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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 16, No. 11 pp , ISSN / eissn 안교명 1, 홍영진 1, 김환용 1* 1 원광대학교전자공학과 Efficient LED lighting system design of the plant growing system Xiao-Ming An 1, Young-Jin Hong 1, Hwan-Yong Kim 1* 1 Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Wonkwang university 요약본논문은식물재배시스템을제작하고 LED 광원은단색광 3개 ( 적색, 청색, 백색 ), 혼합광 3개 ( 적색1+ 청색1, 적색2+ 청색1, 적색1+ 청색2) 를제작하여사용하였다. 제작한식물재배시스템을이용하여 LED 광원별광특성, 광량의변화에따른조도및 PPFD의특성과식물성장을분석하였다. 분석결과 LED 광원의광효율은백색광원이 125 lm/w 로높으며적색1+ 청색2 광원은 9.9 lm/w 로낮았다. 이러한결과로단색광이혼합광보다광효율이좋은것을확인할수있었다. LED 의파장별 PPFD (25, 50, 100 ) 조도값크기는백색 LED가높으며청색 LED가낮았다. 따라서 LED 광원의다양한단색 혼합광파장대역조합에따라식물성장에적합한효율적인 LED 조명시스템을구성할수있다. Abstract This paper devised a plant growing system As LED light source, three monochromatic lights (red, blue, white) and three mixed lights (red1+blue1, red2+blue1, red1+blue2) were made. According to the optical properties of those LED light sources and change in the amount of light, this author analyzed the characteristics of luminance and PPFD and also plant growth. According to the light efficiency of those LED light sources, it was high in white light as 125 lm/w and was low in red1+blue2 light as 9.9 lm/w. This result shows that monochromatic light has higher light efficiency than mixed light. The PPFD (25 μmol, 50 μmol, 100 μmol) luminance in different wavelengths of LEDs was high in white LEDs and was low in blue LEDs. therefore, it is possible to devise an efficient LED lighting system appropriate for growing plants by variety monochromatic lights and mixed light wave length combination of LED light source. Keywords : LED Lighting, Plant growing, PPFD 1. 서론최근기후변화와지구온난화는농작물수확량및식물생육에막대한영향을주고있다. 이때문에환경조건을인공적으로제어하여계절이나장소에상관없이작물을대량으로생산할수있는식물공장이각광받고있다. 또한식물의성장환경을자연으로부터인위적으로차단하여병해충의유입을방지하고다단배문을통해생산량 을증가시키고지역, 계절, 일조량과관계없이연중계획생산이가능해지고있다 [1]. LED 광원은원하는파장조합을통해다양한종류의식물성장에효과적으로응용되고있다. 하지만 LED 광원을사용할경우조명설비투자비용이높으며그외냉난방장치등의운영비문제등으로기술개발의필요성이대두되고있다. 식물성장연구에많이사용되는상추는생육기간이짧고, 우리나라에서 본논문은 2014년도원광대학교의교비지원에의해서수행됨. * Corresponding Author : Hwan-Yong Kim(Wonkwang Univ.) Tel: hykim@wonkwang.ac.kr Received July 30, 2015 Accepted November 6, 2015 Revised (1st September 3, 2015, 2nd September 8, 2015) Published November 30,

