최종보고서 수질및수생태계 우선관리대상항목선정연구 연구기관 : 건국대학교

Transcription

1 최종보고서 수질및수생태계 우선관리대상항목선정연구 연구기관 : 건국대학교

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3 제출문 국립환경과학원장귀하 본보고서를 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선 정연구 의최종보고서로제출합니다. 200 년 2 월 건국대학교산학협력단장

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5 연구진 연구직책 성명 참여분야 연구책임자 안윤주 ( 건국대학교 ) 연구총괄 공동연구원 정승우 ( 군산대학교 ) 수질오염관련법규 남선화 ( 건국대학교 ) 우선관리대상항목도출 이우미 ( 건국대학교 ) 우선관리대상항목도출 김신웅 ( 건국대학교 ) 우선순위기법확립 연구보조원 신유진 ( 건국대학교 ) 평가인자분석곽진일 ( 건국대학교 ) 평가인자분석 양창용 (( 주 ) 켐토피아 ) 자료수집 허정현 ( 군산대학교 ) 수질환경기준현황분석 문대일 ( 군산대학교 ) 수질환경기준현황분석 보조원 윤성지 ( 건국대학교 ) 자료수집 자문위원 ( 가나다순 ) () () () () () () () (())

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7 요약문, -, , ~2009 I, II, III (III)' , 4, 5 5, 7 9, (Chemical Ranking and Scoring system, CRS), I -

8 -. -,,. 2 (CRS) - ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)/EPA (Environment Protection Agency) NPL (National Priority List) 00 NPL,,. - SCRAM (Scoring and Ranking Assessment Model),,,. - CHEMS- (Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management Strategies), TRI (Toxics Release Inventory),,,. - EURAM (European Union Risk Ranking Method) HPVCs (High production volume chemicals, 000 ), IUCLID (International Uniform Chemical Information Database). - ARET (Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics) 0 PBTs (Persistent/Bioaccumulative/Toxic substances) 87,,,. - II -

9 - (, 200) (),, (),,,, 0. - ; CRS-Korea(, 200),, (, 2006),, (, 2007) CROSS(Chemical Ranking of Soil Pollution Substances), 220,,. - (, 2008) PBTs(),,, 8, 0, 0, 65 0 Food_CRS system. - (, 2009) CROWN (Chemical Ranking Of groundwater pollutant),,,,, 97. (,,,,, ) - CRS,,.,,,, /, SCRAM CROSS. /, /,,, - III -

10 ,, CROSS CROWN,,. CRS SCRAM CHEMS- EURAM ARET CRS-Korea () (4.5) (00) (200) (70) (200) CROSS (00) CROWN (50/20) ( ) + :.5: < : - : : : -5, , a b ( () ) () 2-0 () c c , 5 d , 5 d ( ) a. Release weighting factor. b. c. d. AF ' ' - CRS,,,, CRAFT (Chemical RAnking of surfacewater pollutants). CROSS CROWN. CROSS CROWN,. - IV -

11 ,.,,,,,. t/2 in Kow water(days) (kg/year) (kg/year) (ton/year) 5 >00,000 5 >00 0 >,000,000 0 > >,000,000 4 >0, ,000 4 > >00,000-,000,000 8 > > 00,000-8,000,000 >,000 > ,000 >0, ,000 > > 0,000 00,000-2 >00-,000 2 > >,000- > , >,000-0, ,000 ' ' CROWN - V -

12 oral LD50 () oral inhalation inhal. LC50 R-phrase IARC IRIS N(L)OAEL N(L)OAEL * R2, 26 A 5 有 R >5-50 >5-50 R28 >- 0 >- 0 2A B, B2 4 有 R > >50-, >0-00 >0-00 2B C 有 R >500-5,000 >,500-5,000 - >00-, 000 >00-, 000 D 2 有 >5,000 >5,000 - >,000 >,000 4 E 有 * Endocrine effects, (),,, ' ' CROWN (L(E)C50; mg/l) () (NOEC; mg/l),,, > - 0 > 0. - > 0-00 > 0-00 > - 0 > 00-,000 2 > 00 -,000 > 0-00 >,000-5,000 >,000 > 00 > 5,000 ' ' CROWN *,,, 有 4 4 有 有 有 有 2 2 有 有 * ' ' CROWN - VI -

13 ~ 5 ~ ' ' CROWN () * * (standard), (guideline), (criteria), ' ' CROWN - VII -

14 ,,, - ( 275, 20, 25, 25, 9, / 256, ( - : (IARC),, 2005) (WWF) - 06( - : ( (,, 200) /),, 275, 2006) - 0+5(, - : 200) (, 200;, 2008) - () () () - -,,, WHO -, () (IRIS) / (, 200) (USEPA, 2009) (CCME, 2007) / trigger values (ANZECC and ARMCANZ, 2000) / (, - 28, 4, 2006) VIII -

15 - 440, - IRIS ,,,,,. EPIWIN EPIWIN HSDB, ESIS () IRIS IARC, IRIS ESIS, WWF ECOTOX, EPIWIN () ECOTOX, EPIWIN,,, /, ESIS 4 ( , ) - IX -

16 IRIS No. CAS No. No. CAS No.,,-Trichloroethan Atrazine ,,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Barium ,,2-Trichloroethane Benomyl ,-Dichloroethylene Benzidine ,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene Benzo(a)pyrene ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Benzyl chloride ,2-Dichlorobenzene Beryllium ,2-Dichloroethan Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether ,2-Diphenylhydrazine Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate ,2-Trans-dichloroethylene Boron ,,5-Trinitrobenzene Bromoform ,-Dichloropropene Bromoxynil ,-Dinitrobenzene Butyl benzyl phthalate ,4-Dioxane Captan ,,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol Carbaryl ,-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofur yl[(dibutylamino)thio]methylcarbamate Carbofuran ,4,5-Trichlorophenol Carbon disulfide ,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid Chlorite ,4,6-Trichlorophenol Chlorobenzene ,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Chlorodibromomethane ,4-Dichlorophenol Chlorothalonil ,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Chlorpyrifos ,4-Dimethylphenol Copper ,4-Dinitrophenol Cumene ,4-Dinitrotoluene Cyclohexylamine Chloronaphthalene Cypermethrin Chlorophenol DDE Propen--ol DDT Propyn--ol Decabromodiphenyloxide ,'-Dichlorobenzidine Demeton ,4'-Bisphenol A Dicamba Acenaphthene Dichlorobromomethane Acephate Dichlorvos Acrolein Dieldrin Acrylamide Diethyl phthalate Acrylonitrile Dimethoate Alachlor Di-n-butyl phthalate Aldicarb Dinoseb Aldrin Diquat Aniline Diuron Anthracene Endosulfan Argentum Endrin X -

17 No. CAS No. No. CAS No. 85 Epichlorohydrin Molybdenum Ethylbenzene Nickel Ethylacetate Nitrate Ethyl paranitrophenyl phenyl phosphorothioate (EPN) Nitrite Ethyleneglycol Nitrobenzene Ethylene thiourea N-nitrosodimethylamine Fenvalerate N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine Fluoranthene N-nitrosodiphenylamine Fluorene Paraquat Furfural Pendimethalin Glyphosate Pentachlorobenzene Heptachlor Pentachlorophenol Heptachlor epoxide Perchlorate Hexachlorobenzene Permethrin Hexachlorobutadiene Phenol Hexachlorocyclohexane Picloram Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Propylene oxide Hexachloroethane Pyrene Hexahydro-,,5-trinitro-,,5-triazin e Quinoline Hexazinone Selenium Imazethapyr Sethoxydim Iron Simazine Lindane Sodiumazide Linuron Styrene Malathion Tebuthiuron Manganese Thiobencarb MCPA(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacet ic acid; 2-methyl-4-chloro Thiophanate methyl phenoxy acetic acid) 2 Methanol Thirame Methidathion Toluene Methomyl Toxaphene Methoxychlor Triallate Methyl bromide Tributyltin oxide Methyl ethyl ketone Triflualin Methylmercury Vinclozoline Metolachlor Vinyl chloride Metribuzin Xylenes Metsulfuron Zinc Mirex Molinate α-cyano--phenoxybenzyl-(2-chlor o-,,-trifluoroprop--enyl)-2,2-dim ethylcyclopropanecarboxylate - XI -

18 - CRAFT (Chemical RAnking of surfacewater pollutants),,,,,. - XII -

19 , 5. - (Probabilistic ecological risk assessment, PERA) 46, 46. -, 5, (PERA), (ND) (DL/2), 90%. - 5, Hexachlorobenzene, Acrylonitrile, Propylene oxide, Pentachlorophenol. - 46, Iron, Endosulfan, Copper, Methomyl, carbofuran, Pyrene, Endrin, Methoxychlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Zinc XIII -

