오륙도의 해조 군집 961. Kang (1966),,,, 5. (Kang, 1966), (Kang et al., 2008). Nam and Kim (1999), Yoo (2003a, 2003b), Choi (2007), Kang et al. (2008), Choi et

한수지 47(6), 960-972, 2014 Original Article Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6),960-972,2014 부산시 오륙도 주변 해역의 해조 군집 최정화 최창근 1 * 국립수산과학원 자원관리과, 1 부경대학교 생태공학과 Marine Algal Communities around Oryukdo, Busan, Korea Jung Hwa Choi and Chang Geun Choi 1 * Fisheries Resources Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Korea 1 Department of Ecological Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea Marine algal flora and community structure were seasonally investigated at Oryukdo, on the southeast coast of Korea, from March 2011 to February 2014. A Total of 66 seaweed species including 6 green, 7 brown and 53 red algae were identified and 23 species were found throughout the survey period. Seaweed biomass was maximal during summer in 2012 (2276.2 g wet weight m -2 ) and minimal in winter in 2012 (9.1 g wet weight m -2 ). The dominant species in term of biomass were Undaria pinnatifida, Dictyopteris prolifera, Dictyota dichotoma, Sargassum horneri, Rhodymenia intricata, polyneurum, and Polyneura japonica during the suvery period. The flora could be classified into six functional groups: coarsely branched form (30.3%), filamentous form (24.2%), thick leather form (19.7%), sheet form (15.2%), jointed calcareous form (7.6%), and crustose form (3.0%). The numbers of marine algal species in the Oryukdo area were markedly reduced when compared with previous studies at Dongbaekseom in 1971. These results suggest possible future changes in the algal vegetation, considering the physical and chemical pollution loadings in the coastal marine environment of this area. Key words: Community, Flora, Functional group, Marine algal, Oryukdo, Reduce 서 론.,,,,, (Choi et al., 2008)., 6 (Kim et al., 2012). 30 m.,, (Choi, 2007).,,,. (Kim et al., 2012),. (Thompson et al., 1996; Bates and DeWreede, 2007), (Russell et al., 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2014.0960 Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6) 960-972, December 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 7 November 2014; Revised 28 November 2014; Accepted 9 December 2014 *Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 629. 6546 Fax: +82. 51. 629. 6538 E-mail address: cgchoi@pknu.ac.kr Copyright 2014 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 960 pissn:0374-8111, eissn:2287-8815

오륙도의 해조 군집 961. Kang (1966),,,, 5. (Kang, 1966), (Kang et al., 2008). Nam and Kim (1999), Yoo (2003a, 2003b), Choi (2007), Kang et al. (2008), Choi et al. (2010), Yoo et al. (2013),. 2003 12 31,. 재료 및 방법 2011 3 2014 2 1 (Fig. 1). 0.5 m 0.5 m. - (5-10%)... (m 2 )., (Kang, 1968; Lee and Kang, 1986, 2002), (Yoshida et al., 1995). Lee and Kang (2002). (similarity), group-average. 30 PRIMER (Plymouth Routines Multivariate Ecological Research) computer package (dendrogram) 20 (MDS) (Clarke and Gorley, 2006). 10 Littler and Littler (1984) 6. No. of Species 종조성 결 과 66, 6 (9.1%), 7 (10.6%), 53 80.3% (Table 1). 2011 2, 5, 34 41, 2012 3, 5, 38 46. 2013, 3, 6, 28 37 50. 17 (2011 ) 35 (2012 ) 60, 70 (Fig. 2). 3 Similarity 40 0 35.099 35.095 35.091 Busan KOREA Sampling Site St. 1 St. 2 Oryukdo St. 3 St. 4 St. 5 St. 6 129.121 129.125 129.129 Fig. 1. The map showing sampling sites of marine algal benthic algae in Oryukdo area, Korea. 80 Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi 2011 2012 2013 Date 90 100 2011-Sp 2013-Wi 2013-Sp 2013-Su 2013-Au 2011-Wi 2012-Au 2012-Sp 2012-Wi 2012-Su 2011-Su 2011-Au

