한수지 47(6), 1014-1025, 2014 Original Article Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6),1014-1025,2014 태안반도갯벌참굴 (Crassostrea gigas) 양식장주변퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 황동운 * 이인석 최민규 최희구 국립수산과학원어장환경과 Distributions of Organic Matter and Trace Metals in Sediment around a Tidal-flat Oyster Crassostrea gigas Farming Area on the Taean Peninsula, Korea Dong-Woon Hwang*, In-Seok Lee, Minkyu Choi and Hee-Gu Choi Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-705, Korea We measured the concentrations of various geochemical parameters [grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, As, Zn, and Hg)] in the surface sediments of two intertidal oyster Crassostrea gigas farming areas (Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats) on the Taean Peninsula, Korea, to evaluate the pollution level of organic matter and trace metals in sediment. The intertidal sediments in the study region comprise mostly sand with a mean grain size of 2.5-3.5 Ø. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS, and trace metals in the sediment of two study regions were either similar or lower in oyster farming areas relative to non-farming areas, apparently due to biological uptake or physical and biological sediment reworking. Based on the results for the pollution evaluation of organic matter and trace metals derived from sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factor, and geoaccumulation index, our results suggest that the sediment in these two intertidal oyster farming regions is not polluted by organic matter and trace metals. Key words: Intertidal sediment, Organic matter, Trace metal, Pollution, Taean Peninsula 서론 (Oyster, Crassostrea gigas),,, ( 390,000 ) 72% ( 280,000 ) (http://www.kosis.kr)., (Crassostrea gigas) (Lim et al., 2012).,, (Shim et al., 2009).,, -, 10 m,,,, (Hur et al., 2008; Lim et al., 2012). (filter feeder),, (Lee and Kim, 2000; Kimbrough et al., 2008)., http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2014.1014 Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6) 1014-1025, December 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 14 August 2014; Revised 22 October 2014; Accepted 13 November 2014 *Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51. 720. 2542 Fax: +82. 51. 720. 2515 E-mail address: dwhwang@korea.kr Copyright 2014 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 1014 pissn:0374-8111, eissn:2287-8815
갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1015 (Shim et al., 2009). 1960,, (eutrophication), (red-tide), (hypoxia) (Hwang et al., 2006).,,.,,,, (Shim et al., 2009), (Yang et al., 1995; Lee and Kim, 2000; Noh et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2012; Woo et al., 2013).,,. (microphytobenthos). (Hwang et al., 2001; Ahn et al., 2006).,, (grain size), (ignition loss, IL), (chemical oxygen demand, COD), (acid volatile sulfide, AVS), (Fe), (Mn), (Zn), (Cu), (Cd), (Pb), (Cr), (As), (Hg). 연구해역개요 재료및방법 1990 11 2000 12 - ( 3.0 km) (Fig. 1A)., (beach) (Shin et al., 2004). 4.6 m ( 6.4 m, 2.8 m)., (Lee et al., 2004), 0.2-2.2 m/s (Shin et al., 2004).,. (Fig. 1B).,, (Choi et al., 2013).,.. 4.0 m, 0.4-0.7 m/s, (Lee and Park, 1991). 시료채취및분석 2012 3 21-22 (Iwon dyke) 14 ( 12, 2 ), 9 ( 7, 2 ) (Fig. 1). 1 0-2 cm (high density polyethylene bottle)