20 5 CRS DB - CRS. -, 4, 6,. - XIV -

21 - (. SF, BW, DI, FI, BCF),. - PERA SEM, SEM_ACR, AFM,. - XV -

22 6 (,, ) CRS - CRS 6 58 CRAFT. 0%, CRAFT 8. - XVI -

23 CAS No. (90) Hexachlorobenzene* (POPs) 4.76E E Acrylonitrile E Propylene oxide E E Pentachlorophenol E+00.E Zinc E Toluene E ,4-Dinitrotoluene E Selenium E Endrin (POPs) 2.5E ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene E Phenol E ,4-Dichlorophenol E Benzo(a)pyrene PAHs.66E ,2-Dichloroethan E Pyrene PAHs 2.44E Endosulfan* E Ethylbenzene E Styrene E Di-n-butyl phthalate E Atrazine* E Simazine* E Diethyl phthalate E ,2-Dichlorobenzene E Chlorobenzene E Hexachloroethane E E Triflualin* E-04.E Aniline* E Methomyl E Alachlor* E Dichlorobromomethane E E Methoxychlor E Carbofuran E Butyl benzyl phthalate E ,2-Trans-dichloroethylene E ,,-Trichloroethan E Nitrobenzene E Methyl ethyl ketone E Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate E-0.28E * , - XVII -

24 CRS - CRS 6 49 CRAFT. 0%, CRAFT 5. - XVIII -

25 CAS No. ( μg /L) (80) Iron E E Endosulfan E E Copper E+0.46E Methomyl E E Carbofuran E+0.0E Pyrene PAHs.79E+0 2.6E Endrin (POPs).7E+0.50E Methoxychlor E+00.00E Hexachlorobenzene (POPs).78E+00.E Zinc E+00.6E Toluene E-0 5.7E Pentachlorophenol E E Phenol E-04.66E ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene E-0 6.9E ,4-Dichlorophenol E E Selenium E-0 6.7E Di-n-butyl phthalate E E Benzo(a)pyrene PAHs.00E E Ethylbenzene E E Triflualin E E Styrene E E ,2-Dichlorobenzene E-0.99E Simazine E-04.09E ,4-Dinitrotoluene E-02.0E Hexachloroethane E E Diethyl phthalate E E Chlorobenzene E-0.46E Atrazine E E Aniline E-0 4.9E Butyl benzyl phthalate E E+0.5 Alachlor E E Nitrobenzene E E ,,-Trichloroethan E-0.0E ,2-Trans-dichloroethylene E E Methyl ethyl ketone E E XIX -

26 CRS - CRS CRAFT. 0 kg/year 22, (, 2009) () CRAFT XX -

27 CAS No. (kg/year) (00) Nickel E+0.88E Toluene E+02.98E Copper E+0 6.7E ,4-Dinitrotoluene *** *** Phenol E E ,4-Dichlorophenol *** *** Styrene E+0 2.5E Endosulfan E E Ethylbenzene E E ,2-Dichloroethan E E Aniline E E Xylenes E+02 8.E Acrylonitrile E E Methanol E+04.0E Chlorothalonil E E Molinate E+00.00E Dimethoate E+00.02E Dichlorobromomethane *** *** Diquat E+00.40E Dichlorvos E E Propylene oxide E E Nitrobenzene E+00.60E ,4'-Bisphenol A E E Decabromodiphenyloxide E+00.5E Ethylacetate E+02.4E Propyn--ol E+00.90E Epichlorohydrin E+00.0E Ethyl paranitrophenyl 28 phenyl phosphorothioate E+00.48E+02.5 (EPN) 29 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate E+00.88E Vinyl chloride E E+0.5 Paraquat E+00.08E Methidathion E+00.4E+02.0 Benzyl chloride E+00.4E Cyclohexylamine E+00.06E Propen--ol E+00.5E Carbon disulfide E E Acrylamide E E Chlorite E E Benomyl E+00.50E Hexahydro-,,5-trinitro -,,5-triazine E+00.00E Methyl ethyl ketone E+00.9E ,4-Dioxane E+00.7E * , 7, 8 ** , *** (, 2009) - XXI -

28 -,,. Endosulfan, Endrin, Pentachlorophenol, Triflualin -,,,. PAHs Benzo(a)pyrene, Pyrene Selenium, Zinc Alachlor, Atrazine, Carbofuran, Hexachlorobenzene*, Methomyl, Methoxychlor, Simazine Ethylbenzene, Nitrobenzene, Phenol, Styrene, Toluene,,-Trichloroethan,,2,4-Trichlorobenzene,,2-Dichlorobenzene,,2-Dichloroethan,,2-Trans-dichloroethylene, Chlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Acrylonitrile, Aniline, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, Butyl benzyl phthalate, Dichlorobromomethane, Diethyl phthalate, Di-n-butyl phthalate, Hexachloroethane, Methyl ethyl ketone, Propylene oxide * , - XXII -

29 PAHs Benzo(a)pyrene, Pyrene Copper, Iron, Selenium, Zinc Alachlor, Atrazine, Carbofuran, Hexachlorobenzene*, Methomyl, Methoxychlor, Simazine Ethylbenzene, Nitrobenzene, Phenol, Styrene, Toluene,,-Trichloroethan,,2,4-Trichlorobenzene,,2-Dichlorobenzene,,2-Trans-dichloroethylene, Chlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, Aniline, Butyl benzyl phthalate, Diethyl phthalate, Di-n-butyl phthalate, Hexachloroethane, Methyl ethyl ketone * , Copper, Nickel Benomyl, Dichlorvos, Diquat, Ethyl paranitrophenyl phenyl phosphorothioate (EPN), Molinate Ethylbenzene, Nitrobenzene*, Phenol, Styrene*, Toluene, Xylenes,2-Dichloroethan, Vinyl chloride*,4-dioxane, 2,4-Dichlorophenol*, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene*, 2-Propen--ol, 2-Propyn--ol, 4,4'-Bisphenol A, Acrylamide*, Acrylonitrile*, Aniline**, Benzyl chloride, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, Carbon disulfide, Chlorite, Chlorothalonil, Cyclohexylamine, Decabromodiphenyloxide, Dichlorobromomethane*, Epichlorohydrin, Ethylacetate, Hexahydro-,,5-trinitro-,,5-triazine, Methanol, Methidathion, Methyl ethyl ketone, Propylene oxide * , ** ,,. (. Acrylonitrile, Propylene oxide, Pentachlorophenol). (. ),.. - XXIII -

30 목차., (CRS) 7 2. (,,,,, ) ,,, i -

31 5 96. CRS DB (,, ) 5 7. CRS CRS 78. CRS ii -

32 표목차. SCRAM 9 2. SCRAM 9. SCRAM 9 4. SCRAM 0 5. SCRAM () 0 6. SCRAM () 0 7. SCRAM () 8. SCRAM 2 9. CHEMS CHEMS- 5. CHEMS CHEMS- 5. CHEMS- (THV) 6 4. CHEMS- -(RWF) 6 5. CHEMS- (whv) 6 6. EURAM 8 7. EURAM (EEFV) 8 8. EURAM (HEXV) 8 9. EURAM (HS) EURAM (HEF) 9 2. ARET MOEE ARET MOEE CRS CRS CRS () CRS 27. CRS 2 - iii -

33 28. CRS 29. CRS () 4 0. CRS 5. CRS 6 2. CRS 7. CRAFT CRAFT EU R-phrases (WWF) 4 7. EU R-phrases 4 8. CRAFT 4 9. CRAFT CRAFT CRAFT DB DB iv -

34 v -

35 그림목차 ATSDR/EPA 8 4. SCRAM 5. CHEMS EURAM ARET 2 8. CRS-korea CROSS CROWN 26. CRAFT PERA CRS DB CRS,,, vi -

36 부표목차. (,, 2006) 2. (, 200) 2. (, 200) 4. 2 (, 2008) 5. (USEPA, 2009) 6. (CCME, 2007) 4 7. / trigger values CRAFT 6 0. CRAFT DB - (////) 6. CRAFT DB - (//()/) 2 2. CRAFT DB - (/()) 9 2. CRAFT DB - (///) 4 4. CRAFT DB - () 9 5. CRAFT DB - () CRAFT DB - () CRAFT CRAFT 6 ( - ) CRAFT 6 ( - ) CRAFT 6 ( - ) 7 2. CRAFT 6 ( - ) CRAFT 6 ( - ) CRAFT 6 ( - ) 82 - vii -

37 ( ) 9 6. ( ) ( ) 4 8. ( ) 4 9. ( ) ( ) 47 - viii -

38 제 장서론 제 장서론., 4, 400 (, 2009).,.,,,.,,2-,,,, 6, 2009, 2 (, 2008c). 2000,. 200,

39 2 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구,,,, (III)',,,, 275, 28 5 (.,,2-,,,,,, ). 2007~2009 (,2,), (III)' ~2009 (,2,,4,5,6) (7,8),,.,. 2007~2009 I, II, III (III)' , 4, 5 5, 7 9,..,. ( ), ( 00 0 ),

40 제 장서론.,,,,. (Chemical Ranking and Scoring system, CRS),.,. CRS (,, ).