962 No. of Species (Ulva pertusa), (Undaria pinnatifida), 20 (Dictyopteris prolifera), (Dictyota dichotoma), (Sargassum horneri), 10 (Gelidium elegans), (Corallina pilulifera), (Grateloupia lanceolata), (Prionitis 0 50 cornea), (Callophyllis crispata), Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi (Plocamium telfairiae), (Gracilaria textorii), 60 2011 2012 2013 (Chondracanthus intermedia), (Rhodymenia intricata), (Lomentaria catenata), Date 70 (Herpochondria 80 elegans), ( polyneurum), (A. ciliolatum), 90 (Polyneura japonica), (Dasysiphonia japonica), (Heterosiphonia 100 pulchra), ( latiuscula), (S. marchantioides), 23 (Table 1). Similarity 40 30 20 10 0 35.091 KOREA BusanSampling Site St. 5 St. 6 129.121 129.125 129.129 St. 1 129.121 129.125 129.129 Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi 2011-Sp 2011 2012 2013 Date 2013-Wi 2013-Sp 2013-Su 2013-Au 2011-Wi 2012-Au 2012-Sp 2012-Wi 2012-Su 최정화ㆍ최창근 Fig. 2. Number of marine benthic algal species at study sites according to the survey period. 40 Sp, Spring; Su, Summer; Au, Autumn; Wi, Winter. No. of Species 30 35.099 35.095 35.091 KOREA Sampling Site St. 2 Oryukdo St. 3 St. 4 St. 5 St. 6 2011-Su 2011-Au No. of Species 0., Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi, 3 2011 2012 2013. 60% Date 2012 2011,,. 2012 2013 (Fig. 3). 생물량 Tables 2-4. 2011, (P. japonica) 165.9 ~ 381.3 g m -2 1 ( ) 381.3 g m -2. 2 ( ) (A. polyneurum, 263.6 g m -2 50 ), (R. intricata, 190.4 g m -2 ), 3 ( ) (D. 60 dichotoma, 202.7 g m -2 ) (Table 2). 6 ( ) 70 147.2 g m -2, 1 69.6 80 g m -2. 2 (G. 90 textorii) 100.5 g m -2., 2 100 (P. cornea) 52.2 g m -2, 38.2 g m -2., 5 ( ) (U. pinnatifida) 50.0 g m -2, (D. prolifera) 72.5 g m -2, 48.8 g m -2, 2 64.8 g m -2. 2012 1 383.3 g m -2, (G. lanceolata) 250.4 g m -2 (Table 3). 2 3 (S. horneri) 201.3 g m -2 161.8 g m -2. 5 1,774.3 g Similarity 30 20 10 2011-Sp 2013-Wi 2013-Sp 2013-Su 2013-Au 2011-Wi 2012-Au 2012-Sp 2012-Wi 2012-Su 2011-Su 2011-Au 50 60 2013-Sp 2012-Wi Stress : 0.15 Similarity 70 80 90 2012-Su 2012-Au 2013-Su 2013-Au 2011-Wi 2012-Sp 2013-Wi 100 2011-Sp 2013-Wi 2013-Sp 2013-Su 2013-Au 2011-Wi 2013-Sp 2012-Au 2012-Sp 2012-Wi 2012-Su 2011-Su Stress : 0.15 2011-Au 2011-Au 2011-Su 2011-Sp 2012-Su 2012-Wi Fig. 3. Dendrogram for hierarchical clustering 2012-Au 2013-Suof macroalgal assemblage based on Bray Curtis similarity and multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination. 2013-Au Sp, Spring; Su, Summer; Au, Autumn; Wi, Winter. 2013-Wi 2011-Wi 2012-Sp 2011-Au 2011-Su 2011-Sp

