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1 한국산업보건학회지, 제25권제2호 (2015) ISSN X(Print) ISSN (Online) Original Article 반도체웨이퍼제조공정클린룸구조, 공기조화및오염제어시스템 최광민 1,* ㆍ이지은 1 ㆍ조귀영 2 ㆍ김관식 3 ㆍ조수헌 1 1 삼성전자건강연구소, 2 삼성전자분석기술팀, 3 삼성전자보건관리팀 Clean Room Structure, Air Conditioning and Contamination Control Systems in the Semiconductor Fabrication Process Kwang-Min Choi 1,* Ji-Eun Lee 1 Kwi-Young Cho 2 Kwan-Sick Kim 3 Soo-Hun Cho 1 1 Samsung Health Research Institute, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 2 Analysis Science & Engineering Team, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., 3 Health Management Team, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine clean room(c/r) structure, air conditioning and contamination control systems and to provide basic information for identifying a correlation between the semiconductor work environment and workers' disease. Methods: This study was conducted at 200 mm and 300 mm semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities. The C/R structure and air conditioning method were investigated using basic engineering data from documentation for C/R construction. Furthermore, contamination parameters such as airborne particles, temperature, humidity, acids, ammonia, organic compounds, and vibration in the C/R were based on the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors(ITRS). The properties of contamination control systems and the current status of monitoring of various contaminants in the C/R were investigated. Results: 200 mm and 300 mm wafer fabrication facilities were divided into fab(c/r) and sub fab(plenum), and fab, clean sub fab and facility sub fab, respectively. Fresh air(fa) is supplied in the plenum or clean sub fab by the outdoor air handling unit system which purifies outdoor air. FA supply or contaminated indoor air ventilation rates in the 200 mm and 300 mm wafer fabrication facilities are approximately 10-25%. Furthermore, semiconductor clean rooms strictly controlled airborne particles( 1,000 #/ft³), temperature(23±0.5 ), humidity(45±5%), air velocity(0.4 m/s), air change(60-80 cycles/hr), vibration( 1 cm/s²), and differential pressure(atmospheric pressure mmh 2O) through air handling and contamination control systems. In addition, acids, alkali and ozone are managed at less than internal criteria by chemical filters. Conclusions: Semiconductor clean rooms can be a pleasant environment for workers as well as semiconductor devices. However, based on the precautionary principle, it may be necessary to continuously improve semiconductor processes and the work environment. Key words: air conditioning, clean room structure, contamination control system, semiconductor work environment I. 