41 4 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 2...,,.

42 제 장서론 5... (CRS). (,,,,, ). 2..,,,......

43 6 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 4.. CRS DB.. 5. (,, ). CRS. CRS. CRS.

44 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 7 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립. (CRS). CRS () ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)/EPA (Environment Protection Agency) ATSDR EPA CERCLA(42 U.S.C [i][2], 04(i)(2) of CERCLA) NPL (National Priority List) , NPL,,. NPL (Reportable Quantity, RQ), RQ /(Toxicity/Environmental score, TES). RQ Federal Register (54FR 5988, August 0, 989),,,,, 0, 00, 000, 5000, TES RQ. RQ TES

45 8 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 (2) SCRAM (Scoring and Ranking Assessment Model) SCRAM (Chemical and Scoring Ranking Assessment Model),,,. BAF (Bioaccumulation Factors), BCF (Bioconcentration Factors), K ow (Octanol/water partition coefficient), BAF, BCF -5, 0-5 ( ). / -5, ( 2 ). 2,, 4, 5 ().,,,, 5 L(E)D50,,,, 5 L(E)C50-5, 5, ( -4 ). (),,,, 5 () NO(A)EL, NO(A)EL,,,,, 5 ()

46 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 9 NO(A)EC, LO(A)EC, MATC,,,,, 5 () NO(A)EL, NO(A)EL, ED0-5, 4( ), ( 5-7 ). 8. BAF, BCF, Kow BAF > 00,000 5 BAF 0 BCF > 0,000 to 00,000 4 BCF Kow >,000 to 0,000 Kow 2 BAF > 00 to,000 2 BAF 4 BCF 00 BCF 5 Snyder et al., SCRAM: A scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the north american great lakes. Environ. sci. & Pollut. Res. vol 7 > 00 > 00 > 00 > 00 > ~00 50~00 50~00 50~00 50~ ~50 20~50 20~50 20~50 20~50 4~20 4~20 4~20 4~20 4~20 2 < 4 < 4 < 4 < 4 < 4 2 Snyder et al., SCRAM: A scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the north american great lakes. Environ. sci. & Pollut. Res. vol 7 ED50 LD50 ( mg /l) ED50 LD50 ( mg /l) ED50 LD50 ( mg /l) ED50 LD50 ( mg /l) ED50 LD50 ( mg /l) 5 > ~0 > ~0 > ~0 > ~0 > ~0 4 0 > 0~00 > 0~00 > 0~00 > 0~00 > 0~00 >00~,000 >00~,000 >00~,000 >00~,000 >00~,000 2 >,000 >,000 >,000 >,000 >,000 Snyder et al., SCRAM: A scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the north american great lakes. Environ. sci. & Pollut. Res. vol 7

47 0 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 ED50 LD50 ( kg /ha or lb/acre) Oral ED50 LD50 ( mg / kg /day) Oral ED50 LD50 ( mg / kg /day) Oral ED50 LD50 ( mg / kg /day) ED50 LD50 ( mg / kg /day) > 0.~ > 5~50 > 5~50 > 5~50 > 5~ > ~0 > 50~500 > 50~500 > 50~500 > 50~500 >0~00 >500~5,000 >500~5,000 >500~5,000 >500~5,000 2 > 00 > 5,000 > 5,000 > 5,000 > 5,000 Snyder et al., SCRAM: A scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the north american great lakes. Environ. sci. & Pollut. Res. vol 7 MACT, NOEC MACT, NOEC MACT, NOEC MACT, NOEC MACT, NOEC LOEC LOEC LOEC LOEC LOEC ( mg /l) ( mg /l) ( mg /l) ( mg /l) ( mg /l) > 0.~ > 0.~ > 0.~ > 0.~ > 0~00 4 > ~0 > ~0 > ~0 > ~0 > 00~,000 >0~00 >0~00 >0~00 >0~00 >,000~5,000 2 > 00 > 00 > 00 > 00 > 5,000 Snyder et al., SCRAM: A scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the north american great lakes. Environ. sci. & Pollut. Res. vol 7 LO(A)EL NO(A)EL ( kg /ha or lb/acre) LO(A)EL ( mg / kg /d) 90d LO(A)EL NO(A)EL ( mg / kg /d) ( mg / kg /d) 90d LO(A)EL NO(A)EL ( mg / kg /d) ( mg / kg /d) 90d NO(A)EL ( mg / kg /d) LO(A)EL NO(A)EL ( mg / kg ) >0.~ >0~00 >~0 >0~00 >~0 >0~00 >~0 >0~00 4 >~0 >00~,0 >0~00 >00~,0 >0~00 >00~,0 >0~00 >00~, >0~00 >,000~5 >00~,0 >,000~5 >00~,0 >,000~5 >00~,0 >,000~5,000 00,000 00,000 00,000 2 >00 >5,000 >,000 >5,000 >,000 >5,000 >,000 >5,000 Snyder et al., SCRAM: A scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the north american great lakes. Environ. sci. & Pollut. Res. vol 7

48 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 NO(A)EL NO(A)EL NO(A)EL WOE LO(A)EL LO(A)EL LO(A)EL (mg/kg/d) (mg/kg/d (mg/kg/d) (mg/kg/d (mg/kg/d) (mg/kg/d (/ED0) ) ) ) (mg/kg/d) >45 5 >0~00 >~0 >0~00 >~0 >0~00 >~0 >5~45 4 >00~,00 0 >0~00 >00~,00 0 >0~00 >00~,00 0 >0~00 >5~5 0 >,000~5,0 >00~,0 >,000~5,0 >00~,0 >,000~5,0 >00~, >.5~5 2 >5,000 >,000 >5,000 >,000 >5,000 >,000.5 Mutagenic Behavioral Effects Immune System Endocrine Effects Effects Positive germ line Severe-irreversible Severe-irreversible - 5 Possible germ line Severe-reversible or Severe-reversible or Moderate-irreversible Moderate-irreversible - 4 Positive somatic line Moderate-reversible Moderate-reversible High potential Possible somatic line Slight effects Slight effects Moderate potential 2 No known effects No known effects No known effects Low potential Snyder et al., SCRAM: A scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the north american great lakes. Environ. sci. & Pollut. Res. vol 7

49 2 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 2, 4, 5 F comp,a = Final composite score for acute toxicity F chem,a = Final chemical score for acute toxicity F unc,a = Final uncertainty score for acute toxicity B chem = Bioaccumulation chemical score P chem = Persistence chemical score AA chem = Chemical score for acute aquatic toxicity AT chem = Chemical score for acute terrestrial toxicity AA unc = Uncertainty score for acute aquatic toxicity AT unc = Uncertainty score for acute terrestrial toxicity F comp,c = Final composite score for chronic toxicity F chem,c = Final chemical score for chronic toxicity F unc,c = Final uncertainty score for chronic toxicity CA chem = Chemical score for subchronic/chronic aquatic toxicity CT chem = Chemical score for subchronic/chronic terrestrial toxicity CH chem = Chemical score for subchronic/chronic human toxicity CA unc = Uncertainty score for subchronic/chronic aquatic toxicity CT unc = Uncertainty score for subchronic/chronic terrestrial toxicity CH unc = Uncertainty score for subchronic/chronic human toxicity Snyder et al., SCRAM: A scoring and ranking system for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances for the north american great lakes. Environ. sci. & Pollut. Res. vol 7

50 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 () CHEMS- (Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management Strategies) CHEMS- (Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management Strategies) screening tool, TRI (Toxics Release Inventory).,, (Hazard value, HV), -(Release-weighting factor, RWF). (LD50) (LC50), (,,, ). LD50, LC (Structure Activity Relationships, SARs). EPA IARC. EPA IARC HV, IARC EPA EPA group D IARC. (,,, ) HV ( 9-0 ).