오륙도의 해조 군집 963 Table 1. A list of marine algal species investigated at study sites according to the survey period Species 2011 2012 2013 Total Ulva pertusa + + + Ulva sp. + Cladophora sp. + Bryopsis plumosa + Codium hubbsii + Derbesia marina + Undaria pinnatifida + + + Dictyopteris divaricata + + Dictyopteris prolifera + + + Dictyota dichotoma + + + Rugulopteryx okamurae + Sargassum horneri + + + Sargassum sp. + Gelidium elegans + + + Pterocladiella capillacea + Peyssonnelia caulifera + Lithophyllum okamurae + Alatocladia modesta + + Amphiroa anceps + + Amphiroa beauvoisii + + Corallina officinalis + Corallina pilulifera + + + Grateloupia elliptica + Grateloupia filicina + Grateloupia lanceolata + + + Grateloupia sparsa + Grateloupia turuturu + Grateloupia sp. + Prionitis cornea + + + Callophyllis adnata + + Callophyllis crispata + + + Caulacanthus ustulatus + + Plocamium telfairiae + + + Gracilaria textorii + + + Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis + + Ahnfeltiopsis sp. + Chondrus ocellatus + + Chondracanthus intermedia + + + Chondracanthus tenellus + + Table 1. Continued Species 2011 2012 2013 Total Rhodymenia intricata + + + Lomentaria catenata + + + Antithamnion cristirhizophorum + Antithamnion nipponicum + Antithamnion sp. + Ceramium japonicum + + Ceramium kondoi + Ceramium tenerrimum + Ceramium sp. + + Herpochondria elegans + + + Herpochondria pygmaea + Pterothamnion yezoense + ciliolatum + + + flabellatum + polyneurum + + + venulosum + sp. + Polyneura japonica + + + Dasysiphonia japonica + + + Heterosiphonia pulchra + + + Heterosiphonia sp. + Chondria crassicaulis + Laurencia sp. + Polysiphonia morrowii + + latiuscula + + + marchantioides + + + pumila + 2 3 3 6 5 5 6 7 34 38 28 53 Total 41 46 37 66 m -2, 2 1,117.4 g m -2, 6 488.0 g m -2., 1 2 669.8 g m -2 1,118.5 g m -2, (D. dichotoma) 5 139.6 g m -2. 1 2 381.8 g m -2, 138.1 g m -2, 1 140.3 g m -2. 2 4 ( ) 112.7 g m -2 146.9 g m -2,. 2013

964 최정화ㆍ최창근 Table 2. Change of biomass (wet wt. g m -2 ) of marine algal species investigated at study sites in 2011 Species Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ulva pertusa 19.9 1.8 0.6 0.4 Bryopsis plumosa Undaria pinnatifida 39.9 18.8 5.1 50.0 Dictyopteris prolifera 31.6 16.9 7.5 0.7 5.6 72.5 29.7 Dictyota dichotoma 56.6 202.7 114.4 1.6 0.7 Rugulopteryx okamurae 79.1 Sargassum horneri 9.8 1.4 44.1 Gelidium elegans 49.9 72.6 0.1 15.6 14.7 8.6 Pterocladiella capillacea 2.6 3.9 8.5 Alatocladia modesta 14.3 9.1 1.4 1.1 Amphiroa anceps 0.8 1.3 4.7 Corallina pilulifera 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.4 3.9 4.7 0.1 0.5 8.6 0.3 0.1 0.7 Grateloupia filicina 1.3 Grateloupia lanceolata 2.5 Prionitis cornea 2.0 11.0 0.3 77.7 2.1 0.1 5.7 3.5 52.2 0.1 6.4 19.8 25.1 0.4 Callophyllis adnata 2.1 2.5 Callophyllis crispata 2.0 2.2 1.4 Plocamium telfairiae 0.8 19.1 8.7 0.9 81.8 1.1 6.6 4.7 7.2 16.3 Gracilaria textorii 128.9 100.5 6.8 7.2 3.6 3.3 3.4 9.8 1, Bangpaeseom; 2, Solseom; 3, Suriseom; 4, Songgokseom; 5, Gulseom; 6, Deungdeaseom. 0.2