서론첨단산업분야의연구개발과생산과정에서중대한방해를초래하는공기중입자 ( 먼지 ) 및세균을제거하기위해서는클린룸 (Clean room, C/R) 이라는청 정환경이필요하다. C/R이란공기에포함된먼지의개수가규정된한도내에서관리되는일정영역이나공간 (Standard, 1992), 또는먼지를비롯한제반환경조건인온도, 습도, 풍속, 차압, 각종오염등이일정규격에맞게유지, 관리되는깨끗한영역 (ISO, 1999) *Corresponding author: Kwang-Min Choi, Tel: , k.m.choi@samsung.com Samsung Health Research Institute(SHRI), 95, Samsung 2-Ro, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, , Korea Received: April 8, 2015, Revised: June 8, 2015, Accepted: June 9, 2015 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 202

2 반도체웨이퍼제조공정클린룸구조, 공기조화및오염제어시스템 203 으로정의된다. C/R은사용목적에따라크게산업용 C/R(Industrial clean room) 과생물학적 C/R(Biological clean room) 으로분류할수있다. 산업용 C/R은생산제품에영향을미치는먼지등분진제거를목적으로하는 C/R으로정밀산업과전자산업을기초로발달하기시작하였으며, 현재는반도체산업뿐만아니라정밀기기, 광학기기제조 조립등에널리사용되고있다. 특히반도체제조 C/R에서는 0.1 µm 크기의먼지입자와미생물까지도제거된다. 생물학적 C/R은공기중에부유한미생물분진제거를목적으로하는 C/R으로병원, 제약회사, 식품제조등에이용되고있다. 인체는분진발생원으로서입고있는의복및호흡으로부터분진이발생하며, 기침또는재채기만으로도수미터사방으로비산이가능하다. 따라서반도체산업에종사하는작업자는 C/R 입실시에방진마스크의착용이필요하며, 그외에도방진모, 방진복, 방진화, 방진장갑등을착용하게된다 (Whyte, 2001). 그이후에도에어샤워실을통과함으로써최종적으로 C/R에입실가능하게된다. 분진외에도온도, 습도, 풍속, 산, 암모니아, 유기물, 오존, 금속 ( 중금속및알칼리금속 ), 소음, 진동, 정전기, 초순수등이반도체주요공정, 예를들면확산 (Diffusion), 포토 (Photolithography), 이온주입 (Ion Implantation), 식각 (Etch), 메탈 (Metallization), 세정 (Clean) 공정의생산및수율에영향을미치는오염인자로알려져있다 (Ohmi, 1995). 따라서다양한제어시스템의적용을통해이러한인자들을일정규격이하로관리함으로써반도체생산에적합한 C/R 환경을유지할수있다. 최근국내반도체산업에종사하는근로자에게서백혈병, 재생불량성빈혈, 림프조혈기계암등의질병이발생함에따라반도체제조환경이입자, 온도, 습도, 차압, 산, 염기, 유기물등의오염인자를극도로제어한초청정 C/R 임에도불구하고, 작업환경에대한보건관점에서의안전성또는유해성여부에관심이고조되고있으며, 작업환경에서의가스 화학물질과같은화학적인자및비전리방사선등과같은물리적인자등에대한노출평가및역학조사에대한연구가보고되고있다 (Kim et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2011; Park et al., 2011; Chung et al., 2012; Park et al., 2012; Park et al., 2011; 2012; 2014). 하지만작업환경에서의화학적및물리적유해인자노출과작업자질병발생과의상관성이거의입증되고있지않는상황에서도반도체산업작업환경의유해성에대해다양한추론이지속되고있다. 따라서반도체작업환경과질병과의상관성확인관련명확한지견을얻기위해서는반도체공정및유해인자에대한고찰 (Park et al., 2011) 뿐만아니라, 작업환경인 C/R에대한이해도필요하다고할수있다. 본연구에서는반도체가제조되는환경이면서도작업자의근무환경인 C/R의구조, 공기조화, 오염제어시스템특성및오염관리현황등의확인을통해, 반도체제조 C/R을이해하고, 작업자보건관점에서고찰함으로써반도체산업에서의작업자건강장해와작업환경과의연관성규명에필요한기초정보를제공하고자하였다. Ⅱ. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상본연구는경기도기흥에위치하고있는시스템 LSI(Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 제품을생산하는 200 mm 및 300 mm 반도체웨이퍼제조사업장 ( 라인 ) 각 1개씩을대상으로라인및 C/R 구조, 공기조화시스템, 반도체공정불량발생오염종류, 관리기준, 제어시스템및모니터링현황을확인하였다. 2. 연구방법 C/R 구조및공조방식은라인건설시제시된 BED(Basic engineering data) 에기초하여조사하였다. C/R 내에서웨이퍼에불량을유발시킬수있는오염인자및공정불량내용은국제반도체기술로드맵 (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor, ITRS) 및실제라인에서발생하는주요공정불량을조사하여기술하였다. 오염제어시스템특성, C/R 내오염농도측정및모니터링현황은현재라인에서적용 / 운영되고있는시스템및관리현황을조사하였다. 오염농도측정및모니터링에사용되는장비, 측정주기등에대한세부내용은 Table 1에나타내었다.