51 4 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 (Lowest Observed Effect Level, LOEL). HV(HV MAM ). (HV FA ) log K ow 6 HV 0 ( ). TRI ( ) ( BCF). (Biochemical oxygen demand, BOD) (hydrolysis). BOD hydrolysis , 4, ( 2 ). (Total hazard value, THV) 0 20( 0), 0 5, , ( ). HV - (Release-weighted hazard values, whv). RWF whv ( 4-5 ). HV oral LD50 (Hazard value for acute oral toxicity) HV oral LD50 = (log LD50) for 5 mg/kg<ld mg/kg HV oral LD50 = 0 for LD50>5000 mg/kg HV oral LD50 = 5 for LD50 5 mg/kg HV inhalation LC50 (Hazard value for acute inhalation toxicity) HV inhalation LC50 = (log LC50) for.6 ppm LC ppm HV inhalation LC50 = 0 for LC50>0000 ppm HV inhalation LC50 = 5 for LC50<.6 ppm (Carcinogenicity) - IARC EPA HV - IARC EPA - EPA group D IARC (Other specific effects) -,,,, - flagged endpoint, 0 Swanson et al., 997. A screening method for ranking and scoring chemicals by potential human health and environmental impacts. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 6 no. 2 p. 72-8

52 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 5 IARC EPA Group 4 0 Group E 0 Group 0* Group D 0 NA** NA Group C.5 Group 2B.5 Group B2.5 Group 2A 4.0 Group B 4.0 Group 5.0 Group A 5.0 * EPA EPA ** Swanson et al., 997. A screening method for ranking and scoring chemicals by potential human health and environmental impacts. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 6 no. 2 p HV oral LD50 ( Hazard value for terrestrial effect) HV oral LD50 = (log LD50) for 5 mg/kg<ld mg/kg HV oral LD50 = 0 for LD50>5000 mg/kg HV oral LD50 = 5 for LD50 5 mg/kg HV fish LC50 (Hazard value for acute aquatic toxicity) HV fish LC50 = -.67(log LC50)+5.0 for mg/l LC50<000mg/L HV fish LC50 = 0 for LC mg/l HV fish LC50 = 5 for LC50< mg/l HV fish LOEL (Hazard value for chronic aquatic toxicity) HV fish LOEL =.-.67(log LOEL) for 0. mg/l<noel 00mg/L HV fish LOEL = 0 for NOEL>00 mg/l HV fish LOEL = 5 for NOEL 0. mg/l Swanson et al., 997. A screening method for ranking and scoring chemicals by potential human health and environmental impacts. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 6 no. 2 p HV BOD,hydrolysis (Hazard value for BOD, hydrolysis) HV BOD,HYD = for t /2 4d HV BOD,HYD = 2.5 for t /2 >500d HV BOD,HYD = 0.(ln t /2) for 4d<t /2 500d HV BCF (Hazard value for bioaccumulation) HV BCF = for log BCF.0 HV BCF = 2.5 for log BCF >4.0 HV BCF = 0.5(log BCF) for.0 <log BCF 4.0 Swanson et al., 997. A screening method for ranking and scoring chemicals by potential human health and environmental impacts. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 6 no. 2 p. 72-8

53 6 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 THV = ( + ) = HV oral LD50 + HV inhalation LC50 + HV carcin + HV other ( 20) = HV oral LD50 + HV fish LC50 + HV fish NOEL ( 5) = HV BOD + HV hydrolysis + HV BCF ( 7.5) Swanson et al., 997. A screening method for ranking and scoring chemicals by potential human health and environmental impacts. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 6 no. 2 p RWF = ln releases - 0 Swanson et al., 997. A screening method for ranking and scoring chemicals by potential human health and environmental impacts. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 6 no. 2 p Final total whv = ( + ) = (HV oral LD50)(RWF water)+(hv inhal LC50)(RWF air) + (HV carcin + HV other)(rwf total) = (HV oral LD50 + HV fish LC50 + HV fish NOEL)(RWF water) = (HV BOD + HV hydrolysis + HV BCF) Swanson et al., 997. A screening method for ranking and scoring chemicals by potential human health and environmental impacts. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 6 no. 2 p (4) EURAM (European Union Risk Ranking Method) EURAM (European Union Risk Ranking Method) HPVCs (High

54 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 7 production volume chemicals, 000 ), IUCLID (International Uniform Chemical Information Database). EURAM (emission), (distribution), (Degradation). (T Ⅰ, T Ⅱ, T Ⅲ, T Ⅳ ), Mackay level Ⅰ (,,,,, ). OECD. (Environmental exposure value, EEV),,, 0~0. (Environmental effect value, EEFV)., NOEC, NOEC. 6 (Assessment factors, AF) NOEC L(E)C50., EEFV 6, 0~0 6. (ECC) risk phrases [. R46, R40, R47, R60, R6, R62, R6, R64, R48(toxic) R48(harmful)]. risk phrases EEF 6 0, risk phrases,,. 20,, R-phrases. (Human exposure value, HEXV) 8,, 0~0 8. 8,, R-phrases. 9 HEX HEF.

55 8 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 NOEC 0 NOEC 2 50 NOEC 00 L(E)C L(E)C L(E)C NOEC or EC0 0 NOEC or EC0 2 0 NOEC or EC0 0 EC50 00 EC EC50 00 Hansen et al., 999. Priority setting for existing chemicals: European union risk ranking method. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 8 no. 4 p EEFVX i = ecotoxicity test i / AF EEF i = -2 log(eefv i) i = 0, 2, or Hansen et al., 999. Priority setting for existing chemicals: European union risk ranking method. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 8 no. 4 p HEXV = emission Dist HHi HEX =.785[log(HEXV) ] range: 0 to 0 Hansen et al., 999. Priority setting for existing chemicals: European union risk ranking method. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 8 no. 4 p HS = HEX HEF range: 0 to 00 Hansen et al., 999. Priority setting for existing chemicals: European union risk ranking method. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 8 no. 4 p

56 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 9 R45 or R49 R46 R47, R60, or R R40 R40 R62, R6, or R Positive in at least one in vitro test but no in vivo somatic cell test condected - No test Positive in at least one in vitro test, with only one negative in vivo somatic cell test Only negative in vitro gene mutation test(s) or only negative test(s) for chromosomal aberrations in somatic cell (in vitro or in vivo) Positive in an in vivo screening test but no appropriate full in vivo test conducted or positive in OECD reproductive screening test No test and no repeat test or positive Chernoff/Kavlock screen test No test but repeat test available or positive in screening test Negative in screening test Negative in OECD reproductive screening test Only negative in full in vivo test(s) for teratogenicity or in Chernoff/Kavalock teratology screening test Only negative in full in vivo test(s) for fertility R42 R48 (toxic) R48 (harmful) - - R - R4 or R5 or R4 R6 or R7 or R8 HEF R No test No R-phrase - - No R-phr ase No R-phrase and test performed R26, R27, or R28 R2, R24, or R25 R20 or R2 or R22 No R-phrase No R-phras e No R-phras e Hansen et al., 999. Priority setting for existing chemicals: European union risk ranking method. Environ. tox. & chem. vol 8 no. 4 p

57 20 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 (5) ARET (Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics) 0 PBTs (Persistent/Bioaccumulative/Toxic substances) 87, ARET(Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxics),,,. (Ranking chemicals by toxicity) CESARS (Chemical Evaluation Search and Retrieval System) (Toxic), (Bioaccumulative), (Persistent) MOEE (Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy). (Screen chemicals by toxicity) NTS (Normalized Toxicity score) MOEE 6 (., /, /, /,, /), (worst case) NTS. NTS 40

58 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 ( 2 ). (Score for bioconcentration) BCF (Bioconcentration factor) 500 7~0 2 ( 22 ). (Score for persistence) 50 7~0 ( 22 ).

