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1 Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric (2012) Online ISSN: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp Print ISSN: Research Article Open Access 적색광을이용한들깨의개화조절 홍성창, * 권순익, 김민경, 채미진, 정구복, 강기경 농촌진흥청국립농업과학원 Flowering Control Using by Red Light of Perilla Seung-Chang Hong, * Soon-Ik Kwon, Min-Kyeong Kim, Mi-Jin Chae, Goo-Bok Jung and Kee-Kyung Kang (Climate Change and Agroecology Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science(NAAS), RDA, 150 Suin-ro, Suwon , Republic of Korea) Received: 12 November 2011 / Accepted: 18 September 2012 c 2012 The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture Abstract BACKGROUND: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of red light on inhibition of flowering and vegetative growth of perilla (Perilla Frutescens. L). METHODS AND RESULTS: To determine red light intensity for inhibiting floral induction of perilla 6h light plus daylength extension (17:00 23:00) with three different intensity of red lights 0.046, and 0.177μmol/m 2 /s were treated respectively, and control plants were grown under 11(06:00-17:00)/13(17:00-06:00)h light/dark environment. Red(660nm) and far-red(730nm) light were irradiated for night break treatment subsequently to investigate photoreversible flowering response of perilla Manchu. The flowering was inhibited by night break with red light, but sequential far-red light induced floral induction of perilla. Perilla not flowered by red light intensity over μmol/m 2 /s. Red light of 0.2μmol/m 2 /s was irradiated for 6 hours (20:00-02:00) with LEDs device in plastic house. Perilla not flowered and continued the vegetative growth by red light treatment and the plant length, number of leaves, fresh weight, and leaf area of perilla were increased by 3%, 7%, 21%, and 19%, respectively, compared to incandescent control. CONCLUSION: These results showed that red(660nm) * 교신저자 (Corresponding author), Phone: ; Fax: ; schongcb@korea.kr light for daylength extension could be used to control flowering and to enhance production of perilla leaf Key Words: Daylength extension, Flowering, Growth, LEDs, Perilla, Red light 서론 일장은일장에반응하는식물의생장과개화를조절한다. 식물은밤길이에따른개화반응으로분류된다 (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). 페츄니아와같은장일성식물은단야 ( 장일 ) 조건에서화아가유도되거나개화하며 (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010), 국화와같은단일성식물의화아형성과개화는장야 ( 단일 ) 조건에서촉진된다 (Wilkins et al., 1990). 적색광으로야간 11:00 부터 12:00 사이에 5분간광중단처리하면들깨의개화를억제할수있다 (Chung and Woo, 1988). 들깨줄기의생장은적색광으로광중단처리를하였을때가장촉진되었고, 잎수, 엽면적및잎의생체중과건물중도적색광광중단처리시에가장높다 (Choi, 2003). 단일성식물은적색광의파야처리로개화가억제되고연속된초적색광처리로파야처리가무효화되므로단일처리의광은 Pfr형파이토크롬의형성에의존적이다 (Taiz and Zeiger, 2006). 적색광은광합성기구의발달에중요하고몇몇식물종에서는광합성산물의잎이외의기관으로의이동을억제하여잎에전분의축적을촉진한다 (Saebo et al., 1995). 콩나물재배에서적색광은베타카로틴함량과항산화활성을증가시키고 (Wu et al., 2007), 페놀성화합물의함량은적색 LED 처리로증가한다 (Li and Kubota, 2009). 장과류의안토시아닌합성에는적색광이가장효과적이며 (Zhou and Singh, 2002) 광합성미 224

적색광을이용한들깨의개화조절 225 세조류배양시적색 LED의효율이가장높다 (Wang et al., 2007). 적색광은애기장대상배축의신장과엽면적의확장을촉진시키고청색광은상배축의신장을억제하고생체량을증가시킨다 (McNellis and Deng, 1995; Johkan et al., 2010).