3 204 최광민ㆍ이지은ㆍ조귀영ㆍ김관식ㆍ조수헌 Table 1. Principal parameters and measurement instruments in the semiconductor clean room Classifications Unit Measurement interval Monitoring tool(model, Maker, Nation) Particle particles/ft 3 1 sec Lsair110-2, PMS, USA Temperature 1 sec Vaisala, HMI70, Pinland Humidity % 1 sec Vaisala, HMI70, Pinland Air velocity m/s 1 sec Kanomax, A541, Japan Differential pressure mmh 2O Off-line Furness Controls, FCO520, UK Acid ppb 25 min HAM-A200, Withtech, Korea Ammonia ppb 5 min HAM-F300, Withtech, Korea Organics ppb 1 min THC, KIMODO, Japan Ozone ppb 5 sec OA683, KIMODO, Japan ESC* V/inch Off-line 775, Ion System, USA Vibration cm/sec 2 Off-line 3233A, Signallink, Koran * ESC: Electro static discharge Ⅲ. 연구결과 1. 라인및클린룸구조일반적으로반도체가제조되는건물을라인 (Line) 이라고하며, 라인의구조는크게 FAB(C/R) + Sub FAB(Plenum) 의 2층구조 (Figure 1a) 또는 FAB + Clean Sub FAB(CSF) + Facility Sub FAB(FSF) 의 3층구조 (Figure 1b) 로되어있다. 여기서, FAB은반도체공정이진행되는곳인 C/R으로서대부분의작업자가작업을수행하며생산설비의가동및유지보수가이루어지는영역이다. Sub FAB은생산설비에가스및화학물질등공정에필요한화학물질등을제공하고공정진행후잔여화학물질을제거 ( 배기 ) 하는부대설비등이위치해있는공간으로 CSF(1st Plenum) 과 FSF(2nd Plenum) 으로구분할수있다. 200 mm 이하의웨이퍼제조라인은 FAB + Sub FAB 구조이며, 최근생산효율을증대시키기위해웨이퍼크기가 300 mm로커지면서장비밀도도함께커짐에따라 Sub FAB을 2개층으로분리한 FAB + CSF + FSF 구조를채택하고있다. FAB + Sub FAB 구조는설비확장및 Lay-out 변경시유연성이좋고, 부대설비유지보수시접근및작업편의성이좋으며, 건설비용절감및공사기간이짧다는장점이있다. 한편, FAB + CSF + FSF 구조는건설비용증가및공사기간연장등의단점이있는반면, 오염및발열의원인이될수있는 scrubber, Figure mm and 300 mm clean room structure:(a) FAB (C/R) + Sub FAB(Plenum), (b) FAB + Clean Sub FAB(CSF) + Facility Sub FAB(FSF) pump, chiller 등부대설비를 FSF에서운영함으로써 C/R과구획할수있다는장점을가지고있다. 2. 공기조화입자, 온도, 습도, 기류, 진동, 오존, 유기물등은반도체공정에따라제품수율등에영향을주기때문에, C/R 내로공급되는외기및내부에서순환되는

4 반도체웨이퍼제조공정클린룸구조, 공기조화및오염제어시스템 205 Figure 2. OAHU(Out air handling unit) system 공기 (Return air, RA) 는반도체제조에적합한규격으로의제어가필요하다. Figure 2는반도체산업에적용되고있는외기조화기 (Out air handling unit, OAHU) 시스템을나타낸것으로, 외부공기는 Pre-filter, Mediumfilter, Pre-heater, Pre-cooler, Water showering system, Cooling, Heating, 1st filtration(o 3+NOx제거 ), 2nd filtration( 입자제거 ) 과정을거치면서정제된공기 (Fresh air, FA) 로만들어진다. FA는 plenum(csf, Return plenum) 으로공급되며, 내부에서순환되는공기인 RA와혼합되어 dry cooling coil(dcc) 단에서규격에맞는온도로제어된뒤 supply plenum을거쳐 C/R으로유입되는데이때공기흐름상태는 top down 방식의층류 (Figure 1a) 또는부분적난류이다 (Figure 1b). C/R 내공기는기류를따라작고균일한원형으로 타공된바닥패널 (Access floor panel) 을통과하여 plenum으로이동하게된다. 