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cdna Microarray Experiment: Design Issues in Early Stage and the Need of Normalization Byung Soo Kim, Ph.D. 1, Sunho Lee, Ph.D. 2, Sun Young Rha, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 and Hyun Cheol Chung, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 1 Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea; 2 Department of Applied Mathematics, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea; 3 Cancer Metastasis Research Center, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea; 4 Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea Purpose: The cdna microarray has become a useful tool for observing the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. However, obtaining good quality microarray data is not easy due to the inherent noise at various stages of the experiment. Therefore, it is essential to understand the source of the variation in the microarray experiment and its size as an initial step of the data analyses. Materials and Methods: The total RNA extracted from HT-1080 fibrosarcoma and normal rat tissues were hybridized to the cdna microarrays with 0.5 K human and 5 K rat genes, respectively. A homotypic reaction and dye swap experiments were used to identify the sources of the variation. Results: The relative fluorescent intensities of the microarray, if unnormalized, have a large variation, particularly in the lower intensity region. The distribution of the log intensity ratios also exhibit some departure from a band around zero, which is the distribution pattern expected when the majority of genes in the microarray are not regulated. Normalization of the log ratios is usually required as a means of preprocessing the data. We claim that a within-print tip group, an intensity-dependent normalization through a loess fit adjustment will be useful for this purpose, particularly in the initial stages of the microarray experiment. Conclusion: For proper data analysis, an understanding the source of the variation and preprocessing of data with a suitable normalization method will be important. It is important to have an interactive cooperation between a researcher and a statistician from the early stages of the study design and to the final stages of data analysis. (Cancer Research and Treatment 2003;35:533-540) Key Words: cdna microarray, Homotypic experiment

Byung Soo Kim, et al Variations of cdna Microarray and Adequate Normalization Method 539 Fig. 6. M-A plots of 5 K rat cdna microarray. (A). Black and orange circles denote M values before and after within-print tip group intensity-dependent normalizations. (B) and (C) represent box plots of M values with respect to 16 print tips before and after within-print tip group intensity-dependent normalizations. We may note in (B) that print tips corresponding to 4, 8, 12 and 16 yield lower M values relative to the other print tips. These four blocks are located at right edges of the array and thus this effect is referred to as the edge effect, a special type of the spacial effect. ์œ„์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด(δ), ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ (α), ์ œ2์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ (β), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด์— ์ ์ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜ ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ทธ cdna ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ „์ˆ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ๊ณผ์ •๋งˆ๋‹ค ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์šฐ์„  ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ n์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค(16,20,21). ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ ์„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ • cdna ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ณ , ๋งค ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์žฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์ •์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง„ํ–‰ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ตํ™˜์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€๋™์›๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค ๋ณต์ œ๊ด€์ฐฐ์น˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋Š ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„ ์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1 1 ์ƒ๋™ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ณต์ œ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง ๋ฏธํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ณธํฌ๊ธฐ n์€ ๊ฒ€ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„