유방표준팬텀을이용한유방촬영술판독용모니터와범용고화질모니터의화질비교 8-bit depth) 조건의고해상도모니터를사용하도록권장하고있다 (2). 그러나이러한고해상도의모니터는고가의장비로많은부서에서의이용이제한된다. 제품의비용측면과최근디스플레이산업의발전을고려하여고해상도의모니터와그보
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1 Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2017;76(3): Comparison of Image Quality between Mammography Dedicated Monitor and UHD 4K Monitor, Using Standard Mammographic Phantom: A Preliminary Study 유방표준팬텀을이용한유방촬영술판독용모니터와범용고화질모니터의화질비교 : 예비연구 Ji Young Lee, MD, Soon Joo Cha, MD*, Sung Hwan Hong, Su Young Kim, MD, Yong Hoon Kim, MD, You Sung Kim, MD, Jeong A Kim, MD Department of Radiology, Inje Unveristy Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea Purpose: Using standard mammographic phantom images, we compared the image quality obtained between a mammography dedicated 5 megapixel monitor (5M) and a UHD 4K (4K) monitor with digital imaging and communications in medicine display, to investigate the possibility of clinical application of 4K monitors. Materials and Methods: Three different exposures (autoexposure, overexposure and underexposure) images of mammographic phantom were obtained, and six radiologists independently evaluated the images in 5M and 4K without image modulation, by scoring of fibers, groups of specks and masses within the phantom image. The mean score of each object on both monitors was independently analyzed, using t-test and interobserver reliability by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of SPSS. Results: The overall mean scores of fiber, group of specks, and mass in 5M were 4.25, 3.92, and 3.28 respectively, and scores obtained in 4K monitor were 3.81, 3.58, and 3.14, respectively. No statistical difference was seen in scores of fiber and mass between the two monitors at all exposure conditions, but the score of group of specks in 4K was statistically lower in the overall (p = ) and in underexposure conditions (p = 0.012). The ICC for interobserver reliability was excellent (0.874). Conclusion: Our study suggests that since the mammographic phantom images are appropriate with no significant difference in image quality observed between the two monitors, the 4K monitor could be used for clinical studies. Since this is a small preliminary study using phantom images, the result may differ in actual mammographic images, and subsequent investigation with clinical mammographic images is required. Index terms Mammography Phantoms, Imaging Radiologists Radiology Information Systems Received November 29, 2016 Revised January 10, 2017 Accepted January 24, 2017 *Corresponding author: Soon Joo Cha, MD Department of Radiology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, 170 Juhwa-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang 10380, Korea. Tel Fax chasoonj@paik.ac.kr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 우리나라에서유방암은여성의경우갑상선암다음두번째로많이발생하는암으로 1999년국가암발생통계가산출된이후매년증가하고있다. 