단클론단백을보이는질환의빈도와특성을살펴보고자한다. 그리고진단명을기준으로각검사들의진단적민감도를평가하고, 이를바탕으로단클론단백검출의선별검사로가장유용한검사또는검사의조합을찾아각선별검사들의진단적유용성을평가하고자한다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상 1998년부터 2010년까지이대목동병원

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1 원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 2, No. 2: 80-86, April 2012 임상화학 형질세포종양의진단에서선별검사들의유용성검토 Evaluation of the Screening Tests for the Diagnosis of Plasma Cell Neoplasm 황유선 정화순 홍기숙 Yusun Hwang, M.D., Wha Soon Chung, M.D., Ki-Sook Hong, M.D. 이화여자대학교의학전문대학원부속목동병원진단검사의학과학교실 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background: Plasma cell neoplasm is diagnosed by performing bone marrow examination, serum- and urine-protein electrophoresis, and quantification of free light chains of immunoglobulins. We characterized and quantified monoclonal proteins typical of different diagnosed conditions to determine the best screening test(s). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed diagnosis of and the characteristics of monoclonal proteins from 113 patients with monoclonal gammopathy. Monoclonal proteins were detected by agarose-gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis, and if the results were ambiguous, they were confirmed by immunofixation electrophoresis. Free light chains were measured using nephelometry. Results: The concentrations of monoclonal proteins in 113 patients with different conditions were as follows: multiple myeloma (MM) (67%), 2.66 ( ) g/dl; monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (26%), 0.62 ( ) g/dl; lymphoma (3%), 3.65 ( ) g/dl; Waldenstrom s macroglobulinemia (2%), 1.99 ( ) g/dl; amyloidosis (2%), 0.61 g/dl; and POEMS syndrome (1%), 0.99 g/dl. There was a significant difference in the concentration and κ/λ ratio (which was based on the immunetype of the monoclonal proteins) of the monoclonal proteins in patients with MM and MGUS (P <0.001 and P =0.004, respectively). The diagnostic sensitivity of serum-protein electrophoresis, freelight-chain assay, and bone marrow analysis was 87.6%, 84.1%, and 84.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of a combination of 2 or 3 of these tests was higher at 100%. Conclusions: A combination of protein electrophoresis with immunotyping and serum free-light-chain assay may be the best screening method for detecting monoclonal proteins since its non-invasiveness. Key Words: Plasma cell neoplasm, Monoclonal protein, Screening test 서론 단클론단백은비정상적으로증식된형질세포클론에서분비된 단클론면역글로불린이다. 단클론단백을분비하는질환은다발골 수종등의악성질환뿐만아니라전암성질환인미결정유의성단클 Corresponding author: Ki-Sook Hong, M.