1016 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 35 42'N 35 46' 35 50' 35 54' 35 58' 126 05'E 126 10' 126 15' 126 20' 126 25' Fig. 1. The map showing the sampling sites of intertidal sediment in the study region (A: Iwon tidal flat, B: Mongsan tidal flat). (grain size) IL, COD, AVS (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, Hg, As) Hwang et al. (2011). (H 2 O 2 ) (HCl) (CaCO 3 ) 4 Ø (0.0625 mm),,,,,., (mean grain size, Mz) Folk and Ward (1957), Folk (1968). IL, COD (KMnO 4 ), AVS. (Hg) (automatic mercury analyzer, Milestone, DMA-80), (HNO 3 :HF:HClO 4 = 2:2:1) 2% (HNO 3 ) (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer, ELAN DRC-e)., 15-20 (National Research Council Canada, NRCC) (certified reference material). Hg MESS-3 (marine sediment, NRCC), Hg PACS- 2 (marine sediment, NRCC), Fe 116%, Cu 97%, Cd 90%, Pb 96%, Cr 98%, Mn 118%, As 110%, Zn 93%, Hg 99%., COD, AVS, (dry weight),. 퇴적물의미량금속오염평가, (bioassay), (Lee and Lee, 2002). (Loska et al., 1997; Chen et al., 2007; Hyun et al., 2007; Feng et al., 2011; Hwang et al., 2013a, 2013b) (sediment quality guidelines; SQGs), (enrichment factor, EF), (geoaccumulation index, I geo ) 3. (SQGs) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA) ERL (effect range low) (Buchman, 2008) (threshold effects level, TEL) (http://www.mof.go.kr)., EF I geo, (1), (2)., EF (Al), Fe (Hwang et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012),
갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1017 Al Fe (1) EF. EF= (Me/Fe) Observed (1) (Me/Fe) Crust I geo = log 2 C n (2) B n 1.5, (Me/Fe) observed Fe, (Me/Fe) crust Fe. C n, B n (background concentration). Fe,., (Feng et al., 2011), (Chen et al., 2007; Zhang et al, 2009; Hwang and Kim, 2011; Zhu et al., 2011; Jeon et al., 2012) Taylor (1964) Taylor and McLennan (1995) (Fe 3.5%, Mn 600 mg/kg, Zn 71 mg/kg, Cr 35 mg/kg, Pb 20 mg/kg, Cu 25 mg/kg, As 1.5 mg/kg, Cd 0.098 mg/kg, Hg 0.08 mg/kg) Fe. 자료의통계처리., t, (P) 0.05, SPSS 12.0 (SPSS Inc., USA). 퇴적물의조성 결과및고찰,,, + 0.0-0.4% ( 0.02 0.09%), 94.1-97.7% ( 96.4 0.9%), 2.3-5.6% ( 3.6 0.9%), 0.0%, 97.9-99.4% ( 98.6 0.5%), 0.3-1.1% ( 0.7 0.2%) (Table 1). 90%, (P>0.05). + (P<0.05), Mz. Mz 3.0-3.5Ø ( 3.3 0.1Ø) (fine sand) (very fine sand), 2.5-3.0Ø ( 2.8 0.1Ø) (medium sand) (fine sand),.,.,, + Folk (1968) (sedimentary type), I1 [slightly gravelly sand, (g)s], (sand, S), (S). 유기물함량 IL COD 0.90-1.96% ( 1.27 0.30%), 0.33-1.15 mgo 2 /g ( 0.63 0.26 mgo 2 /g) (Table 1). IL IR1 I6, COD I4~I6 1.2% 0.5 mgo 2 /g, IL COD (P>0.05, Fig. 2A). IL COD 0.87-1.13% ( 1.02 0.09%), 0.10-0.70 mgo 2 /g ( 0.33 0.19 mgo 2 /g) (Table 1). IL MR1, COD MR2 M5 1.0% 0.3 mgo 2 /g, IL COD (P>0.05, Fig. 2B). IL COD, (P<0.05, Fig. 3).., (Horowitz, 1991),
