<3234B1C75F34C8A35FB1B3C1A4BABB2831C2F720BFCFBCBABABB292DBCF6C1A42E687770>
|
|
- 원재 석
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 언어치료연구 제24권제4호 Journal of Speech-Language & Hearing Disorders , Vol.24, No.4, 103 ~ 음성인식을이용한어음인지역치검사어플리케이션개발을위한기초연구 Development of a Speech Recognition Threshold Application Using Voice Recognition Technology: Pilot Study 배인호 1) 김근효 2) 박희준 3) 김진동 4) 권순복 5) In Ho Bae Geun Hyo Kim Hee June Park Jin Dong Kim Soon Bok Kwon < Abstract > Purpose: Voice recognition technology (VRT) is expanding to areas beyond the IT field such as automotive, medical, and financial fields. The purpose of this study is to develop a method for a speech recognition threshold (SRT) test based on Google s VRT and the Android platform. SRT results obtained via the new method were compared with conventional SRT results. Methods: Fifteen normal hearing subjects participated in this study. The mean age was 27.5 years and the mean hearing threshold was 9.8dBHL. We used two sets of word and voice samples from speech spondee word lists. We developed a new application for the purpose of this study and Google provided an open API. We constructed the test environment using a self-developed application connected with audiometry. Both the conventional SRT test and the SRT test based on Google s voice recognition and Android platform were performed in the same condition. Results: We conducted a non-inferiority trial to identify the equivalence between the conventional SRT test and the VRT based test and identified the voice recognition rate of the SRT application. The SRT based SRT test showed non-inferiority at voice recognition (CI: ~.221, Δ=1) rate and threshold (CI: -.062~.328, Δ=2) compared to the conventional test. Also, the recognition rate of the SRT application using Google's VRT was 98.81%. Conclusions: Voice recognition technology could be applied in SRT tests. The VRT-based SRT test was not significantly different from the conventional SRT, thus it was a clinically effective tool. Keywords: Voice recognition, SRT, Android application Ⅰ. 서론 음성인식 (voice recognition) 은컴퓨터가음향학적신호를텍스트로맵핑시키는과정으로인식된결과는명령이나제어, 데이터입력, 문서준비등의응용분야에서최종결과 1) Dept. of ORL-HNS, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital 2) Dept. of ORL-HNS, Pusan National University Hospital 3) Dept. of Speech Rehabilitation, Choonhae College of Health Sciences 4) Dept. of Speech and Hearing Therapy, Catholic University of Pusan 5) Dept. of Linguistics Information, Pusan National University Received October 28, 2015 Revision received December 21, 2015 Accepted December 29, 2015 로사용되고있다 (Korea Creative Content Agency, 2011). 이러한음성인식기술은 IT분야를넘어자동차, 의료, 금융등의분야까지적용이확대되고있고언어치료에서도마비말장애환자의 AAC와청각장애와음성장애환자의명료도와관련하여다양한연구들이진행되고있다 (Fager et al., 2010; Mustafa et al., 2014; Wisenburn & Higginbotham, 2008). 음성인식은인식방법에따라첫째, 화자를특정지음에따라고정어휘나음성등록과같이특정화자의음성데이터만을기준으로하여음성패턴을분석하는화자종속음성인식과둘째, 불특정화자즉, 성별, 연령, 나이등에한정되지않고모든음성데이터를기반으로음성패턴을분석하여인식대상어휘를텍스트로입력하는화자독립인식이있고셋째, 인식단어에따라고립단어나무제한적인어휘를인식하는연속단어인식으로나눌수있다. 과거에는숫자인식이나명령및제어등특정영역에서고립단어인식이주로사용되었으나컴퓨터연산속도의발달과대용량데이 103
2 104 언어치료연구 ( 제 24 권제 4 호 ) 터베이스를기반으로화자독립가변어인식과대어휘연속단어인식쪽으로음성인식기술이발전되고있다 ( 그림 1). 그러나음성인식은기본적으로높은인식률을필요로하기에각영역의필요목적에따라다양한음성인식방법이활용되고있다. 최근들어구글의음성인식기술은통제된조건에서단어수준의인식률이 100% 로나타나는등음성인식기술이지속적으로발달되어오고있다 (Neil, 2014). 그림 1. 음성인식의최근경향 Figure 1. Recent trend of voice cognition 이러한음성인식기술은스마트폰과접목되면서전문적인영역에서일상생활영역까지그범위가급속도로확장되고있는추세이다. 스마트폰이대중화된지는최근몇년에불과하지만움직이면서컴퓨터를사용하고자하는노력의일환으로애플의뉴튼이나컴팩의 ipaq와같은휴대용장비들이개발되어왔다. 그러나이러한장비들은연산속도와용량, 네트워크환경, 소프트웨어등의제한으로대중적으로활용되기에어려움이있었다. 그러나아이폰을시작으로스마트폰은최근쿼드코어급이상의 CPU를사용함으로컴퓨터에버금가는연산속도로작업을수행할수있게되고무선네트워크환경의발전과더불어스마트폰을이용한다양한프로그램들의개발되면서활용폭이급속도로증가하고있는추세이다 (Lee & Kim, 2014). 특히여러모바일운영체제에적합화된여러종류의 Application program interface(api) 들이제공됨에따라프로그램의개발을용이하게해주고있다. 음성인식의경우도구글에서음성인식 API를제공하고있어따로음성인식엔진을프로그램밍하지않아도손쉽게음성인식을이용한프로그램의개발이용이하게이루어질수있다. 안드로이드역시오픈소스로써어플리케이션개발을위한플랫폼을무료로제공하고있다. 안드로이드는 Open handset alliance(oha) 컨소시엄에의해개발된모바일운영 체제로써구글이실질적으로주도하고있는오픈소스운영체제이다. 리눅스를기반으로하여자바언어를사용하고있어공신력있는커널에전문지식이없어도개발이가능한장점이있다. 또한검증된라이브러리를포함하고있어외부라이브러리를이용하지않고도대부분의기능을구현할수있고플랫폼에시스템프로그램과개발자의프로그램이동일한 API를사용하므로개발자의의도에따라구성요소들의수정및대체하기에비교적자유롭다는장점이있다. 가장큰장점은커널을비롯해운영체제의코어소스까지모든것이오픈소스이기에자유롭게이용가능하다는것이다. 이러한정보통신기술과의료분야의만남은 U-헬스케어 (Ubiquitous healthcare) 라는개념을만들어내었다. 모바일을이용해데이터의측정, 전송, 분석이가능하고최종적으로는의사에게까지정보가제공되도록구성되어질수있어스마트폰의발달과더불어급속도로발전하고있다. 그결과융합연구로다양한분야에서괄목할만한성과를보이고있고언어치료분야에서도치료및평가프로그램을중심으로많은앱들이개발되고있다 (Devlin & Unthank, 2006; Fernandes, 2011; Joshi, 2011; Kuster, 2012; Madeira et al., 2011; Yim et al., 2015). 어음인지역치 (Speech recognition threshold, SRT) 검사는각각의음절에강세가있는이음절낱말을 50% 이상정확하게인지할수있는최소어음역치 (dbhl) 를구하는검사로어음에대한청취능력및이해정도를알수있다. SRT 검사는일상생활에서친숙하게사용되는이음절낱말중양양격낱말을이용하여검사를실시하게되고이때사용되는어휘목록은각나라마다표준화된검사낱말목록을이용하여검사를실시하게된다. 현재우리나라에서는 Cho 등 (2008) 과 Hahm(1962) 이제시한한국어이음절낱말 (Korean spondee word) 이임상적으로많이활용되고있다. 검사는녹음된낱말샘플을대상자에게들려주고따라말하게하고검사자가대상자의발성을듣고정오답을평가한다. SRT는순음이아닌복합음인어음을이용하므로순음청력검사 (pure tone audiometry, PTA) 로알기어려운의사소통상황에서어음청취또는인지능력을정확하게평가할수있다. 또한 PTA와비교하여검사의정확도및신뢰도를알아보는데이용되고단어인지도검사의기초자료로도제공된다 (Choi, 2013). 이연구에서는위에서기술한구글의음성인식기술과안드로이드플랫폼을어음인지역치검사에활용한 SRT 어플리케이션을개발하여구글음성인식 API를이용한안드로이드어플리케이션의음성인식률을살펴보고검사자의청취에기반한기존의 SRT 검사와음성인식에기반한 SRT 검사와의동등성을검증하고자한다.