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Seonam Hospital, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Sinjung-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , kshong@ewha.ac.kr Received: August 16, 2011 Revision received: November 7, 2011 Accepted: November 30, 2011 This article is available from , Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 론감마병증 (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance) 이나비분비성골수종 (nonsecretory myeloma) 등이포함되는데, 이질환들의임상적증상이나검사소견이다양하기때문에단클론단백검출이진단의중요한단서가되는경우가많다 [1]. 단클론단백의검출은혈청이나소변의단백전기영동검사를이용하고, 그클론성은면역고정전기영동검사로확인할수있다 [1-3]. 근래에는자동화된모세혈관전기영동법으로겔을이용하는전기영동법에비해편리하고민감하게단클론단백을검출하고있다 [4-6]. 그리고최근혈청의 κ와 λ 유리경쇄를정량하는검사가도입되어활발하게이용되고있다 [7-10]. 단백전기영동방법이클론성단백의검출에필수적인방법이나, 소변의단백전기영동방법은 24시간소변을검체로이용해야하고, 농축과정이필요한등의불편함이있다. 여러검사들을모두시행하여단클론단백을검출하는것이진단율을높이는데도움이될것이명확하나, 검사비용과노력을고려하면현실적으로어렵다. 본연구에서는단클론단백이검출된환자의진단명을조사하여 80 eissn

2 단클론단백을보이는질환의빈도와특성을살펴보고자한다. 그리고진단명을기준으로각검사들의진단적민감도를평가하고, 이를바탕으로단클론단백검출의선별검사로가장유용한검사또는검사의조합을찾아각선별검사들의진단적유용성을평가하고자한다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상 1998년부터 2010년까지이대목동병원에내원하여혈청과소변의단백전기영동검사를받은환자중단클론단백이검출된환자 113명을대상으로하였다. 단클론단백이검출된시점에서환자의골수검사, 혈청크레아티닌, 혈청칼슘, 혈색소등의검사결과와방사선검사상뼈용해병변이있는지를조사하였다. 검사결과와의무기록을토대로환자의진단명을검토하여, 진단명에따라단클론단백의농도와유형을분석, κ/λ 비를조사하였다. 이연구는이화여자대학교목동병원의학연구심의위원회 (institutional review board) 의심의를통과하였다. 2. 방법혈청내의단클론항체를검출하기위한혈청단백전기영동검사는 2006년이전까지는아가로즈겔전기영동법과면역전기영동법을사용하여검출하였고, 2006년이후에는모세혈관전기영동법을시행하였다. 단클론단백의유형은면역전기영동법및면역고정전기영동법으로확인하였다. 아가로즈겔전기영동은 HYDRAGEL PROTEIN (E) K20 kit (Sebia, Issay-Ies-Moulineaux, France) 를이용하여제조사의지침에따라시행하였고, amidoblack 으로염색하고 HYRYS2 농도계 (Sebia) 로스캔하여전기영동상을얻었다. 단클론단백이존재하는경우농도계로분획을구한후총단백량과곱해단클론단백의농도를구하였다. 모세혈관전기영동은 CAPILLARYS 2 (Sebia) 를이용하여제조사의지침에따라시행하였다. 검사는모세혈관에서혈청전기영동이이루어지고음극끝에서 200 nm 자외선으로흡광도를측정하여단백을검출하여모니터에전기영동상이제시된다. 여기에단클론단백이존재하는경우구획을구해총단백량과곱해단클론단백농도를구하였다. 모세혈관전기영동검사역시제조사의지침에따라시행하여단클론단백의분획을구한후총단백량과곱해단클론단백의농도를구하였다. 그리고모세혈관면역고정전기영동법은 IgG, IgA, IgM, κ, λ에대한항혈청과반응시킨검체를모세혈관내에서전기영동시켜항혈청처리전의전기영동상과비교하여면역성을판독하였다. 유리경쇄검사는 2006년 10월이후부터시행하였고, FREELITE TM (The Binding Site Ltd., Birmingham, UK) 을이용하여 BNII (Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany) 으로측정하였다. 유리경쇄검사는제조사의지침에따라유리경쇄 κ와 λ를각각혈청에서정량하여 κ/ λ 비를구하였고, 혈청 κ/λ 비의정상범위는 이었다. 골수검사에서다발골수종의진단은형질세포가유핵세포의 10% 이상인경우로하였고미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서는형질세포가정상에비해증가하였으나유핵세포의 10% 미만을차지하는경우로하였다. 다른질환은골수에침습여부에따라판정하였다 [11]. 질환별또는단클론단백유형에따른단클론단백의농도, 그리고 κ/λ 비에차이가있는지통계프로그램 SPSS (version 18.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA) 를이용해독립 T 검정또는일원배치분산분석을시행하여 P값이 0.05 미만인것을유의한것으로판정하였다. 결과 1. 