이곳에서 C/R 구조에따라약 10-25% 의공기는산, 알칼리, 유기및열배기형태로외부로배기되며, OAHU 시스템으로부터공급된 FA는 RA와다시혼합되어공기조화가이루어진다. Table 2는 200 mm 및 300 mm 반도체웨이퍼제조 C/R 을공기조화관점에서비교한것이다. 200 mm 및 300 mm 반도체 C/R 구조및 C/R 내입자에대한관리기준이다르기때문에공기조화시스템에서도차이를보이는데, 청정도및 FA 공급비율에서주요한차이점을가지며, 그외온도, 습도, 풍속, 차압등의관리기준은모두동일하다. 200 mm 반도체 C/R의경우웨이퍼는카세트 (Cassette) 캐리어에서보관되며공정진행시간동안을제외하면대부분 Table 2. Principal control parameters and their management criteria of 200 mm and 300 mm semiconductor wafer clean room Classifications Unit 200 mm C/R 300 mm C/R Bay S/A Bay S/A Temperature 23±0.5 23±0.5 Relative humidity % 45±5 45±5 Air velocity m/s Differential pressure mmh 2O atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure Cleaness * particles/ft 3 1 1,000 1,000 1,000 FA flow ratio % Number of air changes cycles/hr * particle size 0.1 µm. Bay is working area, where workers operate tool and transport wafers. S/A is service area, where technicians and engineers perform maintenance

5 206 최광민ㆍ이지은ㆍ조귀영ㆍ김관식ㆍ조수헌 공기와접촉이가능하기때문에 Class 1(0.1 µm 입자가 ft 3 당 1개이하 ) 으로관리된다. 한편, 300 mm 반도체 C/R은웨이퍼를 FOUP(Front opening unified pod) 이라는반밀폐형캐리어에서보관하기때문에공기와의접촉가능성이낮아 Class 1,000(0.1 µm 입자가 ft 3 당 1,000개이하 ) 으로관리되고있다. C/R 운전에는상당한전력이필요하기때문에, 최근에는웨이퍼가공기중에노출되는가장중요한공간만청정도를높이고, 그외에는청정도를낮춘국소클린방식을채용하고있다. C/R 공기질관리에중요한인자라고할수있는 FA 공급비율은 200 mm와 300 mm 반도체 C/R에있어서또하나의차이점이다. 200 mm 및 300 mm 반도체 C/R의경우 FA 공급비율은 10% 및 25% 로각각관리되고있으며, 환기횟수는시간당 회로운영함으로써 C/R 환경에적합한청정한공기질을유지, 관리하고있다. 최근생산량증가및원가절감을위한 C/R retrofit에의해기존의일부 200 mm 웨이퍼제조용 FAB은 300 mm 웨이퍼제조용 FAB으로전환되어청정도를포함한모든관리기준이 300 mm FAB과동일하게유지되고있다. 3. 오염인자및공정영향반도체제조 C/R에서제품수율 ( 전체제품수에대한정상제품의비율 ) 에영향을미치는오염인자로는입자, 온도, 습도, 차압, 산, 암모니아, 유기물, 금속 ( 중금속및알칼리금속 ), 오존, 정전기, 진동등 이있으며, 제품불량은제품및오염의종류에따라서다양하게나타나는데, 회로의전기특성과같은직접적인영향뿐아니라, 부식및도포밀착성불량등의장해도발생된다 (Table 3). 따라서제품불량발생을사전에방지하기위해이들오염인자들을각공정및제품에적합한규격으로관리하여야한다. 반도체소자는집적도가높아질수록회로의선폭은점점작아지며, 이에따라요구되는입자관리크기도작아진다 (Wilson, 2013). 