3 음성인식을이용한어음인지역치검사어플리케이션개발을위한기초연구 연구대상 Ⅱ. 연구방법 이연구는 20~35 세사이의성인으로남자 9명, 여자 6명총 15명을대상으로하였고대상자들의평균연령은 27.5세 (SD=4.72), 순음청력검사상평균청력은 9.98dBHL(SD=4.8374) 이었다. 외이도내시경상이상소견이없고이과적수술력이없는자중순음청력검사의 6분법 (500Hz Hz Hz Hz/6) 상 25dB 이하로모든주파수가청역치가정상범위 (0~25 dbhl) 에있는자, 발성및조음에문제가없는자로하였다. 대상자의정보는표 1과같다. 표 1. 대상자들의개인별특성 Table 1. Individual characteristic of subjects a Sex Age PTA Speech perception test a 1 Female Female Female Female Female Female Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male MTP (monosyllable-trochee-polysyllable) task of EARS-K (evaluation of auditory responses to speech-korea) 2. 검사방법 1) 검사프로그램구글의경우음성인식 API를안드로이드에적용가능하도록개방하고있어연구자의목적에맞게어플리케이션으로개발하기용이하다. 음성인식엔진은가우시안혼합모델 (Gaussian mixture model: GMM) 에대한군집화방식을이용한구글의음성인식기술을활용하였고안드로이드플랫폼을기반으로어플리케이션을개발하였다. 앱개발에앞서자바언어를사용하기위한 JDK( 전용개발툴인이클립스 ( 이클립스에서안드로이드모바일플랫폼을직접적으로지원하게하기위한개발킷인 Android development tool(adt) 플러그인, 안드로이드플랫폼을제공하는 SDK 등을사용하여개발환경을구축하였다. 개발에사용되는모든도구는무료로제공된다. 이연구에서는안드로이드의 Native API를사용하여안드로이드에서제공하는 User interface(ui) 를이용하였다. 이클립스를통해어플리케이션의동작, 레이아웃, 리소스폴더, 메뉴등을프로그래밍하여어플리케이션을구현하였다. 그림 1에서보는바와같이첫째, 화면이동, 특정버튼의동작, 레이아웃등음성을받아들일수있는준비를한다. 둘째, 시작시리소스폴더에저장된음성샘플을랜덤으로출력되게한다. 셋째, 마이크를통해 50dB 이상의음성신호를탐지하여음성을입력받는다. 넷째, 앞단계의입력이끝난후 50dB 이하로 200ms 동안유지되면음성데이터를서버로전송시킨다. 다섯째, 음성인식에대한결과를 2개의쌍으로제시하도록한다. 여섯째, 결과가출력되고 100ms 후나버튼 (next) 을클릭시다음단계의음성샘플과단어목록이제시되도록한다. 일곱째, 처리된결과를제시하도록한다. 그림 2. Voice recognition based SRT application Figure 2. 음성인식 SRT 어플리케이션모든음성데이터의판단은서버에서이루어지며명확한판단을위해언어설정을한국어로제한하였다. 서버에서 GMM에의해판단된결과는여러후보군에대해확률로정확도가제시된다. 이결과를바탕으로서버에서제시한가장높은확률의후보군이제시된단어와동일하다면 O, 그렇지않다면 X로어플리케이션에서출력되게하였다. 2) 검사환경스마트폰을청력검사기기에연결하여어플리케이션을통해랜덤으로준비된음성샘플세트를제시되도록하여청력검사기기를통해강도를조절하도록하였다. SRT 검사는대상자의음성을인식하기위해단일지향성마이크 (SM48,
4 106 언어치료연구 ( 제 24 권제 4 호 ) shure) 를이용하여방음부스안에서실시되었다. 단일지향성마이크의경우전방부의감도가좋고측후면의소음의영향을감소시킬수있어보다나은음성입력에용이하다. 검사환경의구성은그림 3과같다. 그림 3. 검사구성도 Figure 3. Test construction 음성샘플의출력과음성인식을위한대상자의음성입력이동시에이루어져야하기때문에 4극 Y젠더 (NM-MCG01, NETmate, Korea) 를사용하였고마이크와청력검사기기를스마트폰에연결하였다. 청력검사기기의경우, 기본적으로청취를위한출력시스템이기때문에음성녹음및인식등을위한입력시스템으로활용하기에제한점이있다. 이를극복하기위하여 SM48 지향성마이크와외장형사운드카드 (Maya U5, Audio track) 를연결하여사운드카드를통해필터링된대상자의음성이스마트폰으로입력되도록구성하였다. 스마트폰을통해음성을입력하는방법은내장마이크와외장마이크를이용하는방법이있다. 내장된 2개의마이크의시간차이를이용해소음을줄이는패시브노이즈캔슬레이션과소음으로소음을제거하는엑티브노이즈캔슬레이션의기술을이용한다. 외장마이크의경우정확한녹음을위해서는단일지향성마이크가주로이용된다. 또한입력된신호들은피크스무딩을이용해보다나은음질로저장되도록구성되어있고자동이득제어 (Auto gain control, AGC) 를통해안정된파형을유지하도록되어있다. Kim 등 (2015) 의연구를보면내장마이크의이용한직접입력시, 하드웨어노이즈와내장마이크성능에따라입력음질에영향을미칠수있다고보고하고있어보다나은입력음성의획득을위해외장사운드카드와외장마이크를이용하였다. 2) 검사절차검사에앞서대상자들의청력을확인하기위해 PTA를실시하였다. PTA는 GSI61(Grason Stadler, USA) 청력검사기기를사용하였고어음청취를위해온이어 (on-ear) 타입의 헤드폰 (TDH-50D, Telephonics, USA) 을사용하였다. SRT 검사는 PTA와동일한기기를이용하여 250~8000Hz 에대해실시하였고대상자의음성을인식하기위해 Shure48 마이크를이용하여방음부스안에서실시되었다. 검사샘플은 Cho 등 (2008) 이제시한이음절어의어휘와음성샘플을이용하여무작위순서로구성된검사세트 2개를만들어검사에사용하였다 ( 부록 1). 역치는 PTA 평균 +10dB를시작역치값으로하여정반응시 4dB 하강, 오반응시 2dB 상승시켜검사하는수정상승법 (modified ascending method) 을이용하여구하였다. 검사시인식률은음성의속도와크기에영향을받기때문에인식률향상을위해대상자에게충분한강도와정확한조음을요구하였다 (Park et al., 1995). 일반적으로임상에서사용하는방법인검사자의청취를기반으로한 SRT 검사를실시함과동시에검사를위해설계된음성인식어플리케이션을이용하여음성인식기반 SRT 검사를실시하였다. 음성인식 SRT 검사의경우, 대상자가헤드셋을통해음성샘플을듣고발화시어플리케이션에서음성을인식하여정답과오답을자동으로판별하게하였다. 어플리케이션이음성을인식하고정오답을인식하면다음음성샘플을자동으로제시하거나필요에따라검사자가버튼 (next) 을클릭하여다음음성샘플을제시할수있도록하였고 4개단어씩나누어정오답율을계산하게하였다. 50% 이하의정답률을보일때자동으로검사가종료되도록설정하였고검사역치는어플리케이션에검사자가직접입력하도록구성하였다. 3. 자료분석이연구에서는각검사를통해수집된자료를바탕으로검사자의청취에기반한전통적 SRT 검사결과와음성인식을이용한 SRT 검사결과를비교하였다. 음성인식 SRT 검사의비열등성을알아보기위해대응표본 t-검정 (paired t test) 을이용하여비열등성검정 (non-inferiority test) 을실시하였고음성인식 SRT 검사에활용한어휘의음성인식결과정확도를살펴보기위해오류율에대해기술통계로분석하였다. 통계처리는 SPSS 21.0을이용하여분석하였다. Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 검사단어에대한음성인식률 SRT 음성인식어플리케이션의음성인식률을살펴본결