오륙도의 해조 군집 965 Table 2. Continued Species Ahnfeltiopsis sp. Chondrus ocellatus Chondracanthus intermedia Chondracanthus tenellus Rhodymenia intricata Lomentaria catenata Ceramium japonicum Herpochondria elegans Herpochondria pygmaea Pterothamnion yezoense flabellatum polyneurum ciliolatum Polyneura japonica Heterosiphonia pulchra Heterosiphonia sp. Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 43.0 0.9 3.9 3.0 0.4 9.3 45.5 0.1 25.7 0.2 53.1 190.4 12.1 116.8 3.5 32.6 69.6 3.5 0.1 147.2 4.0 38.2 8.1 9.8 1.7 40.2 64.8 6.4 14.9 1.6 0.1 0.4 4.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 3.1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 2.2 54.9 263.6 31.7 37.6 44.8 56.8 0.5 0.3 0.7 5.4 8.1 32.0 0.3 4.3 6.4 0.4 3.1 6.6 48.8 2.9 1.9 9.6 381.3 165.9 250.9 223.6 4.0 56.0 36.0 59.2 46.0 2.0 2.1 18.2 7.2 16.4 15.7 22.7 32.8 7.8 4.3 6.2 3.1 Chondria crassicaulis 0.4 latiuscula 0.4 0.8 0.4 6.8 0.9 1.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 marchantioides 0.6 41.4 4.1 97.9 0.1 2.7 4.5 1.2 2.7 4.1 1, Bangpaeseom; 2, Solseom; 3, Suriseom; 4, Songgokseom; 5, Gulseom; 6, Deungdeaseom.

966 최정화ㆍ최창근 Table 3. Change of biomass (wet wt. g m -2 ) of marine algal species investigated at study sites in 2012 Species Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ulva pertusa 1.4 13.4 57.5 1.7 1.9 6.4 Codium hubbsii 0.5 1.0 Derbesia marina 18.7 1.6 1.3 Undaria pinnatifida 18.6 161.8 40.0 4.0 31.3 Dictyopteris divaricata 21.6 Dictyopteris prolifera 0.3 0.9 7.0 2.2 Dictyota dichotoma 0.4 0.4 74.2 29.5 6.1 139.6 54.1 9.5 0.3 26.1 0.5 Sargassum horneri 13.0 201.3 108.9 0.6 7.0 7.3 Gelidium elegans 4.4 1.9 5.7 32.4 Peyssonnelia caulifera 3.7 Alatocladia modesta 2.1 0.1 5.3 2.1 2.8 Amphiroa anceps 0.1 0.4 4.7 Amphiroa beauvoisii 1.9 2.1 Corallina officinalis 2.0 Corallina pilulifera 6.4 0.4 0.9 0.2 1.8 0.5 0.1 0.9 1.4 1.0 0.1 14.6 Grateloupia elliptica 381.8 138.1 Grateloupia lanceolata 250.4 Prionitis cornea 0.2 19.2 9.1 140.3 47.2 78.3 4.2 10.5 0.8 1.5 8.5 Callophyllis adnata 7.8 4.5 7.3 1, Bangpaeseom; 2, Solseom; 3, Suriseom; 4, Songgokseom; 5, Gulseom; 6, Deungdeaseom.