1018 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 Table 1. Results of sediment texture, mean grain size (Mz), and the concentrations of ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg) in intertidal sediments of the study regions. Sample Sediment texture (%) Mz IL COD AVS Fe Mn Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr As Hg No Gravel Sand Silt+Clay (Ø) (%) (mgo 2 /g) (mgs/g) (%) (mg/kg) IR1 0.0 95.3 4.7 3.4 1.92 0.78 0.0 2.35 344 5.39 22.6 51.9 0.047 50.2 5.93 0.0044 IR2 0.0 97.4 2.6 3.3 1.20 0.45 0.0 2.50 413 5.05 21.8 61.3 0.027 54.1 6.16 0.0027 I1 0.3 94.1 5.6 3.2 1.21 0.86 0.0 1.63 304 3.69 15.8 36.7 0.045 33.5 4.04 0.0032 I2 0.0 95.7 4.3 3.2 1.26 0.54 0.0 1.55 276 3.39 16.0 34.2 0.032 31.5 3.56 0.0029 I3 0.0 96.2 3.9 3.2 1.13 0.46 0.0 1.58 262 4.17 15.0 34.0 0.036 29.7 4.24 0.0030 I4 0.0 97.6 2.4 3.0 1.20 1.15 0.0 1.73 361 4.12 15.9 42.5 0.044 34.4 4.84 0.0042 I5 0.0 96.1 3.9 3.3 1.25 1.08 0.0 1.44 222 3.36 14.6 29.7 0.019 27.9 3.97 0.0032 I6 0.0 96.4 3.6 3.2 1.96 0.82 0.0 1.63 280 3.36 16.5 34.4 0.049 32.0 4.21 0.0029 I7 0.0 96.3 3.7 3.3 1.20 0.58 0.0 1.75 323 3.63 17.5 40.1 0.028 34.6 4.23 0.0030 I8 0.0 96.9 3.1 3.4 1.16 0.37 0.0 1.54 253 3.23 15.2 34.4 0.033 31.2 3.89 0.0027 I9 0.0 96.2 3.8 3.2 1.12 0.43 0.0 1.77 323 3.55 16.3 40.0 0.036 35.4 3.95 0.0026 I10 0.0 96.3 3.7 3.5 1.16 0.48 0.0 2.12 282 4.44 22.8 48.5 0.028 44.1 4.39 0.0026 I11 0.0 96.9 3.1 3.2 0.90 0.51 0.0 2.43 427 5.06 22.7 65.5 0.033 52.0 5.16 0.0032 I12 0.0 97.7 2.3 3.5 1.12 0.33 0.0 1.19 142 2.37 11.2 25.5 0.015 24.1 1.26 0.0023 MR1 0.0 98.8 1.2 2.9 0.87 0.35 0.0 1.98 430 3.73 13.1 46.0 0.019 34.7 4.84 0.0018 MR2 0.0 98.7 1.3 2.7 1.10 0.70 0.0 1.59 288 3.72 14.2 30.8 0.034 26.4 4.70 0.0020 M1 0.0 98.0 2.0 2.8 1.13 0.36 0.0 1.49 267 3.68 11.8 30.5 0.021 25.2 4.37 0.0023 M2 0.0 98.1 1.9 2.8 1.11 0.21 0.0 1.47 262 3.58 12.6 28.8 0.012 27.1 4.74 0.0021 M3 0.0 98.3 1.7 2.8 1.03 0.15 0.0 1.68 325 4.21 12.6 36.7 0.022 28.2 4.69 0.0022 M4 0.0 99.4 0.6 2.5 0.92 0.22 0.0 1.62 270 3.80 12.4 30.6 0.026 27.3 4.49 0.0019 M5 0.0 99.1 0.9 2.7 0.98 0.10 0.0 1.63 275 3.41 13.1 32.1 0.020 28.9 4.50 0.0016 M6 0.0 98.8 1.2 2.9 1.00 0.49 0.0 1.50 292 3.53 12.4 33.8 0.014 24.8 3.80 0.0017 M7 0.0 98.7 1.3 3.0 1.03 0.42 0.0 1.63 292 3.74 13.2 33.7 0.017 28.5 5.07 0.0019
갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1019 Concentration Concentration 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 No Farm Farm (A) Iwon (B) Mongsan IL COD Fe Cu Cd Pb Cr Mn As Zn Hg Analytical items Fig. 2. Comparison of ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, As, Zn, and Hg) in oyster farming area (farm) and reference area (no farm) around Iwon (A) and Mongsan (B) tidal flats. The concentration units of IL and Fe, COD, and trace metal are %, mgo 2 /g, and mg/kg, respectively. The asterisk mark indicates the significant differences (P<0.05). (Hwang et al., 2010; Hwang and Koh, 2012; Hwang and Kim, 2013). AVS., Jung et al. (2010).., AVS., IL, COD, AVS (Table 2), (Jung et al., 2010), ~ (Hwang et al., 2010), ~ (Hwang et al., 2013b), (Hwang et al., 2011; Hwang and Kim, 2011) (Hwang and Koh, 2012). (Hwang et al., 2010),. 