5 음성인식을이용한어음인지역치검사어플리케이션개발을위한기초연구 107 과, 전통적 SRT 검사에서 189개 (M=16.87, SD=3.871) 단어에서정반응을보였고음성인식 SRT 검사에서 183개 (M=16.73, SD=3.731) 의단어에서정반응을보여 98.81% 의인식률을나타내었다 ( 그림 4). 정상승법의역치변화기준인 2dB를비열등성한계 (non-inferior margin) 로하여비열등성을살펴본결과표 5에서보는바와같이전통적 SRT 검사와비교하여음성인식 SRT 검사의결과는동등한것으로나타났다 (CI: ~.221, Δ=2). 표 4. 음성인식을이용한 SRT 검사의비열등성검정 Table 4. Non-inferiority trial between two SRT test 그림 4. 음성인식 SRT 검사의단어인식률 Figure 4. Word recognition ratio of voice recognition based SRT test 두검사간의차이를살펴보기위해대응 t-검정을실시한결과표 3에서처럼두검사간에통계적으로유의미한차이가없는것으로나타났다. 표 3. SRT 검사방식에따른정반응수의비교 Table 3. Correct response according to test method Paired Differences t Sig M SD Lower Upper Correct response 2. SRT 역치의동등성검정 음성인식 SRT 검사의동등성을살펴본결과, 전통적 SRT 검사에서는 12.60dB(SD=4.323) 의역치를나타내었고음성인식 SRT 검사에서는 12.20dB(SD=4.491) 의역치를나타내었다 ( 그림 5). 그림 5. 전통적 / 음성인식 SRT 검사의역치 Figure 5. Threshold of traditional/voice recognition based SRT test 두검사간의차이를보기위해대응 t-검정을실시하였고통계적으로유의미한차이가없는것으로나타났다. 수 SRT threshold Paired Differences t Sig M SD Lower Upper Ⅳ. 논의및결론 이연구를통해살펴본결론은다음과같다. 첫째, 음성인식 SRT 검사와 PTA 검사의차이를비교해볼때, 신뢰할만한검사인것으로나타났다. 음성인식 SRT 검사의평균역치는 12.20dB 로 PTA 평균역치 9.98dB 와 6dB 안의차이를보였다. Katz(2002) 는 ±6dB 이내의검사오차를보일경우매우신뢰도가높은검사, ±13dB 이상일경우신뢰도가떨어지는검사라고보고하고있어 2.22dB 의차이를보인음성인식 SRT 검사는신뢰도높은검사로간주할수있다. 둘째, 음성인식 SRT 검사의역치결과값은기존검사방법과비교하여통계적으로비열등한검사결과를나타내었다. 청취기반대신에음성인식기술을이용하여서버의빅테이터에기반하여분석된결과는웹기반과휴대용기기를이용한다양한청력검사에대한연구들에서처럼신뢰도와타당도면에서충분히효과적이었음을나타내고있다 (Hofmann et al., 2015; Molander et al., 2013; Shin et al., 2009; Song et al., 2011). 셋째, 음성인식 SRT 어플리케이션은전통적 SRT 검사에기준하여이음절단어에서 98.81% 의높은음성인식률을나타내었다. 오반응을보인단어를살펴보면대상자의오반응을정반응으로인식하는오류를보였다. 이는구글의음성인식기술은 GMM에대한군집화방식으로음성을처리하기때문에보다높은출현빈도와확률을가진음성을찾아가게된다 (Ban et al., 2014). 검사의특성상하나의인식오류로검사역치가달라질수있음을고려하면보다나은검사정확도를위해주어진검사어휘에대한 100% 의음성인식률이요구된다. 이를볼때 SRT 검사와같이고정된어휘만을이용하는검사는 Park 등 (2014) 의연구에서처럼초성
6 108 언어치료연구 ( 제 24 권제 4 호 ) 분해를이용해패턴해석을용이하게하거나오반응의경우의수를고려하여한정된어휘에특화시킨음성인식툴을개발하여적용할경우보다정확한음성인식결과를얻을수있을것으로보인다. 기술의발달과더불어 U-헬스케어관점의의료기기들이개발되고있는시점에서청력검사비롯해언어치료와관련한평가및치료분야에서도이에대한연구가요구되고있다 (Jesty et al., 2015; Jo et al., 2001; Touati & Tabish, 2013). 청력검사에있어서지금까지는 PC 기반의연구들을중심으로검사및평가프로그램들이주로논의되어왔으나사용성을고려한모바일기반프로그램들의연구가이어져야할것이다. 그러나모바일과관련하여서현재서지기반평가의모바일로의전환, 치료교구로써의프로그램등에대한연구들이다수이며음성분석및인식등을이용한검사와관련한연구들은부족한실정이다 (Fager et al., 2010; Mustafa et al., 2014; Wisenburn & Higginbotham, 2008). 이연구에서도소음상황에대한통제, 강도조절문제, 장비에따른인식률등이제한점으로작용하였으며완전한모바일기반프로그램으로가기위해다양한연구들이필요하다 (Adam et al., 2015; Kim, 2012). 따라서이연구는 U-헬스케어관점의기초연구이자청각과관련해음성인식을이용한시도적연구로써기존검사방법외에새로운관점을제시한데의미가있다. 더나은연구를위해자동화된프로그램으로의개발을위해강도조절이가능한소프트웨어또는어플리케이션의개발이필요할것으로보인다. 참고문헌 Adam, P. V., Kristin M. R., Angela T. M., & Sheena R. (2015). Comparability of modern recording devices for speech analysis: Smartphone, landline, laptop, and hard disc recorder. Folia Phoniatrica Logopaedica, 66, Ban, S. M., Kang, B. O., & Kim, H. S. (2014). Automatic clustering of speech data using modified map adaptation technique. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 6(1), [ 반성민, 강병옥, 김형순 (2014). 수정된 MAP 적응기법을이용한음성데이터자동군집화. 말소리와음성과학, 6(1), ] Cho, S. J., Lim, D. H., Lee, K. Y., Han, H. K., & Lee, J. H. (2008). Development of Korean standard bisyllabic word list for adults used in speech recognition threshold test. Audiology, 4(1), Choi, S. K. (2013). The correlation between speech discrimination and speech intelligibility based on slope degree of sensory/neural hearing impaired students. Journal of Speech-Language and Hearing Disorders, 22(2), [ 최성규 (2013). 감음신경성청각장애학생의청력도기울기차이에따른어음변별력과어음명료도의상관관계. 언어치료연구, 22(2), ] Devlin, S., & Unthank, G. (2006). Helping aphasic people process online information. Proceedings of the 8th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, NewYork. Fager, S. K., Beukelman, D. R., Jakobs, T., & Hosom, J. (2010). Evaluation of a speech recognition prototype for speakers with moderate and severe dysarthria: A preliminary report. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 26(4), Fernandes, B. (2011). itherapy: The revolution of mobile devices within the field of speech therapy. SIG 16 Perspectives on School-Based Issues, 12(2), Hahm, T. Y. (1962). Articulation function on the Korean speech in patients with hearing impairment. Catholic Med College Journal, 5(6), [ 함태영 (1962). 한국어음청력검사표와명료도검사성과에관한연구. 카톨릭의대논문집, 5(6), ] Hofmann, M., Luts, H., Denys, S., van Wieringen, A., & Wouters, J. (2015). Optimization of the digit triplet screening test. Journal of International Advanced Otology, 11, Jesty, B., Chapman, F., Terry, M., Khan, M. A., Johnson, R., & Authoring, M. I. (2015). Electronics and computer science: Mobile intervention authoring. University of Southampton. Retrieved from iles/gdp19_final_report.pdf. Jo, C. W., Kim, K. I., Kim, D. H., Kwon, S. B., Kim, K. R., Kim, Y. J., Jun, K. R., & Wang, S. G. (2001). Classification of pathological voice from ARS using neural network. Journal of Speech Science, 8(2), [ 조철우, 김광인, 김대현, 권순복, 김기련, 김용주, 전계록, 왕수건 (2001). 신경회로망을이용한 ARS 장애