59 22 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 Acute lethality Oral LD50 ( mg / kg ) Dermal LD50 ( mg / mg ) Inhal LC50 ( mg / m ) Aquatic LC50 ( mg /L) >5,000 >5,000 >5,000 >,000 >500-5,000 >500-5,000 >,500-5,000 >00-,000 > > >50-,500 >0-00 >5-50 >5-50 >5-50 >-0 >0.5-5 >0.5-5 >.5-5 > Chronic/Su b-chro nic toxicity (Non-mam mals) Chronic/Su b-chro nic toxicity (Plants) (water, mg/l) (air, mg/m) (soil, mg/kg) Chronic/Su b-chronic toxicity (Mammals)* Teratogenic ity Carcinogeni city Genotoxicit y/ mutagenicit y** Aquatic EC50 ( mg /L) MATC ( mg /L) NOAEC ( mg /L) Terrestrial sub-chronic (NOEL mg / kg /d) chronic (NOEL mg / kg /d) % growth reduction : 5 (=NOEL) Water Air Soil > 5-50 (=EC50) Water Air Soil > 50 Water Air Soil Oral NOEL ( mg / kg /d) Inhal. NOEL ( mg / m ) mg / kg /day Human and animal bioassay data In vivo and in vitro cell assays , >0 >00 >00 >00 >,000 >,000 >,000 >0,000 >0,000 >,000 >,000 No terata, or terata only at >,000 No tumours in dequatestud ies on at least 2 species, anddoes not interact with genetic material Not genotoxic or mutagenic, negative results in vivo and in vitro 2-< < < <, <500 >-0 >0-00 >0-00 >0-00 >00-,000 >00-,000 >00-,000 >,000-0,000 >,000-0,000 >00-,000 >00-,000 Terata or developmenta l anomalies at >50-,000 Tomours in only animal species, negative results in others Mutagenic in vitro assays only, negative in vivo 0.2-< < < <00 5-<50 >0.- >-0 >-0 >-0 >0-00 >0-00 >0-00 >00-,000 >00-,000 >0-00 >0-00 Terata or developmenta l anomalies at >0-50 Causes benign tumours in more than species, and does not interact with genetic material; promotor only; or causes cell transformatio n in vitro only (negative evidence in vivo Mutagenic in prokaryotic cells only; negative results in eukaryotic cell assays 0.02-< < < <0 0.5-<5 > >0-00 >0-00 >0-00 >00-,000 >00-,000 >00-,000 >,000-0,000 >,000-0,000 >-0 >-0 Terata or developmental anomalies at >-0 Tumoutigenic in bioassays at doses causing metabolic enzyme saturation, or associated withlesions that predispose to tumours. No interaction with genetic material Causes DNA induction or repair, with no direct interaction with nuclear material <0.02*** <0.002*** <0.0002** * <*** <0.5*** >0.- >0.- Terata >0.-, without overt maternal toxicity Indirect-a cting carcinoge n,no interaction with genetic material Causes clastogeni c effects, sister chromatid exchange, crosslink; no evidence of mutation <0.02**** <0.002**** <0.0002**** <**** <0.5**** <0.00 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0. <0. <0. < < Terata 0. without overt maternal toxicity Direct-actin gcarcinogen hat interacts with genetic material Mutagenic in vivo (no negative results from in vitro assays) * 90, 90 NOEL/5. **. *** in one genus **** in different genera ARET Stakeholder Committee, 994, The ARET substance selection process and guidelines

60 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 ,, T½ (days) 0 > 0 to 50 > 50 to 00 > 00 > 20 to BCF > 500 to > 5,000 5,000 * Log Kow 2.0 > 2.0 to > 4.0 to 6.0 > *. ARET Stakeholder Committee, 994, The ARET substance selection process and guidelines. CRS () (),, (),,,, 0. (2) ; CRS-Korea (), (, OECD SIDS (Screenig Information DataSets) (High Production Volume, HPV), (Persistence Organic Pollutants, POPs), (,, ) (Chemical Ranking and Scoring system, CRS) 06.

61 24 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구,,. () , , ,, 4. (4) ; CROSS CROSS(Chemical Ranking of Soil Pollution Substances),

62 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 ,,. (5) PBTs(),,, 8, 0, 0, 65 0 Food_CRS system. (6) ; CROWN CRS (), (2), (), (4), (5) CROWN (Chemical Ranking Of groundwater pollutant). CROSS,. ( ),,

63 26 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 (,,,,, ). CRS CRS,,.,,,, /, SCRAM CROSS. /, /,,,,, CROSS,,. SCRAM, CHEMS-, EURAM, ARET, CRS-Korea, CROSS, CROWN 7 CRS. CRS,, CHEMS-, EURAM, CRS-Korea, CROSS,

64 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 27 CROWN., /,, /. SCRAM CRS-Korea, CROSS. CRS, SCRAM,, CHEMS-.. EURAM. ARET CRS.,,. CRS-Korea. CROSS CRS (K d ).,,,. CROSS CRS. CROWN CROSS,. ( ),, ( 2 ).

65 28 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 CRS SCRAM CHEMS- EURAM ARET CRS-Korea () (4.5) (00) (200) (70) (200) CROSS (00) CROWN (50/20) ( ) + :.5: < : - : : : -5, , a b ( () ) () 2-0 () c c , 5 d , 5 d ( ) a. Release weighting factor. b. c. d. AF ' ' () CRS, LD50 LC50 EURAM ESIS R-phrase. ARET 0 CHEMS-,. SCRAM. CROSS CRS-Korea LC50, LD50 ESIS R-phrase ( 24 ).

66 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 29 (mg/kg) (mg/m ) R-phar ase CHEMS- SCRAM EURAM ARET CRS-Korea CROSS CROWN LD(C)50 LD(C)50 R-phrase LD(C)50 LD(C)50 LD50 LD >5, > > > >5-50 a 5-5, >5-50 > > > > >500-5,000 2 >500-5,000 2 >500-5, >500-5, 000 >5,000 >5,000 >5, >5, <.6ppm b >0,000 ppm > pp m > >5-50 >50-,500 >,500 >50-, 2-5, >,500-5,000 >5, >5-50 >50 -, >5-50 >50 -,50 0 >,500-5,000 2 >,500-5, >5,000 >5, >5, R26,27, R2, 26 5 R2, R2,24, R R R20,2, R28 4 R28 No R-phr R25.5 R25 ase a (log LD50) b (log LC50) c LD50 LC50. R-phrase. ' ' () CHEMS-, SCRAM, ARET, CRS-Korea, CROSS, CROWN NOEL LOEL ( 25 ).

67 0 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 CHEMS- 5 SCRAM N(L)OAEL (mg/kg/day) 0(LO(A)EL), (NO(A)EL) 4 <0-00(LO(A)EL) <-0(NO(A)EL) <00-,000(LO(A)EL) <0-00(NO(A)EL) 2 <,000-5,000(LO(A)E L), <00-,000(NO(A)EL) >5,000(LO(A)EL), >,000(NO(A)EL) EUR AM ARET CRS-Korea CROSS a CROWN a NOEL(mg/kg /day or mg/m) (mg/kg/day) NO(A)EL N(L)OAEL N(L)OAEL (mg/kg/day or mg/m) (mg/kg/day or mg/m) 0.(Oral), 0.(Inhal. ) 8 >0.-(Oral ), >5(Inhal.) >-0(Oral), >-0(Inhal.) >0-00(Or al), >0-00(In hal.) >00-,000 (Oral), >00-,000 (Inhal.) >,000(Oral ), >,000(Inha l.) a LD50 LC (Oral), (Inhal.) >-0(Oral), >-0(Inhal.) >0-00(Or al), >0-00(In hal.) >00-,000 (Oral), >00-,000 (Inhal.) >,000(Oral ), >,000(Inha l.) 5 (Oral), 5(Inhal.) 4 2 >-0(Ora l), >-0(Inh al.) >0-00(Oral ), >0-00(Inha l.) >00-,00 0 (Oral), >00-,00 0 (Inhal.) >,000(Or al), >,000(Inh al.) ' ' 5 (Oral), (Inhal.) 4 2 >-0(Ora l), >-0(Inh al.) >0-00(Ora l), >0-00(Inha l.) >00-,00 0 (Oral), >00-,00 0 (Inhal.) >,000(Or al), >,000(Inh al.) CHEMS-, CRS-Korea, CROSS, CROWN (International Agency of Research on Cancer, IARC) IRIS. CHEMS- IARC, IRIS. IARC IRIS IRIS D IARC. SCRAM /ED0(Effect dose 0) IRIS. US EPA, 2,. EURAM R-phrase ARET. CROSS CROWN SCRAM ( 26 ).

68 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 CHEMS- a SCRAM EURAM ARET CRS-Korea CROSS CROWN IRIS A, IARC IRIS B IARC 2A IRIS B2 IARC 2B /ED0 (mg/kg/ d) R-phrase R45 or R >.5 to 5 9 R40 8 >5 to 5 0 No R-phrase.5 IRIS C 2 >5 to IRIS D,E IARC,4 > Direct acting human carcinogen Indirect acting human carcinogen Carcinogenic in animal bioassay tests Positive tumorigenic agent in humans Tumorigenic in only one animal species IRIS A IARC IRIS (B, B2) IARC 2A IRIS C IARC 2B IRIS D IARC IRIS E, IARC IRIS A IARC IRIS (B, B2) IARC 2A IRIS C IARC 2B IRIS D IARC IRIS E, IARC IRIS A IARC IRIS (B, B2) IARC 2A IRIS C IARC 2B IRIS D IARC IRIS E, IARC 4 a IRIS IARC. IARC IRIS. IRIS D IARC. ) benzene IRIS A, IARC 0. ' ',,,. CHEMS-,,,. SCRAM,,, endocrine effect ARET. CRS-Korea CHEMS-. CRS-Korea /,,,, CROSS CROWN Endocrine effects, (),,, ( 27 ).