LED는조절된환경하에서식물을재배할경우광원으로서에너지고효율, 부피가작고, 수명이길고, 단일파장을방출하므로특정파장을선별적으로사용할수있고, 광강도조절이용이하고열방출이낮은장점이있다 (Okamoto et al., 1997; Schuerger et al., 1997). 최근식물재배에 LED의적용에관한다양한연구들이수행되고있다.

2 적색광을이용한들깨의개화조절 225 세조류배양시적색 LED의효율이가장높다 (Wang et al., 2007). 적색광은애기장대상배축의신장과엽면적의확장을촉진시키고청색광은상배축의신장을억제하고생체량을증가시킨다 (McNellis and Deng, 1995; Johkan et al., 2010). 작물에대한광파장제어에는발광다이오드 (Light Emitting Diode) 를이용할수있다. 반도체광원인 LED는광생물학연구에폭넓게사용될수있는광원이다 (Bula et al., 1991). LED는조절된환경하에서식물을재배할경우광원으로서에너지고효율, 부피가작고, 수명이길고, 단일파장을방출하므로특정파장을선별적으로사용할수있고, 광강도조절이용이하고열방출이낮은장점이있다 (Okamoto et al., 1997; Schuerger et al., 1997). 최근식물재배에 LED의적용에관한다양한연구들이수행되고있다. 적색광은들깨와같은단일성작물의일장연장에의한개화조절에이용될수있으나실용적으로사용될수있는적정한적색광강도는검토된바거의없다. 따라서본연구는적색 LED를이용한일장연장처리기술을개발하기위하여들깨의개화억제를위한적정적색광강도와개화와생육에대한효과를검토하였다. 재료및방법 개화의광가역성본연구는 2007년수원시에소재한국립농업과학원시험포장에서수행하였다. 적색광과초적색광의개화조절효과를검토하기위해파종후육묘한들깨 ( 만추잎들깨 ) 를 1/5,000 와그너포트에원예용상토 ( 바로커상토, 서울바이오 ) 를균일하게충진한후 8월 1일정식하여비닐하우스에재배하였다. 8월 20일부터파야처리를위해자체제작한적색 LED 장치 ( cm) 를지상으로부터 200 cm 높이에설치하였다. 정식직후들깨에처리된적색광강도는 μmol/m 2 /s, 초적색광은 μmol/m 2 /s 이었다. 적색광처리구 (R) 는 0시부터 15분, 적색광직후초적색광순차처리구 (R-FR) 는 0시부터적색광 15분, 초적색광 15분처리되도록설치하였다. 적색광직후초적색광, 적색광처리구 (R-FR-R) 는 0시부터 15분간적색광, 초적색광 15분, 적색광이 15분간점등되도록전자식타이머등을이용하여조절하였다. 모든처리구는들깨의생장이충분히이루어져개화가유도될수있도록 10월 30일까지 60일간처리한후개화및생육특성등을조사하였다. 시험에사용된적색 LED의중심피크파장은 660 nm, 초적색 LED의중심피크파장은 730 nm 이었다. 단일상태를유지하도록하였다. 