7 음성인식을이용한어음인지역치검사어플리케이션개발을위한기초연구 109 음성의식별에관한연구. 음성과학, 8(2), ] Joshi, P. (2011). Finding good apps for children with autism. New York Times Gadgetwise Blog. Retrieved from -good-apps-for-children-with-autism. Katz, J. (2002). Handbook of clinical audiology. Baltimore: Lippincott & Williams. Kim, G. H., Kim, S. D., Kim, H. S., Kang, D. H., Shin, B. J., Kwon, S. B., Lee, Y. W., Park, H. J., & Wang, S. G. (2015). Comparison of voice quality according to voice input on smartphone. 21st Combined Congress of Ctorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Gunsan Exhibition & Convention Center, Gunsan. [ 김근효, 김성동, 김형순, 강덕훈, 신범주, 권순복, 이연우, 박희준, 왕수건 (2015). 스마트폰음성입력에따른음질비교분석. 제 21차이비인후과학회종합학술대회, 새만금컨벤션센터, 군산.] Kim, J. D. (2012). PC based pure tone audiometer system with automated speech audiometry (Doctoral dissertation). Pusan National University, Busan. [ 김진동 (2012). 자가어음청력검사를지원하는 PC 기반순음청력검사시스템. 부산대학교대학원박사학위논문.] Korea Creative Content Agency. (2011). CT depths report: Trend and prospect of speech recognition technology. Retreived from icsfiles /afieldfile/2011/12/07/87nemyicvwmc.pdf. [ 한국컨텐츠진흥원 (2011). 문화기술심층리포트 : 음성인식기술의동향과전망. dge/publication/ct/ icsfiles/afieldfile/2011/12/07/87ne myicvwmc.pdf.] Kuster, J. M. (2012). Internet: In search of the perfect speech-language app. The ASHA Leader, 2012, April 3. Lee, H., M., & Kim, S. I. (2014). Comparative study on the usability of mobile intelligent personal assistance service based on voice recognition technology: Focused on Samsung S Voice and Apple Siri. Journal of Digital Design, 4(1), [ 이혜민, 김승인 (2014). 음성인식기반의모바일지능형개인비서서비스사용성비교. 디지털디자인학연구, 14(1), ] Madeira, R. N., Correia, N., Guerra, M., Postolache, O., Dias, A. C., & Postolache, G. (2011). Designing personalized therapeutic serious games for a pervasive assistive environment. Proceedings of IEEE 1st international conference on serious games and applications for health (SeGAH'2011), Braga. Molander, P., Nordqvist, P., Oberg, M., Lunner, T., Lyxell, B., & Andersson, G. (2013). Internet-based hearing screening using speech-in-noise: Validation and comparisons of self-reported hearing problems, quality of life and phonological representation. BMJ Open, 3(9), 1-9. Mustafa, M. B., Salim, S. S., Mohamed, N., Al-Qatab, B., & Siong, C. E. (2014). Severity-based adaptation with limited data for ASR to aid dysarthric speakers. PloS One, 9(1), Neil, H. (2014). Tests find Apple's Siri improving, but Google now voice search slightly better. Retrieved from Park, S. G., Goo, M. W., & Kim, J. G. (1995). Study on performance of speech recognition system with respect to the power and speed of speech. Proceesing 1995 Summer Conference of The Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea, 18(1), [ 박상규, 구명완 (1995). 음성의속도및크기에따른음성인식시스템에의성능비교. 대한전자공학회 1995 년도하계종합학술대회논문집, 18(1), ] Park, Y. H.. Sung, S. J., Kim, S. H., Lee, S. H., & Lee, H. S. (2014). Recognize command for robot control based on Android speech recognition system. Proceeding 2014 Conference of Korea Computer Congress, [ 박영훈, 성종세, 김성훈, 이승형, 이현수 (2014). 안드로이드음성인식시스템기반의로봇제어를위한명령어인식. 한국정보과학회 2014 한국컴퓨터종합학술대회논문집, ] Shin, S. W., Kim, K., S., Yoon, T. H., Lee, S., T., & Lee, J., W. Implementation of multi-threading ambulatory speech audiometric system. Proceesing 2009 Summer Conference of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers, [ 신승원, 김경섭, 윤태호, 이선주, 이성택, 이정환 (2009). 멀티스레딩기법을이용한휴대용어음청력검사시스템구현 대한전기학회제 40회하계학술대회, ]
8 110 언어치료연구 ( 제 24 권제 4 호 ) Song, B. D., Kang, D. H., Shin, B. J., Kim, J. D., & Wang, S. G. (2011). Development of client/server puretone audiometer supporting video chat. Journal of The Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 12(3), [ 송복득, 강덕훈, 신범주, 김진동, 왕수건 (2011). 영상대화지원클라이언트 / 서버순음청력검사시스템개발. 한국산학기술학회논문지, 12(3), ] Touati, F., & Tabish, R. (2013). U-healthcare system: State-of-the-art review and challenges. Journal of Medical Systems, 37(3), Wisenburn, B., & Higginbotham, D. J. (2008). An AAC application using speaking partner speech recognition to automatically produce contextually relevant utterances: Objective results. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 24(2), Yim, D. S., Cheon, S. H., Lee, J. L., & Jeong, P. K. (2015). Meta analysis of spontaneous speech between children with language developmental disorders and typical developing children: A preliminary study for developing an application screening tool. Journal of Speech-Language and Hearing Disorders, 24(1), [ 임동선, 천성혜, 이여진, 정필연 (2015). 메타분석을통한언어발달장애아동과일반아동의자발화분석연구. 언어치료연구, 24(1), ]
9 음성인식을이용한어음인지역치검사어플리케이션개발을위한기초연구 111 부록 1. 단어목록 Appendix 1. Word list Word Set1 겨울고향세상하늘싸움친절나라장군방송의견병원큰집불편교통농촌활동계획소원정말필요청년마을유명국군행복통일생각편지대답물건민족까닭운동손님글씨기차귀신외국담배지금둘째건설입대동생사람신문종류오빠약속안녕 Set2 글씨하늘오빠외국통일불편방송계획사람친절병원민족대답신문겨울지금소원활동종류청년필요마을세상고향생각의견물건약속교통장군이때손님농촌나라행복큰집국군동생정말안녕기차담배싸움편지유명귀신둘째운동까닭건설