단클론단백이검출된환자의진단및특성 단클론단백이검출된 113명환자의진단은다발골수종 76명 (67%), 미결정유의성단클론감마병증 29명 (26%), 발덴스트롬마크로글로불린혈증 (Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia) 2명 (2%), 아밀로이드증 2명 (2%), POEMS 증후군 1명 (1%), 림프종 3명 (3%) 으로다발골수종과미결정유의성단클론감마병증이대부분을차지하였다. 단클론단백의유형은다발골수종에서 IgG-κ (30명), IgG-λ (15 명 ), IgA-κ (10 명 ), free λ (8명), free κ (7명), IgA-λ (5명), IgA (1명 ) 의빈도순이었다. 미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서는단클론단백의유형별로 IgG-κ (9명), IgG-λ (7명), free λ (4명 ), free κ (3명), IgA-λ (2명), IgM-λ (2명), IgA-κ (1명 ), IgM-κ (1명 ) 의빈도를보였다. 발덴스트롬마크로글로불린혈증환자 2명은모두 IgM-κ 유형이었다. 아밀로이드증은 2명중 1명은 IgM-λ 유형이었고다른 1명은 free λ 유형으로소변에서만단클론단백이검출되었다. POEMS 증후군에서는 IgG-λ 유형의단클론단백이검출되었다. 림프종환자에서는 IgG-κ, IgM-κ, IgM-λ 유형이각각 1명씩이었다 (Table 1). 혈청내단클론단백농도는다발골수종에서 2.66 ( ) g/ dl, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서 0.62 ( ) g/dl으로다발골수종에서미결정유의성단클론감마병증에비해유의하게높았고 (P <0.001), 중쇄유형에따른혈청단클론단백농도는차이를보이지않았다 (Table 1). 유리경쇄검사에서 κ/λ 비를단클론단백의유형에따라분석한결과, 다발골수종환자모두에서 κ/λ 비가의미있는차이를보였다 (P = 0.004). 미결정유의성단클론감마병증환자에서유리경쇄검사를시행한환자는모두 IgG-κ 유형으로, 5명중 1명에서만 κ/λ 81

3 Table 1. Characterization of monoclonal proteins and ratio of free light chains according to the diagnosis Diagnosis Type n M-protein concentration* rflc (κ/λ ratio) n Median (range) (g/dl) Median (range) MM Total ( ) 33 NA (F/M 41/35) IgG-κ ( ) ( ) (age 65 [35-87]) IgG-λ ( ) ( ) IgA-κ ( ) ( ) IgA-λ ( ) ( ) IgA NT κ (0.79) ( ) λ ( ) ( ) MGUS Total ( ) 5 NA (F/M 10/19) IgG-κ ( ) ( ) (age 64 [31-83]) IgG-λ ( ) NT IgA-κ NT IgA-λ ( ) NT IgM-κ NT IgM-λ ( ) NT κ NT λ NT WM IgM-κ ( ) ( ) Amyloidosis Total NA (F/M 0/2) IgM-λ (age 77 [75-79]) λ 1 NT POEMS IgG-λ NT Lymphoma Total ( ) 2 NA (F/M 2/1) IgG-κ NT (age 69 [68-88]) IgM-κ IgM-λ *Individual sample results with an unquantifiable M-protein concentration were excluded; Normal reference interval: ; Serum-protein electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis showed only IgA-M protein, and the corresponding light chain was not confirmed using immunofixation electrophoresis; M proteins of other six patients were too small to quantify. Abbreviations: MM, multiple myeloma; MGUS, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; WM, Waldenstrom s macroglobulinemia; POEMS, POEMS syndrome; n, the number of cases; NT, not tested; NA, not applicable. 비가 2.12로정상범위보다약간높았고나머지 4명에서는 κ/λ 비가정상으로혈청또는소변의단백전기영동검사에서만단클론단백이검출되었다 (Table 1). 2. 각검사들의진단예민도환자의진단명을기준으로단백전기영동검사, 유리경쇄검사, 골수검사의검출률을비교하였다 (Table 2). 본연구에포함된환자는혈청이나소변에서단클론단백이검출된환자인데, 혈청단백전기영동검사만시행하는경우 113명환자중 99명인 87.6% 에서만양성으로, 다발골수종의 89.5%, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증 82.8%, 아밀로이드증 50% 에서양성을보였다. 