유방암진단의경우유방촬영술이가장기본적인검사이고 40~69 세사이에는선별검사로시행된유방촬영술이유방암에의한사망률을감소시킨다는것은잘알려진사실이다 (1). 국가암검진이본격적으로시행된 2002 년 이후검진유방촬영술은급격하게증가하였으며유방촬영술의판독에대한요구도증가하였다. 유방질환관련영상은미세한병변을포함하는경우가많기때문에영상자체의질이매우중요하지만이영상을판독하는데이용되는모니터의화질도중요하여 Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine gray scale ( 이하 DICOM) 계조도가지원되는판독용모니터를사용해야하며그중에서도 5백만화소 (5 megapixel resolution), 고대조도 (high contrast ration), 최소 8비트 (minimum of Copyrights 2017 The Korean Society of Radiology 173
2 유방표준팬텀을이용한유방촬영술판독용모니터와범용고화질모니터의화질비교 8-bit depth) 조건의고해상도모니터를사용하도록권장하고있다 (2). 그러나이러한고해상도의모니터는고가의장비로많은부서에서의이용이제한된다. 제품의비용측면과최근디스플레이산업의발전을고려하여고해상도의모니터와그보다해상도가더낮은모니터들과의비교연구가있어왔고, common color liquid crystal display (LCD) 가 medical monochrome LCD 를대체할수있는지에대한연구도있었고이들을사용하여도진단에는영향을주지않는다는연구결과가나온바있다 (3-9). 그러나이런연구들은의료용판독모니터보다비용이나유용성면에서는월등히유리하나해상도등의성능면에서는낮은모니터를비교대상으로하였고또낮은해상도를보완하기위해영상을볼때확대기능 (zoom or magnifying modulation) 이나창높이 (window level) 와창폭 (window width) 조절등의추가적인조절이필요하였다. 최근 UHD TV의보급에힘입어 픽셀이상 (8백만화소 ) 을지원하는고해상도모니터 (UHD 4K monitor; 이하 4K 모니터 ) 의보급이늘어 나고있으며, 휘도및 DICOM 계조도지원등의판독용모니터규정을뛰어넘는사양을가지는일부모델들이출시되어판독용가이드라인규정상 (10) 의료용으로쓸수있는조건의충족이예상된다. 이에저자들은유방표준팬텀영상을이용해유방촬영술전용판독모니터 (mammography dedicated 5 megapixel monitor; 이하 5M 모니터 ) 와 4K 모니터간화질을비교하여그차이를알아보고, 다음단계로 4K 모니터를이용한임상영상연구가능성을알아보고자하였다. 또한이예비연구를통하여향후연구에서고려해야할사항들과연구방향을제시받고자한다. 대상과방법 데이터획득이연구는팬텀을이용한연구로인제대학교일산백병원의임상시험심사위원회 (Institutional Review Board) 의심사대상에서제외되었다. 이연구에사용된유방팬텀은 Nuclear Associates (18~220) (Fluke Biomedical Radiation Management Services, Cleveland, OH, USA) 로미국방사선의학회 (American College of Radiology; 이하 ACR) 유방촬영술인증체계에서인정된표준모델로팬텀내부에는세종류의모조병소들즉 6개의섬유 (fiber), 5 개의작은알갱이집단들 (groups of specks), 5개의종괴 (mass) 가포함되어있고, 1개의작은알갱이집단에는 6개의작은알갱이로구성되어있다 (Fig. 1). 팬텀촬영은디지털유방촬영기 (Lorad Selenia; Hologic Inc., Danbury, CT, USA) 를사용하여노출조건을달리해서자동노출 (autoexposure, 94 mas), 노출과다 (overexposure, 138 mas), 노출부족 (underexposure, 47 mas)( 공통 27 kvp) 의세가지조건으로촬영하여유방팬텀영상을획득하였다. Fig. 1. ACR mammographic phantom image composed of fibers, groups of specks and masses. ACR = American College of Radiology Table 1. Specification of 5M and 4K Monitors 5M 4K Technology 21.3 inch, monochrome, TFT active matrix 31 inch 17:9 wide, color, AH-IPS Pixel pitch mm mm Contrast ratio 800:1 1000:1 (DFC :1) Luminance 750 cd/m cd/m 2 Resolution Grayscale display (color depth) 11.9 bit 10 bit DICOM display Support Support AH-IPS = AH-In-Plane Switching, DICOM =digital imaging and communications in medicine, TFT = thin film transistor, 4K = UHD 4K monitor, 5M = mammography dedicated 5 megapixel monitor 174 대한영상의학회지 2017;76(3): jksronline.org