10 112 언어치료연구 ( 제 24 권제 4 호 ) 국문초록 음성인식을이용한 어음인지역치검사어플리케이션개발을위한기초연구 배인호 1) 김근효 2) 박희준 3) 김진동 4) 권순복 5) 목적 : 음성인식은 IT 영역을넘어자동화, 의료, 금융등과같은영역으로확장되고있고언어치료분야에서도마비말장애, 음성장애, 청각장애등에서음성인식이활용되고있다. 이연구에서는구글의음성인식기술과안드로이드플랫폼을어음인지역치검사에활용한음성인식 SRT 어플리케이션을개발하여검사자의청취에기반한기존의 SRT 검사와의동등성을살펴보고구글음성인식기술을이용하였을때 SRT 검사단어의음성인식률을살펴보고자한다. 방법 : 대상자는정상청력 ( 평균청력 9.8dB) 을가진성인 15명 ( 평균연령 : 27.5세 ) 으로하였다. 구글의음성인식 API와안드로이드의네이티브 API를사용하여안드로이드에서제공하는사용자화면을이용하여음성인식 SRT 어플리케이션을구현하였고청력검사기기와연결및녹음환경을구축하였고기존의 SRT 검사를실시하면서동시에음성인식 SRT 검사를수행하였다. 결과 : 두검사간의동등성을확인하기위해비열등성검정을실시하였고어음역치에서비열등한것으로나타났다 (CI: ~.221, Δ=6). 또한두검사의정반응수는통계적으로유의미한차이를보이지않았고음성인식률역시 98.81% 로나타나높은인식률을나타내었다. 결론 : 음성인식을이용한검사는 SRT 검사에서기존검사방법과비교하여동등한결과를나타내었으며구글음성인식기술과안드로이드플랫폼을이용한어플리케이션은 SRT검사의이음절단어목록에서높은음성인식률을보여효과적이었음을알수있었다. 또한, 이연구는 U-헬스케어관점의기초연구이자청각과관련해음성인식을이용한시도적연구로써기존검사방법외에새로운관점을제시한데의미가있다. < 검색어 > 음성인식, 어음역치검사, 안드로이드어플리케이션 1) 배인호 ( 제 1 저자 ) : 양산부산대학교병원이비인후과언어재활사 2) 김근효 ( 공동저자 ) : 부산대학교병원이비인후과언어재활사 3) 박희준 ( 공동저자 ) : 춘해보건대학교언어재활과교수 4) 김진동 ( 공동저자 ) : 부산가톨릭대학교언어청각치료학과교수 5) 권순복 ( 교신저자 ) : 부산대학교언어정보학과교수 (ssbkwon@hanmail.net) 게재신청일 : 수정제출일 : 게재확정일 :
DBPIA-NURIMEDIA
한국소음진동공학회 2015추계학술대회논문집년 Study of Noise Pattern and Psycho-acoustics Characteristic of Household Refrigerator * * ** ** Kyung-Soo Kong, Dae-Sik Shin, Weui-Bong Jeong, Tae-Hoon Kim and Se-Jin Ahn Key Words
More information<32382DC3BBB0A2C0E5BED6C0DA2E687770>
논문접수일 : 2014.12.20 심사일 : 2015.01.06 게재확정일 : 2015.01.27 청각 장애자들을 위한 보급형 휴대폰 액세서리 디자인 프로토타입 개발 Development Prototype of Low-end Mobile Phone Accessory Design for Hearing-impaired Person 주저자 : 윤수인 서경대학교 예술대학
More information인문사회과학기술융합학회
Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More informationÆ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š
Cho, Mun Jin (E-mail: mjcho@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information<31362DB1E8C7FDBFF82DC0FABFB9BBEA20B5B6B8B3BFB5C8ADC0C720B1B8C0FC20B8B6C4C9C6C32E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 13, No. 4 pp. 1525-1531, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.4.1525 저예산 독립영화의 구전 마케팅을 위한 스마트폰 모바일 애플리케이션 모델 개발 연구 김혜원 1* 1 청운대학교
More information[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with clon
[ 영어영문학 ] 제 55 권 4 호 (2010) 775-794 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) Kyuchul Yoon, Ji-Yeon Oh & Sang-Cheol Ahn. Teaching English prosody through English poems with cloned native intonation. The purpose of this work is to
More information°í¼®ÁÖ Ãâ·Â
Performance Optimization of SCTP in Wireless Internet Environments The existing works on Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) was focused on the fixed network environment. However, the number of
More informationPowerPoint 프레젠테이션
Speech Audiometry Jin Dong Kim Catholic University of Pusan Speech and Hearing Therapy College of Health Sciences Speech audiometry Purpose - 개인의의사소통능력을정확하게평가하기위해일생생활에서대화에실제사용되는어음 (complex signal) 을자극음으로이용하여어음에대한청취와이해능력을평가
More information. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( )
. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ,. (, 2011),, 1980 5 49.9%, 4 (20.3%). 1985, 5 (39.0%), 4 (25.3%).
More information04서종철fig.6(121~131)ok
Development of Mobile Applications Applying Digital Storytelling About Ecotourism Resources Seo, Jongcheol* Lee, Seungju**,,,. (mobile AIR)., 3D.,,.,.,,, Abstract : In line with fast settling trend of
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More information06_ÀÌÀçÈÆ¿Ü0926
182 183 184 / 1) IT 2) 3) IT Video Cassette Recorder VCR Personal Video Recorder PVR VCR 4) 185 5) 6) 7) Cloud Computing 8) 186 VCR P P Torrent 9) avi wmv 10) VCR 187 VCR 11) 12) VCR 13) 14) 188 VTR %
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Effect of Paren
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.95-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.95 * The Effect of Parent Education Program Using Action Learning on Family
More information특수교육논총 * ,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. **
특수교육논총 *. 257..,,,,..,..,, 76.7%.,,,.,,.. * 1. ** (eun67@dankook.ac.kr) .,,,,,,,,,, (,, 2014)., (,, 2007)....,,,, (,, 2014).. (2003)...,,, (Baron-Cohen, O Riordan, Stone, Jone, & Plaisted, 1999; Hobson,
More information???? 1
The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial
More informationAnalysis of teacher s perception and organization on physical education elective courses Chang-Wan Yu* Korea Institute of curriculum and evaluation [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusions] Key words:
More information<353420B1C7B9CCB6F52DC1F5B0ADC7F6BDC7C0BB20C0CCBFEBC7D120BEC6B5BFB1B3C0B0C7C1B7CEB1D7B7A52E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 13, No. 2 pp. 866-871, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2012.13.2.866 증강현실을 이용한 아동교육프로그램 모델제안 권미란 1*, 김정일 2 1 나사렛대학교 아동학과, 2 한세대학교 e-비즈니스학과
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information27 2, 17-31, , * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** ( :