미량금속함량 Fe 1.19-2.50% ( 1.80 0.40%), Cu 2.37-5.39 mg/kg ( 3.92 0.84 mg/kg), Cd 0.015-0.049 mg/kg ( 0.034 0.010 mg/kg), Pb 11.2-22.8 mg/kg ( 17.4 3.6 mg/kg), Cr 24.1-54.1 mg/kg ( 36.8 9.4 mg/kg), Mn 142-427 mg/kg ( 301 74 mg/kg), As 1.26-6.16 mg/kg ( 4.27 1.16 mg/kg), Zn 25.5-65.5 mg/kg ( 41.3 11.6 mg/kg), Hg 0.0023-0.0044 mg/kg ( 0.0031 0.0006 mg/kg) (Table 1), Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > As > Cu > Cd > Hg. Hg 2-3., Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, As, Zn (P<0.05, Fig. 2A). (microphytobenthos) (redeposition) (bioturbation). Fe 1.47-1.98% ( 1.62 0.15%), Cu 3.41-4.21 mg/kg ( 3.71 0.22 mg/kg), Cd 0.012-0.034 mg/kg ( 0.021 0.007 mg/kg), Pb 11.8-14.2 mg/kg ( 12.8 0.7 mg/kg), Cr 24.8-34.7 mg/kg ( 27.9 2.9 mg/kg), Mn 262-430 mg/kg ( 300 52 mg/ kg), As 3.80-5.07 mg/kg ( 4.58 0.36 mg/kg), Zn 28.8-46.0 mg/kg ( 33.7 5.2 mg/kg), Hg 0.0016-0.0023 mg/ kg ( 0.0020 0.0002 mg/kg) (Table 1), Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > As > Cu > Cd > Hg.,, Pb
1020 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 (P>0.05, Fig. 2B). (resuspension) (reworking). Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Hg (P<0.05, Fig. 3). (Cho et al., 2001; Shin et al., 2002; Hwang et al., 2010)..,.,,., (Table 2), Concentration 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 Mongsan Iwon IL COD Fe Cu Cd Pb Cr Mn As Zn Hg Analytical items Fig. 3. Comparisons of ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, As, Zn, and Hg) in surface sediments of Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats. The concentration units of IL and Fe, COD, and trace metal are %, mgo 2 /g, and mg/kg, respectively. The asterisk mark indicates the significant differences (P<0.05). Table 2. The mean grain size (Mz) and the average of ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, As, and Hg) in intertidal sediments from the western coast of Korea Metal (%) Metals (mg/kg) Reference Fe Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr Mn As Hg AVS (mgs/g) COD (mgo 2 /g) IL (%) Mz (Ø) Region Saemanguem (inner part) - 2.2 3.5 0.75 2.7 21 26 85-47 610 - - Kim et al. (2003) Byeonsan peninsula 2.8 1.4 3.9 ND 1 - - - - - - - - - Jung et al. (2010) Julpo bay 7.1 - - - 2.8 15 19 84 0.10 52 494 11.3 - Kim et al. (2008) Yeonggwang-Muan coast 5.5 2.9 8.5 ND 2.3 10 25 70 0.05 51 448 5.6 0.012 Hwang et al. (2010) Hampyeong Bay 5.6 4.5 8.1 0.01 - - - - - - - - - Hwang and Koh (2012) Aphae island 6.9 3.9 7.4 0.04 2.8 13 22 84 0.06 63 476 7.1 0.009 Hwang et al. (2011) Mokpo-Wando coast 3.2 - - - 2.6 22 33 66-51 600 - - Shin et al. (2002) Coastal islands of Shinan 5.3 3.2 5.8 0.05 2.2 11 24 74 0.06 58 416 5.1 0.007 Hwang and Kim (2011) Mokpo-Haenam coast 6.7 5.4 11.9 0.03 3.5 13 24 74 0.06 58 669 5.8 0.013 Hwang et al. (2013b) Taean coast (Iwon and Mongsan) 3.1 1.2 0.5 ND 1.7 4 16 38 0.03 33 301 4.4 0.003 This study 1 ND, Not detected.
갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1021 ~ (Shin et al., 2002) (Kim et al., 2008) (Kim et al., 2003), ~ (Hwang et al., 2010), ~ (Hwang et al., 2013b), (Hwang et al., 2011; Hwang and Kim, 2011) 1/2., (Kim et al., 2008; Hwang and Kim, 2011; Hwang et al., 2013b).,. 유기물및미량금속오염현황 IL, COD, AVS (total organic carbon, TOC), (total nitrogen, TN), (total phosphorus, TP).,., (Yoon, 2003; Hyun et al., 2003; Noh et al., 2006; Hwang et al., 2010; Hwang and Koh, 2012) COD AVS. COD 20 mgo 2 /g, AVS 0.2 mgs/g (Yokoyama, 2000). COD AVS, 20.,,. (sediment quality guidelines; SQGs), (enrichment factor, EF), (geoaccumulation index, I geo )., SQGs NOAA ERM (effect range median) PEL (probable effects level) (Hwang et al., 2006) ERL TEL,. ERL NOAA, Al, Fe 9 (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Hg, Ag). (Ni) (Ag) ERL Cu 34 mg/kg, Pb 46.7 mg/kg, Zn 150 mg/kg, Cd 1.2 mg/kg, Cr 81 mg/kg, As 8.2 mg/kg, Hg 0.15 mg/kg., ERL (Fig. 4).., ( 2013-186 ) NOAA Ag 8, Ni TEL Cu 20.6 mg/kg, Pb 44.0 mg/kg, Zn 68.4 mg/kg, Cd 0.75 mg/ kg, Cr 116 mg/kg, As 14.5 mg/kg, Hg 0.11 mg/kg. Cu Zn Li., Li Cu Zn., Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg. TEL (Fig. 4) EF Al, Fe, Li., 1.5, (Zhang and Liu, 2002; Hyun et al., 2007).,., Birth (2003) EF 7, (1) EF Table 3. Cu Hg EF 1 (no enrichment), Cd (I1 I6), EF 1 (no enrichment). Mn EF 0.7-1.3, (I1, I2, I4, I6, I7, I9, I11) 1 EF (no enrichment)
1022 황동운ㆍ이인석ㆍ최민규ㆍ최희구 Fig. 4. The concentrations of trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg) with each station in intertidal sediments of the study regions. The solid and dotted lines represent the values of effect range low (ERL) in United States and threshold effects level (TEL) in Korea as the sediment quality guidelines for evaluating the trace metal pollution in sediment, respectively., (M4 M5) EF 1 (minor enrichment). Zn, (MR2, M2, M4, M5) EF 1.0-1.5, Pb Cr EF 1.1-1.9 1.6-2.2 (minor enrichment)., As (I10~I12) EF 5.1-6.6, EF 5.6-7.6 (moderately severe enrichment). I geo, Müller (1979), EF 7 (Müller, 1981). (2) I geo Table 4. Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cr (IR2 I11) I geo class 0 (practically unpolluted)., As EF I12 Table 3. Classification of enrichment factor (Birth, 2003) and the number of EF for the ratios of trace metals relative to Fe in surface sediment of Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats and in earth crust reported by Taylor (1964) and Taylor and McLennan (1995) EF range Designation of sediment quality Number of EF Mn Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr As Hg > 50 Extremely severe enrichment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25-50 Very severe enrichment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10-25 Severe enrichment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5-10 Moderately severe enrichment 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 3-5 Moderate enrichment 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1-3 Minor enrichment 14 0 23 19 2 23 1 0 < 1 No enrichment 9 23 0 4 21 0 0 23 Average of EF 1.01 0.31 1.58 1.08 0.60 1.91 5.94 0.07
갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1023 Table 4. Classification of geoaccumulation index (Müller, 1981) and the number of I geo for the metal concentrations in intertidal sediment of Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats I geo range I geo class Designation of sediment quality Number of I geo Fe Mn Cu Pb Zn Cd Cr As Hg > 5 6 Very strongly polluted 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4-5 5 Strongly/very strongly polluted 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3-4 4 Strongly polluted 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2-3 3 Moderately/strongly polluted 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1-2 2 Moderately polluted 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0-1 1 Practically unpolluted/moderately polluted 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 < 0 0 Practically unpolluted 23 23 23 23 23 23 19 1 23 I geo class 0, I4, I10, I11 0.7-0.9 I geo class 1, 1.0-1.5 I geo class 2, (moderately polluted), M6 1.0-1.2 I geo class 2,., As (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg). As (Hwang et al., 2013a).,. 사사. (RP-2014-ME-038). References Ahn IY, Ji J, Choi H, Pyo SH, Park H and Choi JW. 2006. Spatial variations of heavy metal accumulation in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from some selected intertidal flat of Korea. Ocean Polar Res 28, 215-224. Birth G. 2003. A scheme for assessing human impacts on coastal aquatic environments using sediments. In: Proceedings of Coastal GIS 2003. Woodcoffe CD and Fumess RA, eds. Wollongong University Papers in Center for Maritime Policy, Australia, 14. Buchman MF. 2008. NOAA screening quick reference tables, NOAA OR&R Report 08-1, Seattle WA, Office of response and restoration division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 34. Chen CW, Kao CM, Chen CF and Dong CD. 2007. Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere 66, 1431-1440. Choi YS, Park KJ, Yoon SP, Chung SO, An KH and Song JH. 2013. The geochemical characteristics and environmental factors on the marine shellfish farm in Namhae-po tidal flat of Taean. Korean J Malacol 29, 51-63. Feng H, Jiang H, Gao W, Weinstein MP, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Yu L, Yuan D and Tao J. 2011. Metal contamination in sediments of the western Bohai Bay and adjacent estuaries, China. J Environ Manage 92, 1185-1197. Folk RL. 1968. Petrology of sedimentary rock, Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin TX, U.S.A., pp. 170. Folk RL and Ward WC. 1957. Brazos river bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters. J Sed Petol 27, 3-26. Horowitz AJ. 1991. A primer on sediment trace element chemistry. 2 nd Ed Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea MI, USA, 136. Hur YB, Min KS, Kim TE, Lee SJ and Hur SB. 2008. Larvae growth and biochemical composition change of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, larvae during artificial seed production. J Aquacul 21, 203-212. Hwang DW, Jin HG, Kim SS, Kim JD, Park JS and Kim SG. 2006. Distribution of organic matters and metallic elements in the surface sediments of Masan harbor, Korea. J Kor Fish Soc 39, 106-117. Hwang DW and Kim PJ. 2013. Evaluation of organic matter and trace metal contaminations of intertidal sediments from coastal islands in the southern region of Jelloanam Province. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 46, 626-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/
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