적색광을이용한일장연장처리구는메탈할라이드램프가소등된직후자체제작한적색 LED 장치 ( cm) 를이용하여오후 5시부터 10시까지 5시간동안점등되어일장시간이 16시간이되도록처리하였다. 적색광의강도는각각 0.046, 0.115, μmol/m 2 /s 강도로처리하여재배후들깨의개화반응, 생육특성등을조사하였다. 각처리구는광차단판을설치하여외부광의간섭이없도록하였다. 포장일장연장처리시험포장에서일장연장처리의광원별들깨의개화와생육반응을검토하기위해비닐하우스에들깨 ( 만추잎들깨 ) 를정식한후 8월 1일부터 10월 30일까지재배하며수행하였다. 자연단일상태를유기하기위한무처리구와백열등처리구, 원추형 LED장치 ( cm) 를이용한적색광처리구를각각 120m2씩조성하였다. 백열등은 30 Lux, 적색광은 μmol/m 2 /s 강도로각각오후 7 시부터 12 시까지 5 시간동안처리하였다. 처리시간은일몰후인오후 7 시부터 12시까지 5시간동안점등하였고전조처리후들깨의개화반응과생육특성등을조사하였다. 각처리별적색광과초적색광강도는광센서 (SKR-110, Skyeinstruments, UK) 를이용하여측정하였다. SKR-110 센서의측정범위는적색광은 nm, 초적색광은 nm였다. 통계분석은 SAS 통계패키지를 (SAS Institute. USA) 사용하였다. 들깨개화의광가역성 결과및고찰 적색광과초적색광에의한파야처리후들깨의개화와생육반응을검토한결과는 Fig. 1, Table 1과같다. 적색광으로 15분간파야처리한 R 처리구는들깨가개화하지않았고, 적색광처리직후초적색광을처리한 R-FR 처리구는개화되었다. R-FR 처리구는개화되어적색광에의한파야처리구보다들깨의엽수는 27.5%, 잎생체중은 57.4%, 엽면적은 72.3% 감소하였다. 이것은초적색광에의해적색광의파야처리효과가무효화되어단일조건인무처리구와같이생식생장이유도된결과로판단된다. 또적색광, 초적색광, 적색광을순차적으로처리한 R-FR-R 처리구는개화수가크게감소하였다. 적색광강도별처리들깨의개화억제를위한적색광강도별효과를검토하기위하여인공광생육실에서 1/5,000a 와그너포트에들깨 ( 만추잎들깨 ) 를정식한후재배하며적색광을처리하였다. 인공광생육실의온도는주 / 야 25 로유지하였고기본생육을위한광원은메탈할라이드램프를이용하여 PAR(Photosynthetical Active Radiation) 500 μmol/m 2 /s 강도로오전 6시부터오후 5시까지 11시간동안점등하여무처리구의기본일장이 11시간으로 Fig. 1. Red and far-red reversibility of the effect of a night break on flowering in perilla. From left to right no night-break, R, R-FR, and R-FR-R treatments(left), and scene of treatment of reversible red and far-red light in perilla (right).