69 2 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 CHEMS- SCRAM ARET CRS-Korea CROSS CROWN a EDs, * b c c Terata Mutagenic in 5 5 Sever 0.without vivo (no Positive Severe e-irre overt negative germ -irreve - 0 line rssible versibl e maternal toxicity results from in vitro assays) Possible germ line Positive somatic line 2 Possible somatic line No known effects Severe -revers ible or Modera te irrever sible Modera te-rev ersible Slight effects No known effects Sever e-rev ersible or Moder ate-irr eversi ble Moder ate-re versibl e Slight effect s No known effect s - 8 High pote ntial Mod erat e pote ntial Low pote ntial Terata >0.-, without overt maternal toxicity Terata or development al anomalies at >-0 Terata or development al anomalies at >0-50 Terata or development al anomalies at >50-,000 No terata, or terata only at >,000 Causes clastogenic effects, sister chromatid exchange, crosslink; no evidence of mutation auses DNA induction or repair, with no direct interaction with nuclear material Mutagenic in prokaryotic cells only; negative results in eukaryotic cell assays Mutagenic in vitro assays only, negative in vivo Not genotoxic or mutagenic, negative results in vivo and in vitro a,,,, b /,,,, c Endocrine effects, (),,, * ' ' (2) E(L)C50(SCRAM E(L)D50). CHEMS- SCRAM,,,,. EURAM. CRS-Korea, CROSS, CROWN,, ( 28 ).

70 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 CHEMS- LC50 (mg/l) SCRAM,,, E(L)D50 (mg/l) 5 < 5 0,000 4 > - 0 a -,000 > > 00 -,000 EURAM AF 4 > >,000 2 >00-,000 ARET CRS-Korea CROSS CROWN,,,,, LC50,, (mg/l) L(E)C50(m L(E)C50( LC50(mg/ g/l) mg/l) L) >0.- 4 > >-0 > > 00 -,000 4 > > - 0 > > 00 -,000 > > 00 -,000 >,000 >,000 >, >, a -.67(log LC50)+5.0 ' ' () SCRAM,,. EURAM ( 29 ).

71 4 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 CHEMS- LOEL (mg/l) 5 <0. 5 SCRAM MATC, N(L)OEC (mg/l) 0. b 0 c EURAM 0 c AF c 4 0 ARET CRS-Korea CROSS CROWN EC50, MATC, NOEL N(L)OE N(L)O NOAEC(mg/L) (mg/l) C EC (mg/l) (mg/l) EC50 <0.02 d MATC <0.002 d NOAEC < d e EC50 < >0.-b >0-00 c 8 MATC <0.002 e 4 >0.- 4 NOAEC < e a >- 0b >00-, >,000-5, >0-00b EC <0.2 MATC <0.02 NOAEC <0.002 EC <2 MATC 0.02-<0.2 NOAEC < >00 b EC50 2-<20 >5,000 c 2 MATC 0.2-<2 NOAEC 0.02-<0.2 EC MATC 2 NOAEC 0.2 a.-.67(log LOEL) b,, c d in different genera e in one genus f, >-0 2 > f 0 c 5 0.f 0 c >0.- f >0-0 0 c 4 >- 0f >00-, 000 c >0-0 0 f 2 >,000-5,000 c >0.- f >0-00 c >- 0 f >00-,000 c >0-00 f >,000-5,000 c >00 >00 >5,000 >00f c >5,000 c ' ' f () CRS BCF, BAF, Kow. 0 0 CHEMS- log BCF >~ 4 ( 0 ).

72 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 5 CHEMS- SCRAM EURAM ARET b CRS-Korea CROSS CROWN log(bcf) 2.5 > a > BCF > 00,000 > 0,000-00,000 log(bcf) Default 0 > 4 7 >,000-0,000 2 > - 4 > 00 -,000 > BCF or log K ow > 5,000(BC F) > 6.0(log Kow) > 500-5,000(BC F) > (BCF) > (log Kow) 20(BCF) 2.0(log Kow) BCF > 00,000 > 0,000-00,000 BC(A)F, K ow 5 >00, >0,000-00,0 00 >,000- >,000-0,000 0,00 0 > 00 -,000 BC(A)F, K ow 5 >00, >0, ,000 >,00 0-0, 000 2,000 >00-2 >00-, a 0.5(log BCF)+0.5 b. ' ' SCRAM CHEMS- (>4d~ 500d). EURAM ( ).

73 6 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 CHEMS- SCRAM EURAM ARET CRS-Korea CROSS CROWN 2.5 a > 500days 4days > 4days - 500days > 00days 50-00days 20-50days 4-20days.0 Default Persistent (0% degraded) Inherent Biodegradable (50% degraded) Ready Biodegradable (90% degraded) > 00days > 50-00da ys > 0-50days 0days > 00days 50-00days 20-50days 4-20days >00 days > 50-00da ys > 20-50day s > 4-20day s - - < 4days - - < 4days 4days a 0.(log t/2) days ' ' 5 >00 days 4 > 50-00d ays > 20-50da ys 2 > 4-20da ys 4da ys CHEMS- EURAM (TⅠ, TⅡ, TⅢ, TⅣ). CRS-Korea 0. CROSS,,. CROWN /,, / ( 2 ).

74 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 7 CHEMS- SCRAM EURAM ARET CRS-Korea CROSS CROWN ton/year (kg/year) b (kg/year) >5,000,000 0 > 0,000 5 >,000, ,000,00 8 > 5,000- > 4 00, ,000,000,000 -,000, >,000- > 5,000 00,000- (T Ⅰ,T Ⅱ,T 0,000 Ⅲ,T Ⅳ ) ,000 4 > 500-2,000 0,000, a , , , , , , a = 0.0T Ⅰ+0.T Ⅱ+0.2T Ⅲ+T Ⅳ b /,, / ' '. CRS,,,, CRAFT (Chemical RAnking of surfacewater pollutants). CROSS CROWN. CROSS CROWN,.,.,,,,,.

75 8 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구

76 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 9.,,,, CRAFT (Chemical RAnking of surfacewater pollutants). CROSS CROWN, (.,, ).,,. (),,,, 5, 5, 0, 0 0., CROWN. CRAFT = USEPA EPIWIN K ow., KOWWIN., USEPA EPIWIN.,

77 40 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구, 28,007,22 kg/year, kg/year,., , 4,070 kg/year, kg/year,., , 2,64,75, 5,. t/2 in Kow water(days) (kg/year) (kg/year) (ton/year) 5 >00,000 5 >00 0 >,000,000 0 > >,000,000 4 >0, ,000 4 > >00,000-,000,000 8 > > 00, ,000,000 >,000 > ,000 >0, ,000 > > 0,000 00,000-2 >00-,000 2 > >,000- > , >,000-0, ,000 ' ' CROWN (2) CROWN, ,, (), 5, 5, 5, 5 20,, ()

78 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 4 CRAFT = + = + + () + = + () - HSDB (LD50, LC50) ESIS R-phrase., R-phrase. - () IRIS (). - (International Agency of Research on Cancer, IARC). IARC. - (Endocrine effects),,,,. (World Wildlife Fund, WWF) 67, (R46, 66), (R60, 6, 62, 6), (R42, 4), (R 27, 24, 8, 2) EU R-phrase.

79 42 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 oral LD50 () oral inhalation inhal. LC50 R-phrase IARC IRIS N(L)OAEL N(L)OAEL * R2, 26 A 5 有 R >5-50 >5-50 R28 >- 0 >- 0 2A B, B2 4 有 R > >50-, >0-00 >0-00 2B C 有 R >500-5,000 >,500-5,000 - >00-, 000 >00-, 000 D 2 有 >5,000 >5,000 - >,000 >,000 4 E 有 * Endocrine effects, (),,, ' ' CROWN R-phrase LD(C)50 Very toxic if R28 swallowed. (T+) R26 Very toxic by inhalation. Oral LD50 rat : 25mg/kg Inhalation LC50 rat, aerosols or particulates : 0.25mg/L/4hr, Inhalation LC50 rat, gases and vapours : 0.5mg/L/4hr R25 Toxic if swallowed. Oral LD50, rat: 25<LD mg/kg, Inhalation LC50 rat, for aerosols or particulates: (T) 0,25<LC50 mg/l/4h, R2 Toxic by inhalation. Inhalation LC50 rat, for gases and vapours: 0,5<LC50 2 mg/l/4h. R22 Harmful if swallowed. Oral LD50 rat: 200<LD mg/kg Inhalation LC50 rat, for aerosols or particulates: (Xn) R20 Harmful by inhalation. <LC50 5 mg/l/4h, Inhalation LC50 rat, for gases or vapours: 2< LC50 20 mg/l/4h. * Endocrine effects, (),,, EU ECB, Toxicology and chemical substances, Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC

80 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 4 Persistent Organohalogens () Pesticides() Phthalates() Heavy metals(), 999, Dioxins/furans, Hexachlorobenzene, PBBs, Octachlorostyrene, P CBs, Pentachlorophenol 2,4,5-T, Amitrole, Carbaryl, DDT, Endosulfan, Fenvalerate, Kepone, Methomyl, Nitrofen, Synthetic pyrethroids, Trifluralin, 2,4-D, Atrazine, Chlordane, DDT Metabolites, Esfenvalerat, Lindane, Malathion, Methoxychlor, Oxychlordane, Toxaphene, Vinclozolin, Alachlor, Benomyl, Cypermethrin, Dicofol, Ethylparathion, Heptachlor, Mancozeb, Metribuzin, Metiram, Transnonachlor, Zineb, Aldicarb, bata-hch, DBCP, Dieldrin, h-epoxide, Kelthane, Maneb, Mirex, Permethrin, Tributyltin oxide, Ziram Penta~Nonyl Phenols (~ ) Bisphenol A( A) Di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), Di-hexylphthalate (DHP), Dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DPP), Di-propyl phthalate (DprP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP) Styrene dimers and trimers ( ) Benzo(a)pyrene() Mercury, Lead, Cadmium 2,4-dichlorophenol, Diethylhexyl adipate, Benzophenone, N-butyl benzene, 4-Nitrotoluene R-phrase R46 May cause heritable effects R66 Possible risk of irreversible effects. R60 May impair fertility. R6 May cause harm to the unborn child. R62 Possible risk of impaired fertility. R6 Possible risk of harm to the unborn child. R42 May cause sensitisation by inhalation. R4 May cause sensitisation by skin contact. R27 Very toxic in contact with skin. R24 Toxic in contact with skin. R8 Irritating to skin R2 Harmful in contact with skin EU ECB, Toxicology and chemical substances, Annex VI of Directive 67/548/EEC ECOTOX.,, () /,. /, /

81 44 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구, /, EPIWIN. (L(E)C50; mg/l) () (NOEC; mg/l),,, > - 0 > 0. - > 0-00 > 0-00 > - 0 > 00-,000 2 > 00 -,000 > 0-00 >,000-5,000 >,000 > 00 > 5,000 ' ' CROWN (),,,, 0, 6, 4, 0 0., 4., CROWN. CRAFT = + + +,,, /. ( ( EU R-phrase

82 제 2 장수질및수생태계우선관리대상물질선정기법확립 45.. (standard), (guideline), (criteria)..,,,, /,. 6 58,.. *,,, 有 4 4 有 有 有 有 2 2 有 有 * ' ' CROWN ~ 5 ~ ' ' CROWN (4),,, ()

83 46 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구,,.5,.5,.5,.5, 4 0. (standard), (guideline), (criteria),, 4,, 2.,,, () CROWN. CRAFT = () + () * * (standard), (guideline), (criteria), ' ' CROWN

84 제 장대상물질우선순위도출 47 제 장대상물질우선순위도출.,,,, 7 ( 42, -7 ). 440, (Integrated Risk Information System, IRIS) 25( 8 )., -, IRIS 59. (2006) (III) - 4,,, ( 9 ).

85 48 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 (,, 2006) (, 200;, 2008) : (IARC), (, 2005) (WWF) - 06 (, 200) - : ( /),, (, 200) - : ( - ) ( - ) (IRIS) / - - ( ) - -,,, WHO -, () (, 200) (USEPA, 2009) (CCME, ) / trigger values (ANZECC and ARMCANZ, 2000) / (, - 28, 4, 2006) - 5

86 제 장대상물질우선순위도출 49 2.,,,,, ( 4 ), 0-. EPIWIN EPIWIN HSDB, ESIS () IRIS IARC, IRIS ESIS, WWF ECOTOX, EPIWIN () ECOTOX, EPIWIN,,, /, ESIS 4 ( , ) ( ( ( 2008, 2006, 200, 2008, 2006, (III) - ANZECC and ARMCANZ, 2000, Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality page.4 5 CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2007, Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Summary table. Updated December, In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg. ECOTOX( EPIWIN(EPA, Estimation Program Interface) suite ESIS( HSDB( IRIS( IARC( WWF( USEPA, 2009, National Recommended Water Quality Criteria

87 50 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구. 275, 20, 25, 25, 9, / CRAFT,,,..,. (%) () () , 2,. 275, 20, 25, 25, 9, /

88 제 장대상물질우선순위도출 5. 2 (Integrated Risk Information System, IRIS) 59 (III) - (, 2006) CRAFT (Chemical RAnking of surfacewater pollutants),,,,, ( 4 ). ( 5-20 ).

89 52 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 6,,, () , , () % (. Lindane, Pentachlorophenol, Heptachlor, Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin, Linuron, Mirex, Toxaphene, Hexachlorobenzene ) (Nickel, Zinc, Copper, Selenium ) , 4 Hexachlorobenzene, Endosulfan, Triflualin, Atrazine, Simazine, Aniline, Alachlor,, () 0,.

90 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 5 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 , 46. (Probabilistic ecological risk assessment, PERA) 46. 5, 46, 46.

91 54 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 () ( 48 ),.,, 62 kg( ),.4 L/day( ), kg/day(, ), SF, RSD, RfD, RSC, BCF ( 49 ). 5, 46 ( 2-22 ). (Trophic Level, TL)(,,, ) TL2 = kg/day, TL = kg/day, TL4 = kg/day kg/day. (Ⅲ) - (,, 2006) (, 2007) kg/day, kg/day. II-III(, 2008, 2009) 2007 / kg/day. III(, 2009) 2008, kg/day.

92 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 55 (kg/day) USEPA / USEPA, Methodology for Deriving Ambient Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Human Health -,, 2006, (Ⅲ) - -, 2007, -, 2008, II -, 2009, III -, 2009, III,,, / kg/day kg/day. 5,, kg/day (2006 ), kg/day (200 ) kg.,,., (0. g), (0. g), (0.0 g), (0. g), (0.0 g), (0.4 g), (0. g) 0.8 g.

93 56 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구,,,,,,,, (),,, /,, /, /( ), /(),, (),,,,,,,, (),, /, (),,,,,, (),,,,, /,,,,,,,,,, ( ), /,,,,,,,,, ()/, (),,,,, /,,,,, /,,,,,, (),,,, //,, /,,, /,,, (),,, (),,, (),,,,, (),,,, (),,,,, (2005) - (Ⅰ) / kg/day. ' 2006.,,, g/day (2007 ),,,. / 52.4 g/day, 9.8 g/day., (0.0 g/kg-day), (0.02 g/kg-day), (0.0 g/kg-day), (0.00 g/kg-day), (0.00 g/kg-day), (0.00 g/kg-day), (0.00 g/kg-day).

94 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 57 (),,,,,,, /,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, /,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, /,,,,,,,,,,,,,, , kg/day. (),,,, 29,78, 5 44,892, kg/day (=29,78ton/year X,000,000g/ton X year / 65days / 44,892,72).

95 58 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 + + AWQC = Ambient water quality criterion (mg/l) (mg/kg-day) -, RSD = Risk-specific dose for carcinogens 변환 * SF = SF (60/70) / RfD = Reference dose for noncancer effects (mg/kg-day) RSC = Relative source contribution factor default : 0.2 BW = Body weight (62 kg) DI = Drinking water intake (.4 L/day) FI = Fish intake ( kg/day) BCF = Bioconcentration Factor (L/kg) SF RfD RSC BW DI FI BCF USEPA IRIS ( USEPA IRIS ( USEPA, Methodology for Deriving Ambient Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Human Health , EPA, National Recommended Water Quality Criteria - Human Health Criteria Calculation Matrix; USEPA EPIWINNT v4.00 (2) (2009) (Probabilistic ecological risk assessment, PERA), (Statistical extrapolation method, SEM) ACR (Statistical extrapolation methodacute to chronic ratio, SEMACR), (Assessment factor, AFM). RIVM ETX program (Species Sensitivity Distribution, SSD. SEM 4 [.

96 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 59 (Actinopterygill), (Branchiopoda), (Chlorophyceae), (Maxillapoda), (Insects), (Bivalvia), (Gastropoda), (Secernentea), (Polychaeta), (Monocotyldoneae), (Chanophyceae), (Monogononta), (Amphibia), (Malacostraca), (Bacillariophyceae), (Ostracoda), (Hydrozoa), (Oligohymenophorea), (Prasinophyceae) 4 [L(E)50 NOEC], (. ETX program) (Species Sensitivity Distribution, SSD) (Hazard Concentration, HC). SEMACR 4 4, ACR. AFM 4 4, L(E)50 NOEC 50 (Assessment Factor, AF). USEPA ECOTOX, OECD SIDS, ECB IUCLID 2-24, PERA 46, 25.

