190 Á Á Á½ w.(, 2002; y, 2002) ew w x w k w y. wr w» ƒ w t e w x» w (w, 2002;, 2003). ù x w t s š w w, x x z w» w t j» w w w. ww w» ƒ w t e w e w. w t
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1 w w Áw œwz 18 «3 y, pp. 189~197, 수치해석을이용한이어도종합해양과학기지의해상풍관측오차연구 Numerical Study n the Observatinal Errr f Sea-Surface Winds at Ied Ocean Research Statin *Á *Á **Á½ * Jinw Yim*, Kyung Rk Lee*, Jae-Sel Shim** and Chngam Kim* : ew mw ww w»» e w w š, k w» e t d sƒw ww. w» x 3 w š ew w w, Navier-Stkes ù w ew ww. t tw w w» w y w š, t ƒ e e t /tw w. mw w d e l y w l. d w t l w q w, w» ƒ ew yw w t l œ w» y». w : ww w», w t,, d, ew Abstract : The influence f Ied Ocean Research Statin structure t surrunding atmspheric flw is carefully investigated using CFD techniques. Mrever, the validatin wrks f cmputatinal results are perfrmed by the cmparisn with the bserved data f Ied Ocean Research statin. In this paper, we perfrmed 3- dimensinal CAD mdelling f the statin, generated the grid system fr numerical analysis and carried ut flw analyses using Navier-Stkes equatins cupled with tw-equatin turbulence mdel. Fr suitable free stream cnditins f wind speed and directin, the interference f the research statin structure n the flw field is predicted. Beside, the cmputatinal results are benchmarked by bserved data t cnfirm the accuracy f measured date and reliable data range f each measuring psitin accrding t the wind directin. Thrugh the results f this research, nw the quantitative evaluatin f the errr range f interfered gauge data is pssible, which is expected t be applied t prvide base data f accurate sea surface wind arund research statins. Keywrds : Ied Ocean Research Statin, sea-surface winds, interference f structure, bservatin errr, cmputatinal fluid dynamicsg(cfd) 1. ww w» w l mw», w, w» œw w. w» j»ƒ j»» w š, w» e w t d w l w. d t tw y dw ƒ v w,» d l sƒ w yw l œw. w» w t w sƒ ƒ x e * w» wœœw (Crrespnding authr: Chngam Kim, Schl f Mechanical and Aerspace Engineering, Seul Natinal University, Seul , Krea. chngam@snu.ac.kr) **w w w œw (Castal disaster preventin research grup, KORDI, Ansan P.O. Bx29, , Krea) 189
2 190 Á Á Á½ w.(, 2002; y, 2002) ew w x w k w y. wr w» ƒ w t e w x» w (w, 2002;, 2003). ù x w t s š w w, x x z w» w t j» w w w. ww w» ƒ w t e w e w. w t s w š w, j» w» w 2ƒ, 12 w e x ww. 3 w mw w» e 5 t d e ƒ w q wš w. š yw l w t w ƒ w l œw t wš w. 2. w w w l œ k 3 CAD ww. w» e w w j(cellar deck) x w j(main deck) š x gl (Heliprt) w j,» ƒ d e. z w, w j w e w x y g. 3 óù x Fig. 1. N. 1~5 w» e t d e ùküš N. 3' 4' t x t d e. ƒ e œ ¼ Table 1 w. Fig D Mdel f Ied Ocean Research Statin and lcatin f anenmeter. 2.2 w w Gridgen v w (Pintwise, 1999). d w» w (structured grid) w. w» x w w 10 km(x) 1 km(y) 10 km(z) 210, 360. j» z š w 40 m(x) 48 m(y) 50 m(z) j» ü 90 w š, w v 120 w ü patched grid» w (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). 3. ew 3.1 w» w ¾ š w» w, 3 Navier- Stkes w. (Andersn, 1991). Table 1. Lcatin f anemmeter (frm Sea Level, Unit:G [m]) N. 1 N. 2 N. 3 N. 4 N. 3' N. 4' N. 5 Base Lcatin Jacket Deck (8 m) Intermediate Deck (16 m) Rf (33.5 m) frm Length 2[m] 2[m] 2[m] 2[m] 3[m] 3[m] 0[m] B/L Height 0[m] 0[m] 0[m] 0[m] 1[m] 1[m] 10[m]
