-293, 2009 18) Simmons JH, Zeitler PS, Fenton LZ, bzug MJ, Fiallo-Scharer RV, Klingensmith GJ. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis complicated by internal carotid artery thrombosis in a pediatric patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Diabetes 6:234-238, 2005 19) Perkhofer S, Locher M, Cuenca-Estrella M, Rüchel R, Würzner R, Dierich MP, Lass-Flörl C. Posaconazole enhances the activity of amphotericin against hyphae of zygomycetes in vitro. ntimicrob gents Chemother 52:2636-2638, 2008 20) 전영주, 백효종, 이주형, 이병기, 김원호, 이중기, 손경락, 문세광. 당뇨성케톤산증에서폐농양이합병된기관지모균증 1 예. 결핵및호흡기질환 38:317-323, 1991-591 -