3 이지영외 영상평가영상평가에사용된두가지모니터는각각의 Picture archiving and communication system (PACS) 워크스테이션에연결하였는데, 유방판독모니터는 Totoku MDL2116A (Totoku Electric Co., LTD., Tokyo, Japan) 를, UHD 4K 모니터 LG 31MU97 (LG Display, Seoul, Korea) 를사용하였고각각의사양은 Table 1과같다. 획득된유방팬텀영상을각모니터에서 PACS 영상관찰대용프로그램 (Marosis; Infinitt Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 을사용하여분석하였다. 한국의료영상품질평가원에서정한유방기기에관한평가기준에따라팬텀내부에포함된모조병소의요소들 (6 fibers, 5 group of specks, 5 masses) 을관찰하였는데, 각각의요소들의크기가큰것부터작은것의순서대로평가하여점수가 0 혹은 0.5가나오면세기를멈춘다. 각요소들의평가기준은다음과같이하였다. 섬유의모든길이가다보이고위치와방향이올바르면 1점을준다. 섬유의모든길이가다보이지않지만 1/2 이상보이고위치와방향이올바르면 0.5점을준다. 작은알갱이집단은 6개의알갱이중에 4개이상이올바른위치에서관찰되면 1점을준다. 6개의알갱이중 2~3개가제위치에서보이면 0.5점을준다. 종괴의둘레가 3/4 이상에서보이고제위치에서보이면 1점을준다. 대조도가떨어지더라도종괴가제위치에서둥근모양을보이면 1점을준다. 그러나종괴가제위치에서보이나둥근모양으로보이지않으면 0.5점을준다. 유방팬텀영상의품질평가시작은알갱이집단을관찰할때는 2배이상의확대경을사용하여야하지만본연구에서는모니터의영상표시를위하여확대기능은사용하지않았고창폭또는창높이는조절하지않았다. 여섯명의영상의학과전문의가관찰자로참여하였고 ( 각각유방영상의학경험 2년미만 3명, 2년이상 5년미만 2명, 5년이상 1명 ) 각관찰자는유방팬텀영상을유방촬영술판독용인 5M 모니터와 4K 모니터에서독립적으로관찰하여팬텀영상에서보이는세가지모조병소요소들을점수화하였다. 각각의요소들에대해한모니터당총 18 개의점수가비교값으로얻어졌는데, 두모니터에서보인각요소들의평균점수를구하였고, 노출조건에의한화질차이의영향을알아보기위해노출조건에따른영상별로각요소들의평균점수를분리하여값을획득하였다. 통계분석통계는 SPSS ver (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 프로그램을사용하여, 두모니터에서보이는모조병소세가지각요소들의점수를평균 ± 표준편차로표시하였고, 독립표본 t- test (independent-sample t-test) 를이용하여그값을비교하 였으며유의확률 (p-value) 은 0.05 미만인경우를통계적으로 유의한것으로하였다. 여섯명의관찰자간신뢰도는급내상관 계수 (intra-class correlation coefficient; 이하 ICC) 를이용하 여검정하였다. 결과 두모니터간화질비교의전체적인결과는 5M 모니터에서섬 유는 4.25 ± 0.73, 작은알갱이집단은 3.92 ± 0.19, 종괴는 3.28 ± 1.29 가나왔고, 4K 모니터에서는섬유는 3.81± 0.97, 작은알갱이집단은 3.58 ± 0.65, 종괴는 3.14 ± 1.21 으로 5M 모니터에서전체적으로높은점수가나왔으나섬유와종괴 의경우는통계적으로유의한차이는아니었다 (p > 0.05). 그 러나작은알갱이집단의경우 4K 모니터가조금더낮게나왔 고모니터간화질차이가통계적으로유의하였다 (p = ) (Table 2). 노출의영향에따라나누어비교하였을때자동노출의경우 5M 모니터에서섬유 4.42 ±0.74, 작은알갱이집단 4.00 ± 0.00, 종괴 3.17 ± 1.08 이었고, 4K 모니터에서섬유 4.08 ± 0.97, 작은알갱이집단 3.92 ± 0.20, 종괴 3.17 ± 1.08 로세 가지요소들모두두모니터에서통계적으로유의한화질차이 는없었다 (p = 0.518, p = 0.363, p = 1.000, p > 0.05). 노출 과다의경우도 5M 모니터에서섬유 4.58 ±0.49, 작은알갱 이집단 4.00 ± 0.00, 종괴 4.17 ± 0.61, 4K 모니터에서섬유 4.33 ± 0.41, 작은알갱이집단 4.00 ± 0.00, 종괴 3.83 ± 0.75 로세가지요소들모두통계적으로유의한화질차이가 없었다 (p = 0.360, p = 1.000, p = 0.418, p > 0.05). 