3 수치해석을 이용한 이어도 종합해양과학기지의 해상풍 관측 오차 연구 Dε ρ = -----Dt xi µt 3.2 Fig. 2. Internal grid f ied cean research statin. External grid f Ied Ocean Research Statin (red circle: internal grid). 질량 보존식: ui (1) = 0 xi 운동량 보존식: ---- ( ρ u i ) xj t τij = k i ε + C 1ε --G k C 2ε k (3) ρ C µ ---ε 경계조건 수렴조건 수치해의 수렴조건은 질량보존식과 각 방향 속도 및 난 류모델의 k와 ε의 수치오차(residual)가 처음 오차의 10 이하 가 되면 해가 수렴한 것으로 보았다. 수렴곡선의 예는 Fig. 4와 같다. 위의 그림에서 볼 수 있듯이 질량보존식(cntinuity)의 오차(residual)가 10 까지 떨어지면 나머지 오차는 모두 10 이하까지 수렴함을 확인할 수 있다. 30 m/s의 풍향 0 에서 수렴한 뒤의 속도벡터의 예는 다음과 같다. 수렴된 해석 결과에서 생성된 격자계가 경계층을 잡아 τ p ij = xi xj u i uj 2 ul µ µ δ i j x x 3 x j i l (2) 본 연구의 해석 모델인 해양과학기지의 유동 영역은 레 이놀즈수가 10 정도인 난류유동 영역이므로, 2방정식 난 류모델인 표준 k ε 모델(Wilcx, 1996)을 사용하였다. 수 식은 다음과 같다. 7 표준 k ε 난류모델 Dk ρ -----Dt = -----xi t k µ + -µ σ k x i + Gk k 2 2 ε ρ ---- 과학기지모델의 표면은 점착조건(n-slip cnditin)을 사용하였으며, 유입류는 속도를 고정하고 압력을 외삽하 였으며, 유출류의 경우에는 배압을 고정하고 속도를 외삽 하였다. 여기에서 유입류 속도의 경우 API 기준에 따른 해상풍의 연직 속도분포(서울대학교, 1991; 서울대학교, 1992)를 사용하였으며, 4.2절에서 자세히 다룬다. 바닥의 경계조건의 경우 원래 파도가 있는 바다이지만 계산에는 고려되지 않았고, 유입류의 속도분포를 이어도 해양과학 기지까지 유지시키기 위해 바닥면의 경계조건은 점성이 없 는 벽면(slip-wall) 조건으로 주었다. 격자계의 맨 윗면과 유입류, 유출류면을 제외한 옆면은 대칭조건을 사용하였 다(Fluent, 1998). 3.3 Fig. 3. = t ε µ + --µ σε x 191 ρε Fig. 4. Residual histry.
4 임진우 이경록 심재설 김종암 192 Numerical analysis flw cnditin Wind velcity[m/s] Wind Directins N. (Sea Level 10 m) Case Case Directins: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 Table 2. Fig. 5. Velcity vectr ver helideck. Definitin f wind directin. Fig 경계층을 고려한 자유류의 연직 속도분포 일반적으로 바람은 지면으로부터 고도에 따라 속도가 증가하는 점성 경계층 유동이며 또한 난류 유동이다. 고 도에 따른 평균 속도분포는 난류 경계층의 식으로부터 다 음과 같이 된다. Fig. 6. u Velcity vectr ver rf. 내기에 충분하므로 수치해석 결과를 신뢰할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 질량보존식의 수치오차가 10 이하로 떨 어지면 충분히 타당한 결과를 내었으므로, 이후의 수치해 석에서 질량보존식의 수치오차가 10 이하가 되는 것을 수렴조건으로 설정하였다 수치해석 조건 풍향 및 풍속 조건 해상 10 m 높이에서 풍속조건 12 m/s와 30 m/s일 때, 각각 case 1과 case 2로 하였다. 이 때 30도 간격으로 12방위의 자유류 조건에서 각 바람 측성 센서의 정확도 를 판단하기 위한 해석을 수행하였다. 이를 정리하면 Table 2와 같다. 여기에서 풍향의 정의는 Fig. 7과 같다. U = (z δ ) (u: 평균속도, 층 두께) 1 (4) n U : 경계층 외부 속도, z: 고도, δ: 경계 이때 u는 고도 z에서의 평균속도이며, 는 경계층 밖 의 자유류의 속도이다. δ와 1/n은 지형, 건물배치 등에 따 라 다른 값을 사용하는데 여기에서는 API기준에 따라 다 음과 같은 평균풍속의 연직분포를 사용하였고(서울대학교, 1991; 서울대학교, 1992) U z U ( 1hr, z ) = U ( 1hr, z R ) --- z R ; z R = 10 m (5) 유입류의 경계조건으로 고정시켜 사용하였다 수치해석 결과 수치해석 결과 검증 풍동실험과의 비교를 통하여 부분적으로 간략화 된 이
5 ew w ww w» w t d 193 Fig. 8. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 3'. ù t w ƒ wš w x ew ew. 120, 150, 300, 330, ew x ƒ., t eƒ Intermediate deck 1m e» d z w y d e y j w e. w, Intermediate deck e handrail t e w eƒ y w. t x w ù, ew w y g Intermediate deck handrail sw j ƒ ù. w w» e e Intermediate deck eƒ handrail w deck w yƒ ew ƒ w w š w Case 1 ew w 10 m 12 m/s š ƒ w s. z U( z) = m/s ; z z R = 10 m R (6) Fig. 9. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 4'. w w» 3-D wš, ew w w w. t x s unifrm flw y 1/80 x w š, d 3' 4' velcity magnitude (12 m/s) w. Fig. 8 Fig. 9 x ew w. ƒ w» (6) s w, w ww. mw w w» w y w š, ƒƒ d e y d w. y w» e d 1~5 š w š, ew mw w» w y w. Fig. 10 l Fig. 14 ƒ e w y ùkü. 5 ƒ w j š, 1~4 ƒ ƒ w» ù d e j š ƒ. ƒ t w» Jacket deck Intermediate deck ù