27 2, 17-31, 2009. -, * ** ***,. K 1 2 2,.,,,.,.,.,,.,. :,,, : 2009/08/19 : 2009/09/09 : 2009/09/30 * 2007 ** *** (: dminkim@cau.ac.kr) 18 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. Ⅰ. (,,, 2004). (,, 2006).,,, (Myrick,
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Nov.; 26(11),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2015 Nov.; 26(11), 985991. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2015.26.11.985 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Analysis
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
논문 10-35-03-03 한국통신학회논문지 '10-03 Vol. 35 No. 3 원활한 채널 변경을 지원하는 효율적인 IPTV 채널 관리 알고리즘 준회원 주 현 철*, 정회원 송 황 준* Effective IPTV Channel Control Algorithm Supporting Smooth Channel Zapping HyunChul Joo* Associate
More information정보기술응용학회 발표
, hsh@bhknuackr, trademark21@koreacom 1370, +82-53-950-5440 - 476 - :,, VOC,, CBML - Abstract -,, VOC VOC VOC - 477 - - 478 - Cost- Center [2] VOC VOC, ( ) VOC - 479 - IT [7] Knowledge / Information Management
More information<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 2 pp. 1051-1058, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.2.1051 멤리스터의 전기적 특성 분석을 위한 PSPICE 회로 해석 김부강 1, 박호종 2, 박용수 3, 송한정 1*
More information230 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 I. 서 론 청소년의 언어가 거칠어지고 있다. 개ㅅㄲ, ㅆㅂ놈(년), 미친ㅆㄲ, 닥쳐, 엠창, 뒤져 등과 같은 말은 주위에서 쉽게 들을 수 있다. 말과 글이 점차 된소리나 거센소리로 바뀌고, 외 국어 남용과 사이버 문화의 익명성 등
청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이 229 한국교육학연구 제20권 제3호 The Korea Educational Review 2014. 10. Vol.20. No.3. pp.229-251. 1) 청소년의 개인, 가정, 학교변인에 따른 비교육적 언어 사용의 차이* 강기수 조규판(동아대학교) [요 약] 본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 개인변인인
More information04-다시_고속철도61~80p
Approach for Value Improvement to Increase High-speed Railway Speed An effective way to develop a highly competitive system is to create a new market place that can create new values. Creating tools and
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More information歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF
The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More information878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu
한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim
More informationÆ÷Àå82š
Lee, Kyungbae (E-mail : kblee6078@ex.co.kr) Lee, Jaehoon (E-mail : ranian74@ex.co.kr) Sohn, Duecksu (E-mail : mgsds@ex.co.kr) Kwon, Soonmin (E-mail : soonmini2@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The purpose
More information<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>
주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on the Opti
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.127-148 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/11024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.127 A Study on the Optimization of Appropriate Hearing-impaired Curriculum Purpose:
More informationSoftware Requirrment Analysis를 위한 정보 검색 기술의 응용
EPG 정보 검색을 위한 예제 기반 자연어 대화 시스템 김석환 * 이청재 정상근 이근배 포항공과대학교 컴퓨터공학과 지능소프트웨어연구실 {megaup, lcj80, hugman, gblee}@postech.ac.kr An Example-Based Natural Language System for EPG Information Access Seokhwan Kim
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp DOI: * Suggestions of Ways
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.65-89 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.1.201903.65 * Suggestions of Ways to Improve Teaching Practicum Based on the Experiences
More informationAnalysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ
Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]
More information1
- MEDIC (MEDical Intelligent wheelchair ) MedicalIntelligent, Wheelchair MEDIC. MEDIC LG Global Challenger 2003 - 1. 3 2. 4 2.1 4 (1) 4 (2) 5 2.2 6 (1) 6 (2) 6 (3) 7 3. 8 3.1 8 3.2 10 3.3 11 4. 12 4.1
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
More information04조남훈
Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales
More informationProblem New Case RETRIEVE Learned Case Retrieved Cases New Case RETAIN Tested/ Repaired Case Case-Base REVISE Solved Case REUSE Aamodt, A. and Plaza, E. (1994). Case-based reasoning; Foundational
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More informationMicrosoft Word doc
KISEP RESEARCH PAPER AUDIOLOGY 청능재활 2005;1:59-66 ABSTRACT 한국어음소의주파수특성에관한연구 한림대학교대학원언어청각학협동과정, 1 한림대학교자연과학대학언어청각학부, 청각언어연구소 2 이주현 1 장현숙 2 정한진 1 A Study on Frequency Characteristics of Korean Phonemes The
More information지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 (pp.71~92),.,.,., Support Vector Machines,,., KOSPI200.,. * 지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월