오륙도의 해조 군집 967 Table 3. Continued Species Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Callophyllis crispata 2.2 0.8 46.2 2.5 Caulacanthus ustulatus 0.7 0.3 Plocamium telfairiae 0.1 5.6 1.3 3.4 0.2 Gracilaria textorii 33.6 6.2 3.9 7.7 3.8 12.8 17.6 Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis 2.8 16.6 27.0 Chondrus ocellatus 1.9 1.8 Chondracanthus intermedia 1.1 0.3 4.5 0.1 0.4 1.0 6.5 0.1 13.0 2.5 Chondracanthus tenellus 0.6 8.4 1.7 26.8 Rhodymenia intricata 28.3 3.9 42.9 7.9 2.5 669.8 118.5 8.4 223.3 86.4 20.0 18.5 48.4 69.7 9.6 65.0 112.7 10.1 146.9 9.1 1.0 Lomentaria catenata 0.3 2.0 Ceramium japonicum 1.3 Herpochondria elegans 0.5 4.2 0.7 3.6 0.1 0.1 0.9 polyneurum 1.4 24.3 21.0 19.4 18.2 0.3 8.5 11.4 40.2 2.7 0.9 0.3 4.2 1.7 2.7 2.2 0.4 3.1 0.5 0.2 ciliolatum 2.6 venulosum 5.0 Polyneura japonica 383.3 42.4 15.7 66.0 3.2 59.0 1,117.4 272.5 6.2 1,774.3 488.0 0.3 8.7 12.3 1.7 3.7 0.5 31.6 0.1 87.5 21.2 Heterosiphonia japonica 0.2 4.4 0.4 0.9 0.3 Polysiphonia morrowii 0.5 3.0 latiuscula 0.2 marchantioides 1.2 8.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 7.5 1, Bangpaeseom; 2, Solseom; 3, Suriseom; 4, Songgokseom; 5, Gulseom; 6, Deungdeaseom.

968 최정화ㆍ최창근 Table 4. Change of biomass (wet wt. g m -2 ) of marine algal species investigated at study sites in 2013 Species Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ulva pertusa 2.7 0.5 0.2 10.8 Cladophora sp. 0.8 Undaria pinnatifida 176.8 694.2 85.8 14.8 34.0 0.4 Dictyopteris divaricata Dictyopteris prolifera Dictyota dichotoma Sargassum horneri 26.0 438.8 74.1 99.4 66.7 18.4 278.2 14.5 35.7 0.4 3.8 11.2 22.0 7.6 15.2 1.5 6.1 92.1 2.6 10.6 527.3 0.5 129.4 14.0 14.9 7.4 Sargassum sp. 0.2 9.4 Gelidium elegans Amphiroa anceps 59.5 261.0 1.2 0.3 0.8 2.8 4.1 9.7 0.7 Corallina pilulifera Grateloupia lanceolata 3.8 99.3 8.0 Grateloupia sp. 0.1 0.2 Prionitis cornea 1.7 0.1 1.0 51.8 98.8 5.1 4.5 68.8 6.9 40.3 Callophyllis crispata 20.9 0.9 7.9 1.0 3.1 40.1 37.8 6.3 0.1 Caulacanthus ustulatus 4.6 Plocamium telfairiae 0.2 1.4 0.3 2.0 3.5 27.7 4.2 Gracilaria textorii 13.5 11.4 323.0 8.4 14.9 Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis 2.4 Chondracanthus intermedia 3.6 0.8 15.0 1.7 18.8 2.4 0.1 1, Bangpaeseom; 2, Solseom; 3, Suriseom; 4, Songgokseom; 5, Gulseom; 6, Deungdeaseom. 0.4

오륙도의 해조 군집 969 Table 4. Continued Species Rhodymenia intricata Lomentaria catenata Antithamnion cristirhizophorum Spring Summer Autumn Winter 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 21.3 5.2 24.6 553.7 473.8 43.1 188.3 561.4 532.9 1.0 229.5 20.1 16.7 2.7 0.5 0.3 40.3 Herpochondria elegans 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.2 20.0 27.2 2.2 0.2 4.1 polyneurum 0.9 129.1 0.3 45.7 1.9 5.4 2.2 3.9 31.2 15.0 1.1 1.6 12.1 ciliolatum 3.5 3.5 1.7 1.9 Polyneura japonica 112.0 55.2 67.3 52.3 6.8 236.0 21.6 207.6 85.0 518.8 243.2 47.2 260.7 50.4 3.8 Dasysiphonia japonica 16.3 1.1 Heterosiphonia pulchra 1.7 Polysiphonia morrowii 0.2 0.3 latiuscula 2.4 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 2.7 0.4 1.4 marchantioides 0.6 0.2 53.6 4.8 4.1 7.8 1.6 1.0 0.3 0.8 pumila 1.2 1,Bangpaeseom; 2, Solseom; 3, Suriseom; 4, Songgokseom; 5, Gulseom; 6, Deungdeaseom.