노출부 족의경우는 5M 모니터에서섬유 3.75 ± 0.76, 작은알갱이 집단 3.75 ± 0.27, 종괴 2.50 ± 1.55 였고, 4K 모니터에서 섬유 3.00 ± 0.95, 작은알갱이집단 2.83 ± 0.61, 종괴 2.42 ± 1.43 의값으로나와 4K 모니터에서모조병소세요소 Table 2. Overall Results of Comparison of Mammographic Phantom Images between 5M and 4K Monitors Object Monitor Type N Mean ± SD Significance (p-value) Fiber 5M ± K ± 0.97 Specks 5M ± K ± 0.65 Mass 5M ± K ± 1.21 N = mammographic phantom image numbers, SD = standard deviation, 5M = mammography dedicated 5 megapixel monitor, 4K = UHD 4K monitor jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2017;76(3):
4 유방표준팬텀을이용한유방촬영술판독용모니터와범용고화질모니터의화질비교 M 4K * 3.00 * Mean score Fiber Specks Auto Mass Fiber Fig. 2. Bar graph comparing object scores of mammographic phantom images between 5M and 4K monitors, according to different exposure conditions. Difference of mean scores of each object between 5M and 4K monitors are not significant (p > 0.05) in auto and overexposure conditions, but the score of group of specs in underexposure condition is significantly lower in 4K than in 5M monitor (p 0.012, asterisk). Auto = autoexposure, Over = overexposure, Under = underexposure, 5M = mammography dedicated 5 megapixel monitor, 4K = UHD 4K monitor Specks Over Mass Fiber Specks Under Mass Table 3. Interobserver Reliability for Object Scores Observer N Mean ± SD ICC 95% CI p-value ± ± ± ± ± ± CI = confidence Interval, ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient, N = object s score numbers in two monitors, SD = standard deviation 들모두평균점수가조금더낮았으나, 섬유와종괴경우는통 계적으로유의한차이가아니었고 (p = 0.161, p = 0.925) 작은 알갱이집단은통계적으로유의한차이 (p = 0.012) 를보였다 (Fig. 2). 모조병소들점수에대한여섯명의관찰자간신뢰도검정결 과는 ICC 의상관계수가 로나와매우신뢰할수있는결 과를보였다 (Table 3). 고찰 의료영상표시장치로사용되는모니터는의료용모니터와임 상용모니터로구분할수있다. 의료용모니터는판독용모니터 ( 영상의학검사판독용모니터 ) 와의료장비부속모니터등이고, 임상용모니터는임상활동중영상조회를위한모니터로일반 모니터가이에해당한다. 판독용모니터란, 의료기관에서의학 영상에대한전문적인관찰과영상의해석을위한용도로사용하는법적인판독을위한모니터로서, 최소 8비트계조분해능이상의표현력을가지고있으며자체적또는외부휘도계를이용한 DICOM Lookup Table 보정기능을가지고, DICOM Grayscale Standard Display Function 함수관계에의한휘도반응테스트 (luminance response) 보정기능이나휘도균일도테스트 (luminance uniformity) 를통한보정기능등이필수적으로수반되는모니터를말하며가이드라인을제시하는국가또는단체에따라판독용모니터를여러등급으로분류하고있다 (11). 이중유방촬영술과관련된영상은 1급판독용모니터사용을권장하며이는유효화면 19 인치이상, 해상도는 이상 (500 만화소 ), 화소크기는 19 인치기준 mm 이하, 휘도는 250 cd/m 2 이상을요구하고있으며 DICOM 계조도로표현하도록되어있다 (10). 이번연구에이용된 4K 모니터는일반범용모니터이지만 8백만화소, 휘도 320 cd/m 2, DICOM 계조도지원등위에서언급한판독용모니터의조건을충족하고비용측면에서도 5백만화소모니터보다경제적이다. 유방촬영술을판독함에있어서컴퓨터보조진단 (computer-aided detection) 의활용이보편화되고있고, 유방질환과관련하여촬영술이외칼라도플러초음파나양전자방출단층촬영술 (positron emission tomography) 이이용됨을고려한다면칼라모니터의임상적활용이유용하리라생각된다. 이번연구에서팬텀영상을노출조건을달리하여얻었는데, 디지털유방촬영기의선량은대부분자동으로노출이결정되지 176 대한영상의학회지 2017;76(3): jksronline.org