3 226 HONG et al. Table 1. Red and far-red light reversibility of a night break on flowering and growth characteristics in perilla Night-break treatment Control (no night-break) Height of plant Number of leaves Fresh weight of leaves (g/plant) Area of leaves ( cm2 /plant) Number of flower bud R , R-FR R-FR-R LSD 0.05 ns ns ns ns 31.7 * R : Red light (660 nm), FR : Far-Red light (730 nm) Table 1의결과는 Thomas 과 Vince-Prue(1997) 의단일성식물인도꼬마리 (Xanthium strumarium. L), 국화 (Dendranthema grandiflora.l), 콩 (Glycine max. L) 의파야처리와개화의광가역성반응결과와도같은결과이다. Taiz 과 Zeiger (2006) 는이와같이단일성식물이적색광의파야처리로개화가억제되고연속된초적색광처리로파야처리가무효화되는것은파야처리는 Pfr형파이토크롬의형성에의존적인것이라고하였다. Chung 과 Woo (1988) 는야간 12:00에적색광 5분을이용한광중단처리에의해들깨의개화를억제할수있었고, 초적색광은광중단효과가없었으며적색광에대해초적색광의광가역적작용이있다고하였다. 또적색광은 5분간광중단처리로도충분한광중단 효과를충분히얻을수있다고하였다. Thomas 과 Vince-Prue(1997) 는단일성식물은광중단하면단야조건이유기되어개화하지않고영양생장을계속하며이반응에는적색광이가장유효하다고하였다. 따라서단일광파장을방출하는 LED 광원을이용해들깨의개화를억제하기위해서는적색광이적합할것으로판단된다. 적색광강도별개화특성들깨의개화억제를위한적색광강도를검토하기위하여기본일장처리를위한메탈할라이드램프가소등된후 5시간동안적색광을강도별로처리한후들깨의개화와생육특성을조사한결과는 Table 2와같다. Table 2. Flowering and growth characteristics affacted by red light intensities for daylength extension in perilla Light intensity (μmol/m 2 /s) Height of plant Number of leaves Fresh weight of leavesarea of leaves (g/plant) ( cm2 /plant) Number of flower bud Weight of flower bud(g/plant) Control , , , , LSD 0.05 ns ns 8.7 * 381 * 8.0 * 1.6 * Control : no daylength extension, ns : not significant 들깨는적색광 μmol/m 2 /s 처리구에서개화하지않고영양생장을지속하였다. 적색광 0.046와 μmol/m 2 /s 처리구는개화하였으나단일처리구보다꽃수는작았다. 엽생체중과엽면적은적색광 μmol/m 2 /s 처리구에서가장컸다. 단일조건인무처리구는개화되어엽생체중과엽면적이적색광처리구보다감소하였다. Chung 과 Woo (1988) 는적색광은 5분간광중단처리로도충분한광중단효과를충분히얻을수있었고 Oh 등 (1995) 은광강도 Lux에 10 분간야간조명처리하면개화하지않으므로그이상의광강도와야간조명시간은엽생산을위해서불필요하다하였다. 그러나실제들깨재배에있어서는타이머등의오작동에의한불시개화를방지하기위해단시간의파야처리대신 3 6 시간동안의일장연장법을사용하고있다. 한편, SKR-110 센서로측정한적색광강도는 PAR (Photosynthetic Active Radiation) 센서로측정한것측정치보다작은값을나타내었다. SKR-110 센서는측정범위가적색광은 nm, 초적색광은 nm의파장범위를측정하므로이광강도를 PAR 센서인 SKR-150 PAR 센서로측정하면약 3.5배큰 0.62 μmol/m 2 /s 을나타냈다. 광원별들깨의개화특성 적색 LED의일장연장효과를검토하기위해비닐하우스에서백열등과적색 LED를이용하여일장연장처리후들깨의개화와생육특성을조사한결과는 Table 3과같다. 적색