970 최정화ㆍ최창근 2011 2012. 4 129.1 g m -2, 1 112.0 g m -2, 92.1 g m -2. 6 694.2 g m -2, 5 176.8 g m -2, 2 3 553.7 g m -2, 473.8 g m -2. 5 527.3 g m -2, 1, 3, 5 236.0 g m -2, 207.6 g m -2, 518.8 g m -2. ( 2 561.4 g m -2, 4 532.9 g m -2 ), ( 2, 261.0 g m -2 ), ( 1 243.2 g m -2, 4 260.7 g m -2 )., ( 1, 229.5 g m -2 ), ( 1, 129.4 g m -2 ), ( 1, 98.8 g m -2 )..,.,,,,,. 기능형 군 6, 30.3%, 24.2%, 19.7%, 15.2%, 7.6%, 3.0% (Table 5)., 30.4-37.8%, 19.5-21.6%. (ecological state group, ESG), ESG I 20 (30.3%), ESG II 46 Table 5. Composition ratio (%) of marine algal functional form group at study sites according to the survey period Functional Form 2011 2012 2013 Total Coarsely-branched form 36.6 30.4 37.8 30.3 Filamentous form 19.5 19.6 21.6 24.2 Thick-leathery form 17.1 21.7 18.9 19.7 Sheet form 17.1 15.2 16.2 15.2 Joint-calcareous form 7.3 10.9 5.4 7.6 Crustose form 2.4 2.2 0.0 3.0 69.7%. 고 찰 (Nam and Kim, 1999) (Kang et al., 2008), (Yoo, 2003a), (Yoo, 2003b), (Choi, 2007), (Yoo et al., 2013), (Shin et al., 2014) (Table 6). Nam and Kim (1999) 35,,,,,,,,,,. (Fig. 2), (Round, 1981). (Choi, 2007) (,,,,,,,,,, ),. Yoo (2003a, 2003b), Table 6. Marine benthic algal species investigated at vicinity area in previous and this study Total References 13 26 57 96 Nam and Kim (1999) 11 20 47 78 Yoo (2003a) 6 17 47 70 Yoo (2003b) 10 17 42 69 Choi (2007) 10 17 76 103 8 16 50 74 9 14 43 66 Kang et al. (2008) Yoo et al. (2013) Shin et al. (2014) 6 7 53 66 This study

오륙도의 해조 군집 971. (Fig. 3).,,.,,. 2011 318.5 g m -2 743.6 g m -2, 68.7 g m -2 211.8 g m -2, 21.0 g m -2 152.2 g m -2, 28.9 g m -2 190.0 g m -2. Yoo et al. (2013),., (Ecklonia cava). (Nam and Kim, 1999), (1,648.0 g m -2 ),,. (Kang et al., 2008) 629.8 g m -2,,,.,, (S. thunbergii), (Chondria crassicaulis),, (Myagropsis myagroides) (Yoo et al., 2013). (Kang et al., 2008),,,,,,,,, (Nam and Kim, 1999),,,,,,,.,,,,, (Sohn, 1987).,,,, (Sohn, 1987; Park et al., 2007). (Choi, 2008; Kwon and Choi, 2014),,,,,,., (34.4%), (25.4%), (24.6%), (9.7%), (5.7%), (0.8%). (30.3%), (24.2%), (19.7%), (15.2%), (7.6%), (3.0%),.,, I (ESG I),,, II (ESG II) (Orfanidis et al., 2001). ESG I 30.3%, ESG II 69.7%, ESG II. Shin et al. (2014), ESG II ESG II., (Nam and Kim, 1999), (Yoo, 2003a), (Yoo, 2003b), (Choi, 2007), (Kang et al., 2008), (Yoo et al., 2013), (Shin et al., 2014), 1970 (Lee and Kang, 1971). (Nam and Kim, 1999).,, (Yoo et al., 2013).,.,.,.

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