5 이지영외 만, 환자의피폭관리나자동노출장치의오작동문제가있을경우를가정하여자동노출과함께노출과다와노출부족을적용하여세가지의영상얻어서연구대상으로하였다. 자동노출과노출과다의경우는모조병소인섬유, 종괴, 그리고작은알갱이집단모두에서 5M 모니터가좀더높은점수가나오긴하였으나통계적으로유의한수준은아니었다. 그러나노출부족의경우는섬유나종괴의경우두모니터간화질차이가없었으나작은알갱이집단에서는 4K 모니터에서평균점수가 5M보다유의하게낮은값으로나와화질차이가있었다. 이는영상을만드는데사용되는 X-선의광자량이부족하여영상잡음또는양자반점이많이발생하였고이런환경에서병소를구분하는능력이 4K 모니터보다는유방전용 5M 모니터가우수하다고판단할수있다. 그러나특수의료장비품질관리중유방팬텀을평가할때사용되는합격기준즉, 섬유 4개이상, 작은알갱이집단 3 개이상그리고종괴 3개이상이보여야한다는점을고려할때노출부족영상의경우두모니터모두불합격점수이고반면자동노출과노출과다영상에서는 4K 모니터에서도세가지요소모두합격점수에해당한다는점에서모니터의화질뿐만아니라유방팬텀영상자체의질이평균점수에영향을미친것으로판단된다. 즉영상의질이모니터의화질차이에앞서정확한판독에중요한요인이됨을의미하며따라서영상의품질관리의중요성을상기할수있다. 이번연구에서비교평가의객관성을유지하기위해국가인증기관인한국의료영상품질관리원에서유방촬영기의평가에이용하는미국방사선의학회 (ACR) 유방촬영술인증체계에서인정된표준모델과점수체계를사용하였는데이는관찰자의정량적인화질평가방법으로적절하다는평가를들을수있다. 또이팬텀은디지털유방촬영술 (Full-Field Digital Mammography) 의화질을평가하는데다른디지털팬텀보다좋다고연구된바있다 (12). 본연구의제한점은첫째, 관찰자들이실험대상이된두모니터중유방전용판독모니터가어느쪽인지미리알고있음으로해서생긴바이어스가있을가능성이있다. 그럼에도불구하고촬영된영상들의경우두모니터간화질에서큰차이는없었다. 둘째, 화질비교의영상이실제유방의디지털촬영술이아닌팬텀이었다는점이다. 그로인해다양한영상을얻는데제한이있어연구대상수가작았고연구결과의신뢰도가떨어질수있다. 실제유방영상을대상으로많은표본을포함한다면일반화할수있는좀더신뢰도가높은연구가될수있을것으로생각된다. 결론적으로적절한조건하에얻어진유방팬텀영상으로 5M 모니터와 4K 모니터사이의화질차이를평가했을때두모니터 간유의한화질차이는없어임상적연구에 4K 모니터의사용이가능할것으로판단된다. 이는임상사용가능성을위한다음단계의연구인실제유방촬영영상을대상으로하는후속연구의필요성을제시할수있는예비연구로의의가있다. REFERENCES 1. Lee EH, Park B, Kim NS, Seo HJ, Ko KL, Min JW, et al. The Korean guideline for breast cancer screening. J Korean Med Assoc 2015;58: Kanal KM, Krupinski E, Berns EA, Geiser WR, Karellas A, Mainiero MB, et al. ACR-AAPM-SIIM practice guideline for determinants of image quality in digital mammography. J Digit Imaging 2013;26: Kamitani T, Yabuuchi H, Soeda H, Matsuo Y, Okafuji T, Sakai S, et al. Detection of masses and microcalcifications of breast cancer on digital mammograms: comparison among hard-copy film, 3-megapixel liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors and 5-megapixel LCD monitors: an observer performance study. Eur Radiol 2007;17: Yamada T, Suzuki A, Uchiyama N, Ohuchi N, Takahashi S. Diagnostic performance of detecting breast cancer on computed radiographic (CR) mammograms: comparison of hard copy film, 3-megapixel liquid-crystal-display (LCD) monitor and 5-megapixel LCD monitor. Eur Radiol 2008;18: Kamitani T, Yabuuchi H, Matsuo Y, Setoguchi T, Sakai S, Okafuji T, et al. Diagnostic performance in differentiation of breast lesion on digital mammograms: comparison among hard-copy film, 3-megapixel LCD monitor, and 5-megapixel LCD monitor. Clin Imaging 2011;35: Ong AH, Pitman AG, Tan SY, Gledhill S, Hennessy O, Lui B, et al. Comparison of 3MP medical-grade to 1MP office-grade LCD monitors in mammographic diagnostic and perceptual performance. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2011;55: Geijer H, Geijer M, Forsberg L, Kheddache S, Sund P. Comparison of color LCD and medical-grade monochrome LCD displays in diagnostic radiology. J Digit Imaging 2007;20: Wu J, Wu TH, Han RP, Chang SJ, Shih CT, Sun JY, et al. Comparison of the commercial color LCD and the medical monochrome LCD using randomized object test patterns. PLoS One 2012;7:e37769 jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2017;76(3):
6 유방표준팬텀을이용한유방촬영술판독용모니터와범용고화질모니터의화질비교 9. Chen Y, James JJ, Turnbull AE, Gale AG. The use of lower resolution viewing devices for mammographic interpretation: implications for education and training. Eur Radiol 2015;25: 대한영상의학회, 대한의학영상정보학회, 대한디지털의료영상학회, 대한영상의학과개원의협의회, 한국의료영상품질관리원. 판독용모니터정도관리 Diagnostic Display Monitor Management & QC. 영상의학검사판독용모니터가이드라인개발테스크포스팀, 2008: Son GG, Sung DW, Jeong JH, Kang HD, Lee JR, Jung HK. A study on the usefulness of the AAPM TG18 evaluation tool for diagnostic monitor QC. J Korean Radiol Soc 2008;58: Song SE, Seo BK, Yie A, Ku BK, Kim HY, Cho KR, et al. Which phantom is better for assessing the image quality in fullfield digital mammography?: American College of Radiology accreditation phantom versus digital mammography accreditation phantom. Korean J Radiol 2012;13: 유방표준팬텀을이용한유방촬영술판독용모니터와범용고화질모니터의화질비교 : 예비연구 이지영 차순주 * 홍성완 김수영 김용훈 김유성 김정아 목적 : 유방표준팬텀영상을이용해유방촬영술판독용모니터 (mammography dedicated 5 megapixel monitor; 이하 5M 모니터 ) 와 digital imaging and communications in medicine 지원되는범용고화질모니터 (UHD 4K monitor; 이하 4K 모니터 ) 사이의화질을비교하여그차이를알아보고 4K 모니터의임상적용을위한연구가능성을알아보자하였다. 대상과방법 : 유방표준팬텀을세가지다른노출조건 ( 자동노출, 노출과다, 노출부족 ) 으로촬영하여각각영상을얻은후이영상들내에포함되어있는모조병소들즉섬유, 작은알갱이집단, 종괴 (fiber, group of specks, mass) 를여섯명의영상의학과의사가독립적으로 5M 모니터와 4K 모니터에서영상의조정없이관찰하였고, 두모니터에서보이는각모조병소들의평균점수를구하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 프로그램 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을사용하여모조병소들의평균값의비교는독립표본 t-test (independent sample t-test) 를이용하였고, 관찰자간신뢰도는급내상관계수 (Intraclass correlation coefficient; 이하 ICC) 를이용하여검정하였다. 결과 : 전반적인결과는 5M 모니터에서섬유 4.25, 작은알갱이집단 3.92, 종괴 3.28, 4K 모니터는섬유 3.81, 작은알갱이집단 3.58, 종괴 3.14 로, 섬유와종괴는두모니터간차이가통계적으로유의하지않았으나, 작은알갱이집단은 4K 모니터에서점수가조금낮았다 (p = ). 자동노출과노출과다의경우모조병소모두두모니터간차이는없었고, 노출부족의경우섬유와종괴는차이가없었으나작은알갱이집단은두모니터간화질차이가있었다 (p = 0.012). 여섯명의관찰자간신뢰도검정결과는 ICC 의상관계수가 로나와매우신뢰할수있는결과를보였다. 결론 : 적절한조건하에얻어진유방팬텀영상으로 5M 모니터와 4K 모니터사이의화질차이를평가했을때두모니터간유의한화질차이는없어임상적연구에 4K 모니터사용이가능할것으로판단된다. 그러나이것은팬텀영상을이용한소규모의예비연구로실제유방영상은화질평가에있어서다를수있으므로, 다양한임상영상소견을대상으로한임상유방영상연구가뒤따라야한다. 인제대학교일산백병원영상의학과 178 대한영상의학회지 2017;76(3): jksronline.org
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