적색광을이용한들깨의개화조절 227 LED 처리구와백열등처리구는개화하지않고영양생장을지속하였다. 자연단일상태인무처리구는생식생장으로이행하여개화하였다. 백열등과적색광처리구의초장, 엽수, 엽생체중과엽면적은통계적으로는 95% 수준에서유의한차이는없으나적색광처리구가백열등처리구보다들깨의초장은 3%, 엽수는 7%, 엽생체중은 21%, 엽면적은 19% 증가하는경향이었다.

Growth and flowering characteristics affacted by light sources for daylength extension in perilla Light source Height of plant Number of leaves Fresh weight of leaves (g/plant) Area of leaves ( cm2 /

4 적색광을이용한들깨의개화조절 227 LED 처리구와백열등처리구는개화하지않고영양생장을지속하였다. 자연단일상태인무처리구는생식생장으로이행하여개화하였다. 백열등과적색광처리구의초장, 엽수, 엽생체중과엽면적은통계적으로는 95% 수준에서유의한차이는없으나적색광처리구가백열등처리구보다들깨의초장은 3%, 엽수는 7%, 엽생체중은 21%, 엽면적은 19% 증가하는경향이었다. Saebo 등 (1995) 은적색광은광합성기구의발달에중요하고몇몇식물종에서는광합성산물을잎이외의기관으로의이동을억제하여잎에전분의축적이증가되도록한다고하였고 Kasperbauer과 Hamilton(1984) 은적색광처리담배잎은그라나가많고전분립의크기가크다고하였다. Table 3. Growth and flowering characteristics affacted by light sources for daylength extension in perilla Light source Height of plant Number of leaves Fresh weight of leaves (g/plant) Area of leaves ( cm2 / m2 ) Number of flower bud Control , Incandescent ,131 - Red LED ,356 - LSD 0.05 ns ns ns ns 11.8 * Control : no daylength extension, Incandescent : 30 Lux, Red LED : μmol/m 2 /s, ns : not significant Chung 과 Woo (1988) 는적색광처리로형광등과백열등혼합광조사구에비해들깨의엽록체내전분립이많았다고하였고 Choi는 (2003) 들깨줄기의생장은적색광으로광중단처리를하였을때가장촉진되었고잎수, 엽면적및생체중과건물중은적색광으로광중단처리시에가장컸다고하였다. Fig. 2는관행의백열등과적색 LED 광처리장치를이용해들깨의일장연장처리를하는전경이다. Fig. 2. Treatment of daylength extension using by conventional incandescent (left) and red LED lighting device (right) in perilla at plastic house. Oh 등 (1995) 은들깨에대한야간조명시간이길수록, 광강도가강할수록건물중은증가하는경향이었으며야간조명시간보다는광도의세기가건물중에더큰영향을끼친다고하였다. 따라서향후적색광의조사강도, 적색광을이용한일장연장처리시간에따른들깨잎생산량등을검토할필요가있다. 요약 적색 LED를이용한들깨의개화억제를위한일장연장처리기술을개발하기위하여적색광에대한들깨의개화와생육반응을검토하였다. 들깨는적색광에의한일장연장처리로개화가억제되었으나초적색광조사로개화하여광가역성을나타냈다. 인공생육실환경하에서적색광 μmol/m 2 /s (PAR : 0.62 μmol/m 2 /s) 로일장연장처리시들깨의개화가억제되었다. 비닐하우스시험포장에서적색광 0.2 μmol/m 2 /s 처리 (PAR : 0.7μmol/m 2 /s) 는관행의백열등 30 Lux 처리와같이개화하지않고영양생장을지속하였다. 적색 LED장치를이용한일장연장처리는관행의백열등처리보다들깨의초장은 3%, 엽수는 7%, 엽생체중은 21%, 엽면적은 19% 증가시키는경향이었다. 감사의글 This study was carried out with the support of "Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ006710)", National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. 참고문헌 Blanchard, M.G., Runkle, E.S., Intermittent light from a rotating high-pressure sodium lamp promotes flowering of long-day plants, HortScience. 45, Bula, R.J., Morrow, R.C., Tibbitts, T.W., Barta, D.J., Light-emitting diodes as a radiation source for plants, Hortscience. 26(2), Choi, Y. W., Effect of red, blue, and far-red LEDs for night break on growth, flowering, and photosynthetic rate in perilla ocymoides, J. Kor. Hort. Sci. 44(4), Chung, H.D., Woo, W. Y., Effects of day length and night interruption on flowering and chloroplast development of perilla frutescens, J. Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci. 29(40), Downs, R.J., Photoreversibility of flower initiation, Plant Physiology 31, Johkan, M., Shoji, K., Goto, F., Hashida, S., Yoshihara, T., Blue light-emitting diode light irradiation of seedlings improves seedling quality and growth after transplanting in red leaf lettuce, HortScience. 45, Kasperbauer, M.J, Hamilton, J.L., Chloroplast structure and starch grain accumulation in leaves that received different red and far-red levels during development, Plant Physiol. 74,

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124 HONG et al. (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). 국화, 들깨와같은단일성식물의화아형성과개화는장야 ( 단일 ) 조건에서촉진되고 (Wilkins et al., 1990) 페츄니아와딸기같은장일성식물은단야 ( 장일 ) 조건에서화아가유도되거나개

124 HONG et al. (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). 국화, 들깨와같은단일성식물의화아형성과개화는장야 ( 단일 ) 조건에서촉진되고 (Wilkins et al., 1990) 페츄니아와딸기같은장일성식물은단야 ( 장일 ) 조건에서화아가유도되거나개 Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture Korean J Environ Agric (2013) Online ISSN: 2233-4173 Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 123-127 http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2013.32.2.123 Print ISSN: 1225-3537 Research