유리경쇄검사는 44명에서시행되었고, 이중 37명 (84.1%) 에서양성이었다. 질환별로살펴보면다발골수종환자의 93.9%, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증환자의 20%, 발덴스트롬마크로글로불린혈증환자의 50% 에서양성을보였다. 골수검사결과를보면검사 를시행한 84명환자중 71명 (84.5%) 에서양성으로, 다발골수종환자의 92.8%, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증환자의 30%, 림프종환자의 66.7% 에서양성이었다. 최선의선별검사를찾고자두개이상의검사를조합하여결과를검토한결과, 혈청단백전기영동검사와유리경쇄검사를시행하거나, 혈청단백전기영동검사와골수검사를시행하는경우, 그리고유리경쇄검사와골수검사를선별검사로시행하는경우모두에서검사양성률이 100% 로, 한가지검사만을시행하는경우에비해검사의양성률이증가하였다. 고찰 단클론단백을분비하는형질세포종양에는악성질환인다발골수종, 형질세포종, 형질세포백혈병, 발덴스트롬마크로글로불린혈증등과단클론단백의양이비교적적은아밀로이드증, 경쇄침착 82

4 Table 2. Comparison of the diagnostic sensitivity of each test for different diagnosed conditions Screening tests SEP rflc BM SEP+UEP SEP+rFLC SEP+BM rflc+bm Diagnosis % (n) % (n) % (n) % (n) % (n) % (n) % (n) MM (68/76) (31/33) (64/69) (76/76) (33/33) (69/69) (28/28) MGUS NT (24/29) (1/5) (3/10) (29/29) (5/5) (10/10) WM (2/2) (1/2) (2/2) (2/2) (2/2) (2/2) (2/2) Amyloidosis NT NT NT (1/2) (2/2) (2/2) (2/2) POEMS NT NT NT NT NT (1/1) (1/1) Lymphoma (3/3) (2/2) (2/3) (3/3) (2/2) (3/3) (2/2) Total (99/113) (37/44) (71/84) (113/113) (44/44) (84/84) (32/32) Abbreviations: SEP, electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and/or immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) performed on serum samples; UEP, electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and/or immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) performed on urine samples; rflc, ratio of free light chain; BM, bone marrow biopsy; MM, multiple myeloma; MGUS, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; WM, Waldenstrom s macroglobulinemia; POEMS, POEMS syndrome; NT, not tested; n, positive cases over the total cases in each screening tests. 성질환, POEMS 증후군이있고전암성질환인미결정유의성단클론감마병증, 비분비성다발골수종등이포함된다 [1, 12]. 일반적으로단클론성감마병증을보이는형질세포종양의빈도는미결정유의성단클론감마병증 (61%), 다발골수종 (18%), 아밀로이드증 (9%), 림프증식성질환 (3%), 무증상다발골수종 (3%), 형질세포종 (2%), 마크로글로불린혈증 (2%), 기타 (2%) 등의순서로관찰된다 [5]. 본연구에서단클론단백을보이는질환은다발골수종이 67% (76/113), 미결정유의성단클론감마병증이 26% (29/113) 로대부분을차지하였고, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증보다다발골수종환자가많았다. 이는단백전기영동검사의적응증중에형질세포종양을위주로검사했기때문이고, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증은진단기준상환자가특별한증상을호소하지않으므로일반적으로는단클론단백을검출하기위한검사를시행하지않았기때문으로생각된다. 그리고연구대상이단클론단백이검출된환자를대상으로질환을조사하였기때문으로, Katzmann 등의연구에서도소변에서단클론단백이검출되는환자를대상으로진단율을조사하였을때다발골수종이 34.6% 이고미결정유의성단클론감마병증이 16.1% 를차지하였고, 유리경쇄검사를시행한환자를대상으로진단을조사하였을때다발골수종이 37% 이고미결정유의성단클론감마병증이 13% 를차지한것과같은이유라고생각된다 [13, 14]. 골수종의단클론단백유형은 IgG가 60%, IgA가 20%, 경쇄면역글로불린이약 20% 를차지하고, 발덴스트롬마크로글로불린혈증은대부분 IgM 유형이고 IgA나 IgG 또는비분비성이 5% 미만을차지한다고한다 [12]. 