입자는산화막형성공정에서는막의성장을방해또는가속화하며, 포토공정에서는 bridge 및 open 불량을유발하고, 이온주입공정및확산공정에서는 masking으로작용하며, 식각공정에서는식각불량을초래하는등 defect density를높이는중요한요인이다. C/R에서의온도는작업자의활동조건 ( 쾌적성 ) 및각공정특성변화에영향을미친다. 특히포토공정은초항온성이요구되는데이것은포토마스크, 웨이퍼및기타기계부의열팽창이문제가되기때문이다. 또한감광성물질 (PR) 의물성변화에도영향을주며, 공간분포에서온도가불안정할경우열영동효과에의한 C/R 내기류이동을초래함으로써입자의확산을유도하는인자로작용한다. 습도가높으면흡수하기쉬운입자가여러부분의표면에모아져부식을일으키는원인이되며, 모세관현상으로인한입자의부착능력강화로쉽게제거되지않는다. 그리고포토공정중웨이퍼표면에 PR의원치않는들뜸현상이발생하여불량을유발한다. 반면습도가낮을경우절연물이나기타부분 Table 3. Main contaminants affecting the yield of semiconductor wafer and their process effects Contaminant Process Main process defect Particle Photolithography, Etch etc. Bridge and open defect, Etch defect Temperature Photolithography Thermal expansion, PR property variation Air velocity, humidity, Differential pressure All processes Surface contamination, Film property change Acid(F, Cl, SO x,no x) Metallization Metal corrosion, Lens haze Alkali(NH 3) Photolithography PR sensitivity T-top, Critical dimension(cd)-variation, Lens haze Organics(> BP 150 ) CVD Photolithography Film growth obstruction Lens haze Ozone(O 3) Diffusion Oxide film depth default Electro static discharge Vibration Metallization Metrology inspection Metal connection defect(by spark), Particle deposition on wafer surface Pattern default(by miss-align) Inspection quality(data reliability )

6 반도체웨이퍼제조공정클린룸구조, 공기조화및오염제어시스템 207 에정전기가발생하여대전된입자가달라붙으며회로및막질을파괴하므로적정한수준의관리가요구된다. 풍속및기류는 C/R에서지속적으로발진되는입자를신속히제거하고서로다른청정영역간 Positive 기류를확보하여청정도를관리하는인자인데, 관리가제대로되지않을경우풍속불균형에의한역기류형성, 설비내기류유입으로각종오염에의한불량발생, 풍속변화시생산설비및웨이퍼의표면특성을변화시켜표면오염, 막질특성변화에직간접적으로영향을줄수있다. 차압은 C/R 오염을가장큰폭으로변화시키는인자이다. C/R 에서입자유입을방지하기위한수단이며, 기류를수반하여외부로부터먼지나오염입자들이내부로들어가지못하도록하기때문에차압관리의중요성이반도체산업에서상당히크다고할수있다. 산 (HF, HCl, HBr, H 2SO 4, HNO 3 등 ) 및알칼리 (NH 3) 는메탈및포토공정에서금속배선부식및배선저항상승, T-top, CD(Critical dimension)-variation 및 Lens haze 등공정및설비특성에악영향을미치는인자이므로수 ppb 또는 sub ppb로의제어가필요하다 (Wilson, 2013). 오존은특히확산공정에서웨이퍼 표면에자연산화막을성장시켜산화막 Depth 불량을초래하기때문에외기오존농도가높아지는하절기에특별관리가요구되어진다. 정전기 (ESD) 는스파크발생을유도하여메탈공정의금속배선불량을야기하며, 웨이퍼표면에서의입자부착의원인이된다. 진동은포토공정의노광시 miss-align에의한패턴불량을유발하며, 전자현미경과같은검사장비의측정 quality를떨어뜨려데이터신뢰성이결여된다. 