지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 (pp.71~92),.,.,., Support Vector Machines,,., 2004 5 2009 12 KOSPI200.,. * 2009. 지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 김선웅 안현철 社 1), 28 1, 2009, 4. 1. 지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 Support
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A S
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.461-487 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.461 * - 2008 2018 - A Study on the Change of Issues with Adolescent Problem
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: : A basic research
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.379-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.379 : A basic research for the after-school forest activities program models:
More information03-서연옥.hwp
농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥
More information歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF
********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder
More information歯1.PDF
200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)
More informationTHE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: * Strenghening the Cap
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.27-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.27 * Strenghening the Capacity of Cultural Arts Required in Special Education
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: A Study on Organizi
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.441-460 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.441 A Study on Organizing Software Education of Special Education Curriculum
More information<5BBEF0BEEE33332D335D20312EB1E8B4EBC0CD2E687770>
언어장애의 몇 가지 유형에서 관찰되는 어휘빈도와 음운변화 효과 * 김충명 남기춘 ** (광주대학교 고려대학교) Kim, Choong-Myung and Nam, Kichun. 2008. The Effects of Korean Word Frequency and Phonological Change in Several Types of Language Disorder.
More information#유한표지F
www.yuhan.ac.kr www.yuhan.ac.kr 대 학 요 람 2008 422-749 경기도 부천시 소사구 경인로 636(괴안동 185-34) Tel : 02)2610-0600 / 032)347-0600 유 한 대 학 대학요람 2008 2008 대학요람 설립자 유일한 박사의 숭고한 정신과 철학을 실천하는 대학 눈으로 남을 볼 줄 아는 사람은 훌륭한
More informationAnalyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong
Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling
More information1. KT 올레스퀘어 미디어파사드 콘텐츠 개발.hwp
Journal of Next-generation Convergence Information Services Technology Vol.4, No.1, June (2015), pp. 1-8 차세대컨버전스정보서비스기술논문지 KT 올레스퀘어 미디어파사드 콘텐츠 개발 Media Fasade Contents Development of KT Olleh Square 김동조
More information<332EC0E5B3B2B0E62E687770>
한국패션디자인학회지 제12권 4호 Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion Design Vol. 12 No. 4 (2012) pp.29-43 모바일 패션도구로서 어플리케이션의 활용 실태 장 남 경 한세대학교 디자인학부 섬유패션디자인전공 조교수 요 약 본 연구는 스마트폰의 패션관련 어플리케이션의 현황을 조사하고 유형과 특징을 분석하여,
More information<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>
기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를
More informationMicrosoft Word - KSR2014S042
2014 년도 한국철도학회 춘계학술대회 논문집 KSR2014S042 안전소통을 위한 모바일 앱 서비스 개발 Development of Mobile APP Service for Safety Communication 김범승 *, 이규찬 *, 심재호 *, 김주희 *, 윤상식 **, 정경우 * Beom-Seung Kim *, Kyu-Chan Lee *, Jae-Ho
More information09오충원(613~623)
A Study of GIS Service of Weather Information* Chung-Weon Oh**,..,., Web 2.0 GIS.,.,, Web 2.0 GIS, Abstract : Due to social and economic value of Weather Information such as urban flooding, demand of Weather
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More information±èÇö¿í Ãâ·Â
Smartphone Technical Trends and Security Technologies The smartphone market is increasing very rapidly due to the customer needs and industry trends with wireless carriers, device manufacturers, OS venders,
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
박건수 *, 서태영 **, 김종욱 *** ". 요약 Abstract The induction melting furnace using electric generator has been introduced since 1920s, and it began to be widely applied to industrial applications due to increasing
More information(5차 편집).hwp
(215), 54(1), 17-3 211 STEAM,.. STEAM, STEAM, 5~6 11.,., 5~6...,. (, 21)., 29. (,, 212). 211 STEAM * :, E-mail: njkwon@hanmail.net http://dx.doi.org/1.15812/ter.54.1.2153.17 (215), 54(1), 17-3,. (Arts)
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT
More informationI
I II III (C B ) (C L ) (HL) Min c ij x ij f i y i i H j H i H s.t. y i 1, k K, i W k C B C L p (HL) x ij y i, i H, k K i, j W k x ij y i {0,1}, i, j H. K W k k H K i i f i i d ij i j r ij i j c ij r ij
More information학습영역의 Taxonomy에 기초한 CD-ROM Title의 효과분석
,, Even the short history of the Web system, the techniques related to the Web system have b een developed rapidly. Yet, the quality of the Webbased application software has not improved. For this reason,
More informationonline ML Comm Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2012;55:350-4 / pissn / eissn