본연구의다발골수종환자에서검출된단클론 단백의유형또한중쇄면역글로불린의경우 IgG (60%), IgA (33%) 빈도순으로관찰되었고, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서도 IgG (55%), IgA (10%), IgM (10%) 의빈도를보여알려진바와같이다발골수종과미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서면역글로불린의유형이 IgG가가장흔하고 IgA, IgM 순의빈도를보였다. 발덴스트롬마크로글로불린혈증환자 2명은모두 IgM 유형의클론성을보였다. 미결정유의성단클론감마병증은단클론단백농도가 3 g/dl 미만인진단기준을만족해야한다. 이에반해다발골수종은단클론단백의농도와상관없이이로인한증상이있어야진단된다 [10, 12, 15]. 본연구에서질환별로혈청단클론단백의농도를분석한결과, 다발골수종에서 2.66 ( ) g/dl으로단클론단백의농도가 3 g/dl 미만인환자가 51% (39/76) 를차지하고, 단클론단백의면역성과농도사이에는상관관계가없었다. 미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서는단클론단백의농도가 0.62 ( ) g/dl으로대부분낮은농도를보여다발골수종환자의혈청단클론단백평균농도는미결정유의성단클론감마병증에비해통계적으로유의하게높았다 (P <0.001). 유리경쇄검사를시행한환자에서 κ/λ 비를분석하였다. 유리경쇄는형질세포에서면역글로불린이생산되어분비되는과정중중쇄와결합하지못한잉여의경쇄를말하며이는정상적으로혈청내에소량존재하나형질세포종양에서는단클론성경쇄가대량생산되어 κ/λ 비가정상범위를벗어나게된다 [16]. 본연구에서도대부분 κ/λ 비가정상범위를벗어났다. 특히다발골수종환자군내에서는, 유리경쇄유형이 κ인환자와 λ인환자사이에 κ/λ 비가 83

5 통계적으로유의하게차이가있음을확인하였다 (P = 0.004). 이는 κ/λ 비가단클론성감마병증을민감하게검출한다는기존의보고들과도일치하는결과이다 [7, 9, 17-20]. 단클론단백검출을위한선별검사로혈청단백전기영동검사, 면역고정전기영동검사그리고유리경쇄검사를시행하고, 일부아밀로이드증이의심되는경우는소변의단백전기영동검사나면역고정전기영동검사를시행하는것이권고되고있다 [13, 21]. 본연구의대상이된모든환자는혈청또는소변에서단클론단백이검출되고클론성이입증된환자들이다. 그래서혈청과소변의단백전기영동검사결과를종합하면모든질환에서 100% 의양성률을보인다 (Table 2). 대상환자 113명중혈청단백전기영동검사에서는단클론단백이검출되지않고, 소변단백전기영동검사에서만검출된환자가다발골수종 8명 (free κ 6명, free λ 2명 ), 미결정유의성단클론감마병증 5명 (free κ 3명, free λ 2명 ), 아밀로이드증 1 명으로 14명 (12%) 이었다. 아밀로이드증을제외하면, 단클론단백검출을위한선별검사로혈청의단백전기영동검사와면역고정전기영동검사와함께유리경쇄검사가권고되고있는데, 이는혈청의유리경쇄검사의민감도가높아소변단백전기영동검사를시행하지않아도혈청단백전기영동검사와함께대부분의단클론단백을검출하기때문이다. 소변에서만단클론단백이검출된다발골수종과미결정유의성단클론감마병증환자 13명중혈청유리경쇄검사를시행한환자는 free κ 유형의다발골수종 1명뿐으로, 유리경쇄검사상 κ/λ 비가증가하였다. 소변단백전기영동검사를시행하는경우혈청단백전기영동검사만을시행하는경우에비해클론성단백검출률이증가하지만, 유리경쇄검사에서양성의결과를보인다면, 혈청단백전기영동과혈청면역고정전기영동을시행함과동시에유리경쇄검사를시행하는것이역시적절한선별검사로생각된다. 유리경쇄검사는다발골수종의 93.9% 에서양성이고, 아밀로이드증의 100% 에서양성으로혈청단백전기영동검사에비해높은양성률을보였다. 미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서는단클론단백농도가낮았고, 유리경쇄검사에서 20% 에서만양성이었다. 골수검사결과를보면, 검사를시행한 84명중 71명 (84.5%) 에서양성으로, 다발골수종에서혈청단백전기영동을시행하는경우에비해양성도가증가하였으나유리경쇄검사보다는양성률이낮았다. 미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서는역시양성률이 30% 로낮았다. 대상환자군은다르지만 Katzmann이단클론성감마병증의선별검사패널을찾기위해연구한바와같이혈청단백전기영동을시행하는경우에비해유리경쇄검사가다발골수종에서민감도가더높고, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서는낮았다 [21]. 혈청단백전기영동검사, 유리경쇄검사, 골수검사각각을단독으로시행하는경우진단적민감도에한계가있으므로, 두가지의검사를선별검사로조합하여결과를검토하였다. 혈청단백전기영동 검사와유리경쇄검사를시행하거나, 혈청단백전기영동검사와골수검사를시행하는경우, 그리고유리경쇄검사와골수검사를선별검사로시행하는경우모두에서검사양성률이 100% 로, 어떤검사조합을선택하여도한가지검사만을시행하는경우에비해검사의민감도가향상되었다. 단클론단백의검출에전기영동검사가사용되기시작하면서민감하게검출하고정확히정량하기위한발전이계속되고있고, 현재까지도단클론단백의검출에필수불가결한검사로자리잡고있다. 하지만단클론단백의정확한정량을위해서는 24시간동안소변을모아단백전기영동을시행해야하고, 소변의농축과정등검사상불편함이있어혈청만을이용한선별검사패널이제시되었다 [13, 21]. 