97 60 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 Acute L(E)C50 or QSAR estimate from a set of data on one or two aquatic species 000 OECD, 995 Acute L(E)C50 or QSAR estimate from a set of data at least consisting of algae, crustaceans and fish 00 OECD, 995 One long-term NOEC (either fish or daphnia) 00 EC, 200 Two long-term NOECs from species representing two trophic levels (fish and/or daphnia and/or algae) 50 EC, 200 Long-term NOECs from at least three species (normally fish, daphnia and algae) representing three trophic levels 0 EC, 200 (day) (day), < 4, 4 Fish* < 7 7 -,, Crustaceans < 4 4 Algae < Diatom Macrophytes < 6 6 Insects < 4 0 Molluscs < 4 28 Rotifers < 2 2 Amphibians 8 Bacteria Protozoans 2 Fungi

98 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 6. () () () ~ () ~

99 62 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 (2) * 90% * ND * *

100 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 6. (), 4 (Hexachlorobenzene, Acrylonitrile, Propylene oxide, Pentachlorophenol), 2 (Hexachlorobenzene, Acrylonitrile) ( 54, 29 ). ( 54, 0 ).,. (. Acrylonitrile, Propylene oxide, Pentachlorophenol). (. ),.

101 64 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 No. CAS No. ( μg /L) ( μg /L) * (+ ) DL/2 90% (%),,-trichloroethan E+04.95E-0 2.0E E-05 2,-Dichloroethylene E E E E+00,2,4-Trichlorobenzene E+0.47E E-0 8.7E-0 4,2-Dichlorobenzene E E-0.90E E-0 5,2-Dichloroethan E E E E-02 6,2-Trans-dichloroethylene E+02.9E-0 5.0E E-0 7 2,4-Dichlorophenol E+0.40E E+0.E-0 8 2,4-Dinitrotoluene E E-0.E+00.0E-02 9 Acrylonitrile E-02.5E-0 2.E E+00 0 Alachlor E E E+0.89E-0 Aldrin E-0.5E E E E E+00 2 Aniline E E E+0 9.E-0 Atrazine E E E E-04 4 Benzo(a)pyrene E E E+00.66E-02 5 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate E+00.44E E-0 5.8E E-0.28E-0 6 Butyl benzyl phthalate E E E E-02 7 Carbofuran E+0.00E-0.44E+0.08E-02 8 Chlorobenzene E E E E-0 9 Copper E E+0 20 Cyclohexylamine E E E E+00 2 Cypermethrin E E E E DDE E E E E+00 2 DDT E-05.7E E E E E Dichlorobromomethane E+00.7E E E E E Dieldrin E-05.9E E E E E Diethyl phthalate E+0.77E E E Di-n-butyl phthalate E+02.49E E+0.9E Endosulfan E-0.2E-02.76E+0.9E Endrin E E-0 2.9E+0 2.5E-0 0 Ethylbenzene E+02.00E-02.62E+0.26E-05 Ethylacetate E E E E+00 2 Fenvalerate E E E E+00 Hexachlorobenzene E E E-02.54E E E-0 4 Hexachloroethane E E E E-0 7.7E E-0 5 Iron E E+0 6 Methanol E E E E+00 7 Methomyl E E-0.4E E-02 8 Methoxychlor E E E+00.52E-0 9 Methyl ethyl ketone E+0 2.9E E+00.95E Mirex E E E E+00 4 Nitrobenzene E+0 2.2E-0.E+00.20E Pentachlorophenol E-0 2.8E E-0 6.E E+00.E-0 4 Phenol E E E+0.2E Propylene oxide E+00.25E E-0.09E E E-0 45 Pyrene E E E E Selenium E+00.00E E+0 9.8E-0 47 Simazine E E E+00.E-0 48 Styrene E E E-0.5E Toluene E E-0.64E+00.7E-0 50 Triflualin E-0.E+00.50E E-0.46E-04.E-05 5 Vinclozoline E E E E Xylenes E E E E+00 5 Zinc E+0.0E E+0.0E-02 * = / ( >, )

102 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 65 (2), 0 (Iron, Endosulfan, Copper, Methomyl, carbofuran, Pyrene, Endrin, Methoxychlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Zinc) ( 55, ).

103 66 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 No. CAS No. ( μg /L) ( μg /L) PERA DL/2 * 90% (%),,-trichloroethan chronic_afm.0e+02.95e-0 2.0E+00.04E-0 2,-Dichloroethylene acute_afm.6e E E E+00,2,4-Trichlorobenzene SEM_ACR 6.9E+0.47E E-0 2.2E-0 4,2-Dichlorobenzene SEM_ACR.99E E-0.90E+00.09E-0 5,2-Dichloroethan E E+00 6,2-Trans-dichloroethylene acute_afm 2.20E+02.9E-0 5.0E-0.54E-0 7 2,4-Dichlorophenol SEM_ACR 5.94E+0.40E E+0 2.6E ,4-Dinitrotoluene acute_afm.0e E-0.E+00.55E-02 9 Acrylonitrile E-0 2.E+00 0 Alachlor chronic_afm 5.00E E E+0.48E-0 Aldrin acute_afm 9.70E E E E+00 2 Aniline SEM_ACR 4.9E E E+0.6E-0 Atrazine SEM_ACR 6.75E E E E-02 4 Benzo(a)pyrene acute_afm 5.00E E E+00.00E-02 5 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate E-0 5.8E+00 6 Butyl benzyl phthalate SEM_ACR 5.45E E E E-02 7 Carbofuran chronic_afm.0e-02.00e-0.44e+0 2.E+0 8 Chlorobenzene SEM_ACR.46E E E E-0 9 Copper SEM_ACR.46E E E+0 8.2E+0 20 Cyclohexylamine E E+00 2 Cypermethrin SEM_ACR 7.05E E E E DDE acute_afm.00e E E E+00 2 DDT SEM.E E E E Dichlorobromomethane E E-0 25 Dieldrin chronic_afm.0e E E E Diethyl phthalate SEM_ACR 7.07E+02.77E E+0 5.E Di-n-butyl phthalate SEM_ACR 6.24E+0.49E E E Endosulfan SEM 5.75E-05.2E-02.76E E Endrin chronic_afm.50e E-0 2.9E+0.7E+0 0 Ethylbenzene SEM_ACR 2.00E+02.00E-02.62E E-05 Ethylacetate SEM_ACR 7.06E E E E+00 2 Fenvalerate chronic_afm.60e E E E+00 Hexachlorobenzene SEM_ACR.E E-02.54E+0.78E+00 4 Hexachloroethane SEM_ACR 4.89E E E-0.24E-0 5 Iron acute_afm 5.60E-0 4.0E E+0 7.6E+02 6 Methanol SEM_ACR 2.80E E E E+00 7 Methomyl chronic_afm 8.00E-0 2.9E-0.4E+0.64E+0 8 Methoxychlor chronic_afm.00e E E E+00 9 Methyl ethyl ketone acute_afm 4.00E E E E Mirex E E+00 4 Nitrobenzene SEM_ACR 4.57E E-0.E E Pentachlorophenol SEM 9.08E E-0 6.E E-02 4 Phenol SEM_ACR.66E E E+0.60E Propylene oxide E-0.09E Pyrene acute_afm 2.6E E E+00.79E+0 46 Selenium SEM_ACR 6.7E+00.00E E E-0 47 Simazine SEM_ACR.09E E E E Styrene SEM_ACR 5.89E E E-0.6E-0 49 Toluene SEM_ACR 5.7E E-0.64E+00.0E-0 50 Triflualin acute_afm 8.40E-0.50E E-0.79E-0 5 Vinclozoline chronic_afm.00e E E E Xylenes acute_afm.0e E E E+00 5 Zinc SEM.6E+0.0E E+0.92E+00 * = / ( >, )

104 제 4 장위해성평가기법을이용한수질기준설정우선순위도출 67. 5, Hexachlorobenzene, Acrylonitrile, Propylene oxide, Pentachlorophenol, Iron, Endosulfan, Copper, Methomyl, carbofuran, Pyrene, Endrin, Methoxychlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Zinc ( 2-4 ).

105 제 5 장우선순위도출과정의체계화 69 제 5 장우선순위도출과정의체계화. CRS DB CRS.

106 70 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구 2., 4, 6,. CRS 440, 6, CRAFT (Chemical RAnking of surfacewater pollutants),,,,,, () (Probabilistic ecological risk assessment, PERA) 46. CRS 6 5 CRAFT. 0%, CRAFT 8. CRS 6 46 CRAFT. 0%, CRAFT 5.

107 제 5 장우선순위도출과정의체계화 7 CRS CRAFT. 0 kg/year 22, (, 2009) () CRAFT 42.

108 72 수질및수생태계우선관리대상항목선정연구. (. SF, BW, DI, FI, BCF),.

109 제 5 장우선순위도출과정의체계화 7 PERA SEM, SEM_ACR, AFM,.