2 소비가많은채소로생산적인면에서계절적영향을받지않아재배연구에적합한작물이다. 그리고청경채는청색광의비율이증가할수록잎몸길이가증가하는등다양한식물성장형태로보고되고있다 [2]. 또한균일한품질의작물을생산하기위해식물종류에필요한단파장과혼합파장의 LED 광원을선택하여조도분포및최적광원배치에대한연구가필요로하고있다 [3-5]. 따라서본논문에서는식물재배시스템을제작하여단색광 3개, 혼합광 3개 ( 총 6개 ) 의 LED의광원의파장을검증하고광량강도의변화의따른단색광및혼합광의광특성, 조도및 PPFD분광분포에대해분석하였다. 또한청치마상추와청경채에직접적용하여성장의변화를알아보고, 식물성장에적합한 LED 조명시스템을설계하고자한다. 2. LED 조명시스템설계 2.1 식물재배기조명시스템그림 1은식물재배조명시스템의실험장치구성도이다. 실험장치는 LED 광원모듈부, 전원공급부, 제어부의 3단계로구성하였다. Fig. 2. The structure of the plant growing system 그림 3은실험에사용된 LED 배열구조를나타낸다. LED 패키지는국내 ITSWELL 사의 SMD 5050 패키지로적색, 청색, 백색을사용하여총 6가지 ( 적색, 청색, 백색, 적색1+ 백색1, 적색2+ 청색1, 적색1+ 청색2) 로제작하였다. 광원모듈의크기는길이 500 mm, 폭 30 mm, 높이 1.5 mm 으로정사각형구조이다. 또한, 광원의크기는길이 500 mm, 폭 30 mm, 높이 30 mm 으로직관형구조로설계하였다. Red LED Blue LED White LED Red1+Blue1 Red2+Blue1 Fig. 1. The Block-diagram of the plant growing lighting system 그림 2는식물재배기구조이다. 선반식알루미늄구조물로크기는길이 1000 mm, 폭 550 mm, 높이 1300 mm 이며재배포트는 20개로제작하였다. LED의구동방식은 PWM(Pulse Width Modulation : 펄스변조방식 ) 을이용한정전류구동방식이며, LED 각각따로제어가가능하도록시스템을구축하였다. Red1+Blue2 Fig. 3. The structure of LED arrangement 2.2 식물재배실험특성적색광과청색광은주로식물이광합성에이용하는광원이다. 적색광은주로광합성촉진에중요한역할을하며, 청색광은엽록체형성발달에매우중요한역할을한다. Duty rate는주기를가지는펄스에서쓰이는용어로전류가흐르지않는시간에대한전류가흐른시간의비를말한다. Duty rate를임의로 PPFD 값에맞추어적 7257

3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 11 호, 2015 색, 청색, 백색단색광과적색1+ 청색1, 적색2+ 청색1, 적색2+ 청색1 혼합광에서처리하였다. 식물성장실험을위해그림 4와같이재배작물의성장변화와실험시간을위한성장시기를고려하여어린입채소인청치마상추와청경채 2가지를재배작물로선택하였다. 실험은 LED 광원별 25, 50, 100 총 3가지조건하에서수행하였다. 환경조건은 Li-CO사의 Li-250A를이용하여광량과식물체간거리인 280 mm에서측정하였다. 또한암실에서평균온도 20 25, 습도 50 % 에서 70 % 를유지하여하루 12시간씩 15일간 20개체의청치마상추와청경채의성장크기를측정하였다. 그림 4 는청치마상추와청경채의단생광 3개와혼합광 3개 ( 총6 개 ) 의성장실험장면을나타내고있다. 실험에사용된 LED 광원별광특성을분석하였다. 측정은주위의빛을최대한차단하고 LED와분광기사이의거리를 100 mm로고정한상태로 1시간구동시켜안정화상태에의광속과연색성색온도를측정하였고 30 분간의광속유지율을적분구를사용하여측정하였다. 표 1 과같이구동전류, 전압, 전력을사용하여측정하였다. Table 1. The specifications of plant growing LED light sources for optical measurement measurement sample driving current [ma] driving voltage [V] power [W] Red Blue White Red1+Blue Red2+Blue Red1+Blue Red LED White LED Blue LED Red1 +Blue1 LED 표2와같이각측정시료별안정화상태의광특성결과각각의 LED의광원의광효율은단색광으로적색 25 lm/w, 청색 13 lm/w, 백색 125 lm/w으로나타났으며혼합광은적색1+ 청색1 11 lm/w, 적색2+ 청색1 17 lm/w, 적색1+ 청색2 9.9 lm/w 으로나타났다. 전체적으로 LED의광원의광효율은백색 LED가높았으며적색 1+ 청색2 광원이광효율이낮은것을확인하였다. 각파장마다출력량이같을경우에사람의시각은노란색- 녹색부분을가장밝다고인식하고, 적색과청색부분을가장어둡다고인식한다. 동등한효율을가진광원가운데출력이노란색- 녹색범위에가장많이집중되어있는광원은 1와트 (W) 당루멘 (lm) 값이가장높기때문에우리눈은사물을쉽게인식할수있다, 조명의효율만을높이려면이영역의출력만을높이면된다. Red2+Blue1 LED Red1+Blue2 LED Fig. 4. The experiment to cultivate green leaf lettuce and bok choy 3. 모의실험및분석 3.1 LED 광원의광학적측정 Table 2. The results of optical properties in the status of stabilization measurement sample luminous flux [lm] luminous efficiency [lm/w] wave length [nm] Red Blue White Red1+Blue Red2+Blue Red1+Blue