6 194 임진우 이경록 심재설 김종암 Fig. 10. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 1 (case 1). Fig. 11. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 2 (case 1). 점성에 의하여 속도가 감소하게 된 후, 데크와 같은 높 이에 설치된 풍속계에 도달하게 되기 때문으로 판단된 다. 따라서 위와 같이 구조물을 지나게 되는 유입류 각 도인 120, 150도 및 300, 330도의 경우 실제 유입류 보다 작은 값이 측정되게 됨을 알 수 있다. 그러므로 실 제 이어도 해양과학기지에서 해상풍 정보를 얻고자 할 때, 바람의 방향에 따른 풍속계의 선택이 필요함을 알 수 있다. Fig. 12. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 3 (case 1). Fig. 13. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 4 (case 1). 의 수치해석 결과 5.3 Case 2 이어도 해양과학기지 구조물에 의한 자유류의 유동변 화에 대한 다음 case로, 30 m/s의 자유류 경우에 대하여 수치해석을 하였다. case 1의 경우와 마찬가지로 API 기 준에 따른 수직 속도분포를 사용하였고, 해발 10 m에서 30 m/s의 자유류 속도를 갖는다고 가정하였을 때 높이에 따른 속도분포는 다음과 같다.
7 ew w ww w» w t d 195 Fig. 14. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 5 (case 1). Fig. 15. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 1 (case 2). z U( z) = m/s ; z R = z 10 m R y ƒ ƒ e š, ƒ e d ew w w y. case 2 ew case 1 w w š. w» t l d t tw w e t k v w. (7) 5.4 tw š t ƒ ƒ 5 w w tw š q w. t w z w sƒ š (α H ) ƒ š (α V ). V z ---- V x α H = tan 1 α V = tan 1 V y V x 2 + V z 2 t 12 m/s 30 m/s d 5 tw š ùkü. tw š Rf 180 ƒ j ƒ š ±7 w ùkû. (8) (9) Fig. 16. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 2 (case 2) w d t w w. ù Fig. 14 Fig. 19 Rf 10 m d w 5 5% ü ew. w d tw 7% ü yw. w w» yw w t d w, w w» Rf e 5 tw w ww e t k z
8 196 Fig. 17. 임진우 이경록 심재설 김종암 Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 3 (case 2). Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 18. Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 5 (case 2). Distrtin f hrizntal and vertical wind directin at N. 5 (12 m/s). Cmparisn f velcity magnitude at N. 4 (case 2). 반적으로 풍속을 측정하는 높이인 10 m정도에 위치한 1, 2, 3, 4번의 풍향계를 사용하여 풍속을 측정하는 것이 적 합하다. 예를 들어 5번 풍향계에서 측정한 풍향이 90 ~180 사이의 바람이라면 오차가 심한 센서 1과 3에서 측정하는 것보다는 2번과 4번의 풍속계를 사용한다. 반대로 300 ~330 의 풍향에서는 센서 1와 3의 풍속계 측정값은 사용해야 정 확한 측정이 가능하다. 이를 정리하면 Table 3과 같다. 이상에서 풍향에 따라 선택된 각 센서에서의 측정값을 비교한다면 가장 오차가 적은 해상풍 정보를 얻을 수 있 을 것으로 기대된다. Fig. 21. Distrtin f hrizntal and vertical wind directin at N. 5 (30 m/s).
9 ew w ww w» w t d 197 Table 3. Available anemmeter accrding t free stream directin Free stream directin N. 1 N. 2 N. 3 N. 4 0 ~90 ø ø ø ø 90 ~180 ø ø 180 ~270 ø ø ø ø 270 ~360 ø ø 6. ew mw ww w» w w t d. 2ƒ 12 w 3 w ww, t d ƒ e 5œ» y tw d w. w t l w t w ew ƒ yw dw, Rf e 5 tw yw dw. 5 d tw Table 3 l ww, ƒ yw w t tw dw q. w l ƒ w q wš, yw w t œw» w»». š x w œw (1991). ù k t x. w œw (1992). t x.,, y, (2002). t x w w w» t. w w w œwz, 14(2), ,, (2003). w w» ƒ e w. w w w œwz, 15(2), 138. w (2002). ww w» š. 9(4), y, ½, ½, (2002). ww w» t x 3 ew w. w tœwz t, 5, David C. Wilcx (1996). Turbulence Mdeling fr CFD. Pintwise (1999). Gridgen User Manual Versin. 13. Fluent Inc. (1998). FLUENT 5 User's Guide. Jhn D. Andersn, Jr. (1991). Fundamentals f Aerdynamics. Received March 2, 2006 Accepted September 1, 2006 w w ww w» y w..
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