이는유리경쇄검사가단클론성감마병증의검출에민감하여혈청단백전기영동검사와함께선별검사로이용시소변검사를시행하지않아도일부아밀로이드증이나경쇄침착성질환을제외하고는민감도가우수하였기때문이다. 본연구에서도혈청단백전기영동검사와유리경쇄검사를선별검사로사용할경우분석대상의수가 33명으로적었으나, 100% 의양성률을보였다. 골수검사를포함하는선별검사조합에서도 100% 의양성률을보였는데, 골수검사는침습적인시술이필요해환자에게불편을초래하고, 적합한검체를얻는과정, 슬라이드로만드는과정, 판독하는과정모두에숙련된전문가를요하며, 판독에주관이개입될수있는검사로선별검사로의유용성이떨어진다. 반면혈청단백전기영동검사는 2000년대초반이후모세혈관전기영동이도입되면서자동화되어있고, 유리경쇄검사역시자동화기기로쉽게측정할수있어선별검사로유용하다. 본연구에서는혈청뿐만아니라소변의단백전기영동검사를시행하는경우다발골수종환자의 10.5% (8/76), 미결정유의성단클론감마병증의 17.2% (5/29), 아밀로이드증의 50% (1/2) 에서단클론단백이추가로검출되었으므로소변의전기영동검사도중요하다는것을보여주고있다. 하지만이환자들중유리경쇄검사를시행한 2명의환자에서는모두단클론단백에양성을보였다. 이는단클론단백검출을위한선별검사로아밀로이드증이의심되지않는이상, 혈청의단백전기영동검사와면역고정전기영동검사, 그리고유리경쇄검사를이용하는것이유용하다는여러보고들을다시한번확인하게해주는결과였다 [13, 21]. 그리고단독검사보다는두개검사를시행하는경우단클론단백의양성률이높아지며, 골수검사보다는쉽게검체를얻을수있는혈청으로자동화되어있는단백전기영동검사와유리경쇄검사를시행하는것이형질세포종양에가장적합한선별검사로생각된다. 결론으로, 단클론성감마병증의검출을위한선별검사는혈청단백전기영동검사를이용하여단클론단백을검출하고유리경쇄를확인하는것이형질세포종양에서가장좋은비침습적선별검사로판단된다. 84

6 요약 배경 : 형질세포종양의진단은골수검사, 혈액과소변의단백전기영동검사및유리경쇄의정량등으로이루어진다. 이연구의목적은단클론단백이검출된환자들의질환과단클론단백의특성에대해검토하여, 단클론단백검출을위한최적의선별검사를찾고자한다. 방법 : 본연구에서는혈청이나소변에서단클론단백이검출된 113명의환자의진단과검출된단클론단백의성상에대해후향적으로검토하였다. 단클론단백검출은아가로즈겔전기영동과모세혈관전기영동을이용하였으며, 면역고정전기영동을통해단클론단백의유형을확인하였다. 유리경쇄검사는혼탁분석법을이용하였다. 결과 : 113명환자에서단클론단백농도는다발골수종 (67%) 에서 2.66 ( ) g/dl, 미결정유의성단클론감마병증 (26%) 에서 0.62 ( ) g/dl, 림프종 (3%) 에서 3.65 ( ) g/dl, 발덴스트롬마크로글로불린혈증 (2%) 에서 1.99 ( ) g/dl, 아밀로이드증 (2%) 에서 0.61 g/dl, POEMS 증후군 (1%) 에서 0.99 g/dl이었다. 다발골수종과미결정유의성단클론감마병증에서단클론단백의농도와단클론단백의유형에따라 κ/λ 비에차이를보였다 (P < 0.001, P = 0.004). 혈청단백전기영동검사, 유리경쇄검사, 골수검사를단독으로시행하는경우양성률이 87.6%, 84.1%, 84.5% 인데반해, 세개검사중두개검사를동시에선별검사로하는경우양성률이모두 100% 로진단적민감도가높았다. 결론 : 혈청단백전기영동검사와면역형을확인하여단클론단백을검출하고유리경쇄를확인하는것이형질세포종양의비침습적이며효율적인선별검사로판단된다. 참고문헌 1. Kyle RA. The monoclonal gammopathies. Clin Chem 1994;40: Jenkins MA. Serum and urine electrophoresis for detection and identification of monoclonal proteins. Clin Biochem Rev 2009;30: Kyle RA and Greipp PR. 3. The laboratory investigation of monoclonal gammopathies. Mayo Clin Proc 1978;53: Bossuyt X. Advances in serum protein electrophoresis. Adv Clin Chem 2006;42: Katzmann JA, Clark R, Wiegert E, Sanders E, Oda RP, Kyle RA, et al. Identification of monoclonal proteins in serum: a quantitative comparison of acetate, agarose gel, and capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1997;18: Bossuyt X, Lissoir B, Mariën G, Maisin D, Vunckx J, Blanckaert N, et al. Automated serum protein electrophoresis by Capillarys. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41: Abraham RS, Katzmann JA, Clark RJ, Bradwell AR, Kyle RA, Gertz MA. Quantitative analysis of serum free light chains. A new marker for the diagnostic evaluation of primary systemic amyloidosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119: Bakshi NA, Gulbranson R, Garstka D, Bradwell AR, Keren DF. Serum free light chain (FLC) measurement can aid capillary zone electrophoresis in detecting subtle FLC-producing M proteins. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;124: Mayo MM and Johns GS. Serum free light chains in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. Contrib Nephrol 2007;153: Dimopoulos M, Kyle R, Fermand JP, Rajkumar SV, San Miguel J, Chanan- Khan A, et al. Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3. Blood 2011;117: Rajkumar SV. Multiple myeloma: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2012;87: Swerdlow SH, Campo E, et al. eds. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC, 2008: Katzmann JA, Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Snyder MR, Plevak MF, Larson DR, et al. Elimination of the need for urine studies in the screening algorithm for monoclonal gammopathies by using serum immunofixation and free light chain assays. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81: Katzmann JA, Abraham RS, Dispenzieri A, Lust JA, Kyle RA. Diagnostic performance of quantitative kappa and lambda free light chain assays in clinical practice. Clin Chem 2005;51: Palumbo A and Anderson K. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2011;364: Tate JR, Gill D, Cobcroft R, Hickman PE. Practical considerations for the measurement of free light chains in serum. Clin Chem 2003;49: Bradwell AR, Carr-Smith HD, Mead GP, Tang LX, Showell PJ, Drayson MT, et al. Highly sensitive, automated immunoassay for immunoglobulin free light chains in serum and urine. Clin Chem 2001;47: Kang SY, Suh JT, Lee HJ, Yoon HJ, Lee WI. Establishment of serum reference range for free light chains and its clinical usefulness in multiple myeloma. Korean J Lab Med 2004;24: Jaskowski TD, Litwin CM, Hill HR. Detection of kappa and lambda light chain monoclonal proteins in human serum: automated immunoassay versus immunofixation electrophoresis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006;13:

7 20. Katzmann JA, Clark RJ, Abraham RS, Bryant S, Lymp JF, Bradwell AR, et al. Serum reference intervals and diagnostic ranges for free kappa and free lambda immunoglobulin light chains: relative sensitivity for detection of monoclonal light chains. Clin Chem 2002;48: Katzmann JA. Screening panels for monoclonal gammopathies: time to change. Clin Biochem Rev 2009;30:

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