4 그러나광원에적색과청색의비율이알맞지않으면색상선명도가떨어진다. 일반적으로백색 LED는청색 LED와노란색형광체를이용하여만든다. 이백색 LED 는청색광과노란색의혼합에의하여백색광이되었기때문에효율은높지만녹색과전색영역의광이부족하게된다. 분광분석결과각각의피크파장은단색광으로적색 LED는 660 nm에서최대가되었고청색 LED는 450 nm에서최대가되었으며, 백색 LED는 450 nm에서최대가되었다. 혼합광은적색1+ 청색1 LED는 450 nm에서최대가되었고, 적색2+ 청색1 LED는 650 nm에서최대가되었고적색1+ 청색2 LED는 450 nm에서최대가되었다. 또한적색-청색혼합광은사람이인지하는시각적으로는빛이혼합되어보이나측정된분광분포나파장대역은서로독립적으로타나난것을알수있다. 본실험에사용된 660 nm 파장의적색 LED는식물의엽록소작용을최대로하고박아작용에효과를보이고, 450 nm 파장의청색 LED는광합성작용의최대, 엽록소작용의최대효과를보이는것으로알려져있다. 또한녹색과노란색의파장은식물의성장에도움을주지못하고반사되거나흡수율이미미한것으로알려져있다 [6][7]. Fig. 5. The points to measure the degree of uniformity in light sources in case 조도및 PPFD 모의실험표 3은 PPFD 값에따른조도변화를나타낸다. LED 광원별 PPFD 값이 25, 50, 100 일때식물과의거리를광원의 280 mm 에서측정하였다. Table 3. The characteristics of luminance and PPFD in the light sources used for the experiment in case 50 measurement sample 25 [umol] 50 [umol] 100 [umol] Red 156 lx 328 lx 579 lx Blue 60 lx 112 lx 239 lx White 803 lx 1764 lx 3777 lx Red1+Blue1 100 lx 200 lx 423 lx Red2+Blue1 108 lx 222 lx 444 lx Red1+Blue2 70 lx 162 lx 307 lx 그림 5는 LED 광원별균일도를실험한장치를나타내며 1지점에서 5지점까지각각 5개의 LED A1에서 A5 지점에위치한 5 곳의조도값을측정하였다. in case 100 Fig. 6. The graph that shows the acceleration of growth in green leaf lettuce 7259

5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 16 권제 11 호, 2015 in case 25 in case 50 in case 100 Fig. 7. The graph that shows the acceleration of growth in bok choy 영향을미친다고예측된다. 실험은 PPFD 값을 25, 50, 100 일때온도, 습도, 시간, 식물간거리의동일조건으로하루 12시간씩보광하였고, 파종후보광시작으로부터 15일간재배하였다. 측정은청치마상추와청경채의크기를측정하여비교하였다. 앞서실험결과광원종류에따른청치마상추와청경채의성장반응은다음과같다. 그림6과같이청치마상추는 25 일때길이는적색 LED에서가장높았고, 청색 LED에서가장낮았다. 50 일때길이는적색 LED에서가장높았고, 적색1+ 청색1 LED에서가장낮았다.100 일때길이는적색 LED에서가장높았고, 적색1+ 청색1 LED 에서가장낮았다. 그림7 과같이청경채는 25 일때길이는적색 LED에서가장높았고, 적색1+ 청색2 LED에서가장낮았다. 50 일때적색 LED에서가장높았고, 청색 LED에서가장낮았다. 100 일때적색 LED에서가장높았고, 적색1+ 청색2 LED에서가장낮았다. 광원종류에따른청치마상추와청경채의광합성률은적색 LED에서가장높았으며청색 LED에서낮았다. 즉적색파장은식물의광합성을촉진시키는반면청색파장은식물의성장을억제하는것을실험을얻었다. 다른광원은통계적으로차이가없었다. 하지만적색광원은성장속도가너무높아줄기상태가약해지는형상을보였다. 따라서청치마상추와청경채는적색광보다적색광과청색광을혼합시킨광조건에서재배하는것이줄기의급격한성장을방지하며, 높은품질로생산할수있을것으로판단된다. LED의조도는광강도가증가함에따라선형적으로증가함을보였다. 