( ) ( ) 2015.10.31 1
Outline Prologue (reductionism) (emergence) (2004) ( ), Brain and Mind Epilogue 2
Prologue Edward Wilson (reductionism) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3
Prologue (reductionism) (emergence) (Q)? (Q) touch? 4
Prologue ์๋ฆฝ์์์ ์ฐ์ฃผ๊น์ง scale์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ํ๋๋ ํ์๋ค ์ฐ์ฃผ๋ก ์ฒ์ฒด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์ง๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์ฒด๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์์๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํต๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ, ์ ์๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ 5
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Manifesto 2004 (2004) : : :. 10 Memorandum 10.. Manifesto. 7
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(Q)? 5% (matter) 27% (dark matter), 68% (dark energy)..,. 9
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2015. 8. 24 @ Technical Univ. of Chania, Crete, Greece 11
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truly fundamental? The fundamental fermions The nucleus is ten thousand times smaller than the atom and the quarks and electrons are at least ten thousand times smaller than that. Particle Flavor Q/ e We don't know exactly how small quarks and electrons are; they are definitely smaller than leptons 10-18 meters, and they might literally be points, but we do not know. quarks It is also possible that quarks and electrons # % # # 0 e &!" e! " are not fundamental after all, and will turn out to be made up of other, more fundamental particles. (Oh, will this madness ever end?) u c t +2/3 d s b!"#$ 1st 2nd 3rd generations 15
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(sub-atomic).. 95%. (W. Heisenberg)..,, (non-deterministic). ( ), ( ). 18
The Brain and Mind 19
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Penrose Roger Penrose Emperor s New Mind..,. ( >, ) Roger Penrose (1931 ~ ) Oxford. 1988 Wolf Prize S. Hawking 20. 33
Microtubule 25. 6 Tubulin (dimers) 13. : Tubulin. :, Tubulin. : Hameroff homepage http://www.quantumconsciousness.org Sunghyon Kyeong (Yonsei University) Neuroscience 101: Neurobiology of the mind p 22 ( ). 34
Microtubule.,,. Christof Koch, Patricia S. Churchland, Marvin Minsky, Paul Thagard, Steven Weinstein..,,,.. Sunghyon Kyeong (Yonsei University) Neuroscience 101: Neurobiology of the mind p 23 ( ). 35
PHYSICAL REVIEW E VOLUME 61, NUMBER 4 APRIL 2000 Importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes Max Tegmark* Institute for Advanced Study, Olden Lane, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 and Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Received 6 July 1999 Based on a calculation of neural decoherence rates, we argue that the degrees of freedom of the human brain that relate to cognitive processes should be thought of as a classical rather than quantum system, i.e., that there is nothing fundamentally wrong with the current classical approach to neural network simulations. We find that the decoherence time scales ( 10 13 10 20 s) are typically much shorter than the relevant dynamical time scales ( 10 3 10 1 s), both for regular neuron firing and for kinklike polarization excitations in microtubules. This conclusion disagrees with suggestions by Penrose and others that the brain acts as a quantum computer, and that quantum coherence is related to consciousness in a fundamental way. PACS number s : 87.17.Aa, 05.30. d, 87.19. j, 87.18.Sn Tegmark I. INTRODUCTION In most current mainstream biophysics research on cognitive processes, the brain is modeled as a neural network puter. This idea has been further elaborated employing string theory methods 21 27. The make-or-break issue for all these quantum models is whether the relevant degrees of freedom of the brain can be,. 36
Penrose VOLUME 91, NUMBER 13 P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S week ending 26 SEPTEMBER 2003 Towards Quantum Superpositions of a Mirror William Marshall, 1,2 Christoph Simon, 1 Roger Penrose, 3,4 and Dik Bouwmeester 1,2 1 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom 2 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA 3 Center for Gravitational Physics and Geometry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA 4 Department of Mathematics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom (Received 30 September 2002; published 23 September 2003; publisher error corrected 25 September 2003) We propose an experiment for creating quantum superposition states involving of the order of 10 14 atoms via the interaction of a single photon with a tiny mirror. This mirror, mounted on a high-quality mechanical oscillator, is part of a high-finesse optical cavity which forms one arm of a Michelson interferometer. By observing the interference of the photon only, one can study the creation and decoherence of superpositions involving the mirror. A detailed analysis of the requirements shows that the experiment is within reach using a combination of state-of-the-art technologies. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.130401 PACS numbers: 03.65.Ta, 03.65.Yz, 42.50.Ct Introduction. In 1935 Schrödinger pointed out that according to quantum mechanics even macroscopic systems can be in superposition states [1]. The associated. into a superposition of states corresponding to two distinct locations of the mirror. The observed interference of the photon allows one to study the creation of coherent 37
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Epilogue (Big Bang)., ( )? 39