또한, 건물자체및내부시설물의 micro vibration은자체발진을유도하여입자가발생하며설비의고장, 열화를초래하는원인이되기때문에 C/R 설계시에지진및각종진동에영향을받지않도록면밀한검토가필요한오염인자이다. 4. 오염제어시스템및관리현황 ITRS에서는향후반도체기술동향을예측하고반도체및관련산업이발전해나가기위한기술적인과제와해결책을명시하고있다. 반도체제조 C/R은 ITRS에서제시하고있는오염물질별관리수준에근거하여유지및관리되고있으며, 200 mm 및 300 mm 웨이퍼를제조하는라인의주요오염인자에대한관리기준및농도현황을 Table 4에나타내었다. Table 4. Management concentrations of various contaminants in 200 mm and 300 mm semiconductor wafer manufacturing workplace * Classifications Management Criteria (unit) 200 mm C/R 300 mm C/R Min Max Avg.±SD Min Max Avg.±SD Particles a particles/ft ± ±12.9 Temperature b 23± ± ±0.0 Humidity c 45±5% ± ±0.5 Air velocity d m/s ± ±0.02 Differential pressure e AP mmh 2O ND ND F 3 ppb ± ±0.3 Cl 1 ppb ± ±0.0 Acid f, Br 105 ppb ± ±0.0 SO 4 50 ppb ± ±0.0 NO ppb ± ±0.4 NH 4 g, O 3 h 10 ppb ± ±0.6 5 ppb ± ±0.1 Vibration i 1 cm/s 2 (zero-peak value) * Monitoring period is January 1 to December 31, 2014; Monitoring for acid components is performed in metallization process areas; Monitoring for ammonium ion is performed in photolithography process areas; AP means atmospheric pressure

7 208 최광민ㆍ이지은ㆍ조귀영ㆍ김관식ㆍ조수헌 C/R 내공기 (FA + RA) 중에포함된입자를관리기준 (Class ) 이하로유지하기위해 return plenum 및 supply plenum에입자제어필터 (Air filter) 인 pre-filter(0.3 µm 이상입자, 중량법기준으로 40-80% 제거 ) 및 ULPA(Ultra low penetration air, 0.1 µm 입자 % 이상제거 ) 필터가설치되어있다. C/R 내입자는천장 ULPA 필터하부약 30 cm에서실시간으로모니터링되는데, 200 mm FAB에서는웨이퍼가 Bay에서만공기중 open되기때문에모니터링지점은 Bay이며, 300 mm 웨이퍼제조 FAB의경우 FOUP 을사용하기때문에 Bay 및 S/A 구분이없어자동반송시스템의간섭을받지않는 S/A에서모니터링이되고있다. 불규칙적으로발생하는일회성또는일시적인농도상승을제외하고는관리기준이하로유지되고있다 (Table 4a). 온도및습도의경우입자와동일한지점에서모니터링되고있으며관리기준내에서안정적으로운영이되고있다 (Table 4b,c). supply plenum에서 C/R으로공급되는풍속은 0.4 m/s를기준으로 ± 20% 이내 ( m/s) 에서관리되며 (Table 4d), 풍속유지를위해 200 mm 및 300 mm 웨이퍼제조라인은각각 axial fan 및 FFU(Fan Filter Unit) type 이적용되고있다. 기류는 top down 방식의층류가원칙이며, 청정영역이높은곳에서낮은곳으로이동되도록 Bay 및 S/A 바닥패널개구율을조정하는방법등으로관리되고있다. 한편외기와 C/R과의압력차이즉차압 (Differential pressure) 은외기대비 C/R내를 mmh 2O( 관리기준 : 대기압 mmh 2O) 만큼양압으로유지함으로써외부오염이 C/R 내로유입되지않도록철저히관리되고있다 (Table 4e). 산및알칼리는포토및메탈과같은특정공정에대해서관리되어지는오염으로 return 및 supply plenum에이들오염을제거할수있는 Chemical filter(c/f) 가적용되어있다. 