광강도에따른조도값의크기는백색 > 적색 > 적색2+ 청색1 > 적색1+ 청색1 > 적색1+ 청색2 > 청색 LED 광원순서로나타났다. PPFD 값이증가에따른조도의증가폭이백색 LED가가장크게나타났고, 청색 LED가가장작게나타났다. 백색 LED는청색 LED에형광체를도포한것으로입력전류가높아광효율이증가하여조도가가장높은것으로예측된다. 또한단색광보다적색-청색혼합광의경우가조도가더높기때문에식물성장에있어더많은 4. 결론본논문은식물재배시스템을제작하고 LED 광원의광학적특성과균일도가식물성장에미치는효과에대해분석하였다. 또한 LED 광원의종류별성능을측정하기위해단색광, 혼합광을구성하고, 각광원의광량을변화시켜가면서청치마상추와청경채의성장을통해다음과같은결과를얻었다. LED의광원의광효율은백색광원이 125 lm/w 으로높았고, 적색1+ 청색2 광원이 9.9 lm/w 으로광효율이낮게나타났다. 7260

6 LED의광원의평균조도크기로백색 > 적색 > 적색 2+ 청색1 > 적색1+ 청색1 > 적색1+ 청색2 > 청색광원순으로확인하였다. 백색 LED는청색 LED에황색형광체를도포한것으로입력전류가타 LED에보다많아광효율이증가하기때문에조도가높은것으로보인다. 또한, 평균조도의오차범위가최소 18lx로광원이균일하게분포하였다. 따라서적색-청색혼합광보다적색광원의조도가더높기때문에식물성장에더많은영향을미치게된다. References 안교명 (Xiao-Ming An) [ 준회원 ] 2015 년 8 월 : 원광대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) < 관심분야 > LED 조명, 임베디드시스템, 회로및시스템 [1] Seong-chan Hong, " Agricultural production, energy saving technology commercialization research using LED", Rural Development Administration National Academy of Agricultural Science, [2] Yong-seup Shin, "LED plant factory commercialization strategy and cultivar growing example / analyze marketability seminar", [3] Sang-Yoo Lee, "Plants growing using plant factory and LED artificial light", Optics and technology Vol.14 No.3, [4] Yu-hyo kim, "System configuration and research technology development example of plants factory", Rural Development Administration, [5] Dong-Rak Shin,"A Study on the Crops Growing Efficiency Using LED", Graduate School of Industry Pukyong National University, [6] G. Tamulatitis, et al., "High-power light-emitting diode based facility for plant cultivation", J. Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 38, pp , DOI: [7] Cheol-Gu Yoon, Hong-Kyoo Choi, "A Study on the Various Light Source Radiation Conditions and use of LED Illumination for Plant Factory", Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers 25(10) pp , DOI: 홍영진 (Yonug-Jin Hong) [ 준회원 ] 2015 년 2 월 : 원광대학교전자공학과졸업 2015 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교대학원전자공학과 < 관심분야 > LED 조명, 임베디드시스템, 회로및시스템 김환용 (Hwan-Yong Kim) [ 정회원 ] 1978 년 2 월 : 전북대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1984 년 8 월 : 전북대학교대학원전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1979 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교전자공학과교수 < 관심분야 > 임베디드시스템, SoC 설계, 회로및시스템 7261

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