online ML Comm Otology Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2012;55:350-4 / pissn 2092-5859 / eissn 2092-6529 http://dx.doi.org/10.3342/kjorl-hns.2012.55.6.350 Reliability of Speech Recognition Threshold
More informationKinematic analysis of success strategy of YANG Hak Seon technique Joo-Ho Song 1, Jong-Hoon Park 2, & Jin-Sun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Scienc
Kinematic analysis of success strategy of technique JooHo Song 1, JongHoon Park 2, & JinSun Kim 3 * 1 Korea Institute of Sport Science, 2 Catholic Kwandong University, 3 Yonsei University [Purpose] [Methods]
More informationRheu-suppl hwp
Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally
More information27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :
27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,
More information세종대 요람
Sejong University 2016 2016 Sejong University 4 SEJONG UNIVERSITY www.sejong.ac.kr 5 8 SEJONG UNIVERSITY 2016 Sejong University 10 SEJONG UNIVERSITY www.sejong.ac.kr 11 12 SEJONG UNIVERSITY www.sejong.ac.kr
More information<303332355FC3D6C1BEBCF6C1A45FB1E2B5B6B1B3B1B3C0B0B3EDC3D12033332E687770>
11 ) 기독교교육논총, 제33집, 67-90 A Journal of Christian Education in Korea, Vol. 33. 한국기독교교육학회, 2013. 3. 30. 스마트 환경에서 관계적 역량 증진을 위한 교회 교사교육 프로그램 개발 * 김효숙(장로회신학대학교) belovedkhs@naver.com / 010-6284-9370 권성호(한양대학교)
More informationResearch subject change trend analysis of Journal of Educational Information and Media Studies : Network text analysis of the last 20 years * The obje
Research subject change trend analysis of Journal of Educational Information and Media Studies : Network text analysis of the last 20 years * The objectives of this study are analyzing research trends
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster
More informationÀå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö
Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment
More information09권오설_ok.hwp
(JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More informationA Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer
More information00º½Çмú-¾Õ
547-8( 307 ) TEL (02)458-3078, 3079 / FAX (02)458-3047, 3077 NICE , (),, ( 1) NICE 1. Biochemical Engineering in 21st Century in the era of Life Science and Technology 09:00 ~ 09:15 Opening Remarks: President
More informationÀ±½Â¿í Ãâ·Â
Representation, Encoding and Intermediate View Interpolation Methods for Multi-view Video Using Layered Depth Images The multi-view video is a collection of multiple videos, capturing the same scene at
More informationuntitled
ª Œª Œ 27ƒ 2B Á 2007 3œ pp. 193 ~ 199 ª ƒ w d w ƒ sƒ Methodology of Drought Assessment Using National Groundwater Monitoring Network Data «x Á½ Kwon, Hyung JoongÁKim, Seong Joon Abstract The objective
More information00내지1번2번
www.keit.re.kr 2011. 11 Technology Level Evaluation ABSTRACT The Technology Level Evaluation assesses the current level of industrial technological development in Korea and identifies areas that are underdeveloped
More information590호(01-11)
T H E K O R E A N D O C T O R S W E E K L Y www.docdocdoc.co.kr I N S I D E 38 3 5 6 7 10 13 28 29 30 31 38 41 42 2 Advertisement Government & Medicine 3 Government & Medicine 4 Government & Medicine Government
More information38이성식,안상락.hwp
동영상UCC의 활성화에 따른 영상디자인의 대중화 현상에 관한 연구 A Study on Development of Public Relationship of UCC Animation in Social Network 주저자: 이성식 (Lee, Sung Sik) (주)펄슨앤커뮤니케이션 공동저자: 안상락(An, Sang Lak) 한국재활복지대학 광고홍보과 논문요약 Abstract
More information상담학연구,, SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / / Tel: /
,,. 164 -. SPSS 21.0., t,.,,,..,.,.. (Corresponding Author): / / 1 11 404 / Tel: 02-880-7636 / E-mail: dikimedu@snu.ac.kr ...,,, (, 2012),, (,,, 2012a, 2012b;,, 2011;, 2011;,, 2010). (, 2013;, 2012;, ;
More information박선영무선충전-내지
2013 Wireless Charge and NFC Technology Trend and Market Analysis 05 13 19 29 35 45 55 63 67 06 07 08 09 10 11 14 15 16 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 36 37 38 39 40
More information03-최신데이터
Database Analysis II,,. II.. 3 ( ),.,..,, ;. (strong) (weak), (identifying relationship). (required) (optional), (simple) (composite), (single-valued) (multivalued), (derived), (identifier). (associative
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 3, June, 30, 2016:pp. 93~116 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2016. 06. 12 2016. 06. 20 2016. 06. 26 ABSTRACT e-
More information<BCBCC1BEB4EB BFE4B6F72E706466>
세종대학교요람 Sejong University 2017 2017 Sejong University 4 SEJONG UNIVERSITY www.sejong.ac.kr 5 2017 Sejong University 8 SEJONG UNIVERSITY 10 SEJONG UNIVERSITY www.sejong.ac.kr 11 12 SEJONG UNIVERSITY www.sejong.ac.kr
More information