각물질별농도는실시간으로모니터링되며, 모두관리기준이하로유지되고있다 (Table 4f,g). C/F 는제거효율 80% 이하 ( 효율평가 : 2회 / 년 ) 또는 2년주기로교체및관리하고있으며, 설비유지보수작업등이들물질의비산에의한농도상승을사전에방지하기위해이동용국소배기시스템이사용되고있다. 오존은 OAHU 시스템마지막단계에서 O 3 제어용 C/F에의해 1차제거된후 C/R 내로유입되며, diffusion 공정 area의경우 return 및 supply plenum에설치된 O 3 제어용 C/F에의해 2차제거함으로써공정에영향이없는수준으로유지및관리되고있다 (Table 4h). 특히연중하절기에오존농도가 ppb 수준까지상승하기때문에상반기에 C/F 효율에대한사전점검및교체를진행하고있다. 진동은공조기나건물자체진동등으로부터격리시켜진동에민감한공정 ( 포토, 계측, 분석등 ) 의경우별도의콘크리트패드접합식타입의독립기초, 즉제진대를설치하여엄격히관리하고있다 (Table 4i). 한편반도체 C/R에서의정전기제어는모니터링개념에의한관리는아니며, 라인내투입되는모든자재별개별관리 ( 사전검사 ) 되고있다. 정전기에의한제품불량이발생되지않도록사전예방이중요하기때문에, C/R 출입작업자에서발생되는정전기는라인입실시착용하는방진의류및제전화에의하여 100% 제거한다. 설비의경우, 설비내에서사용되는재질관리및각각의설비에대한건물접지를실시하며, 건물의경우라인내에서사용되는바닥패널및 Tile 등은전도성재질로되어있으며, 습도제어 (45±5%) 에의해서도관리하고있다. 또한, 라인내에투입적용되는모든품목에대해서는사전검사를실시한후반입하며, 정전기에의한문제발생이예상되는구역및설비그리고시설에국부적인이온화장치 (Ionizer) 를설치함으로써정전기를관리하고있다. Ⅳ. 고찰 1. 환기반도체산업은그특성상신공정및신물질도입이필요불가결하기때문에제조공정에는다양한화학물질이사용되고있으며, 화학물질의수는점점증가하고복잡해지고있는추세이다 (Levinshtein et al., 2001). 따라서반도체제조과정특히생산및부대설비 (1차스크러버등 ) 의유지보수작업시에원료물질및원료물질간의화학반응에의한부산물의노출및흡입에의한작업자건강영향여부에대한관심이높은상황이다. 대부분의반도체설비는밀폐구조로되어있어공정중에화학물질의노출은없으나, 설비유비보수작업중에는노출가능성을완전히

8 반도체웨이퍼제조공정클린룸구조, 공기조화및오염제어시스템 209 배제할수없기때문에국소배기시스템 ( 외부식및이동식 ) 을적용하고있으며, 본시스템으로제거되지못한오염에대해서는 return 및 supply plenum에설치된 ULPA 필터 ( 입자제어 ) 및다양한 C/F( 산, 암모니아, 유기물제어 ) 와같은제어시스템에의해제거되며, C/R 전체공기량대비 10-25% 의 FA공급및시간당 60-80회의공기순환에의해 C/R 공기내입자및오염농도 (F, Cl, Br, SO 4, NO 2, NH 4 등 ) 는각각 Class 1-1,000 및수 ppb 이하로낮게관리되고있다 (Table 2,4). 또한반도체공정별부산물연구에서도 SiO 2, TiO 2, WO 3 등으로추정되는다양한파우더및공기중입자가부산물로생성되지만, 반도체 C/R의입자관리, 환기시스템등에의해공기중노출농도는 0.02 µg/m 3 이하수준으로노출기준대비극히낮은것으로보고되고있다 (Choi et al., 2013; 2015a; 2015b; 2015c). 도심공기중입자수농도는대략 1,000,000 particles /ft 3 (0.1 µm 입자기준 ) 이며, 일반적으로사무실공조에서는환기횟수를시간당 6-12회로설계하고있는것과비교할경우, 반도체제조 C/R은웨이퍼뿐만아니라작업자에게도청정한환경을제공하고있다고판단된다. 2. 압력 ( 차압 ) 반도체제조 C/R(Plenum 포함 ) 은기압을대기압대비 0.5 mmh 2O 이상높게유지함으로써외기로부터입자를포함한오염원의차단에의해청정도가관리되고있다. 기압은공기의밀도와관련이있는데고도에따라공기의밀도는급격하게감소하며, 그에따라기압도함께감소한다. 일반적으로지표면근처에서고도가증가할수록기압은매 100 m당약 11.7mb(119.3 mmh 2O = atm) 의비율로감소하여고도 5 km 상승시의기압은대기압대비약 1/2 감소하는것으로알려져있다 (Pidwirny, 2006). 반면지표면을기준으로아래로내려갈수록기압은증가하게되는데, 반도체 C/R 환경에서의기압 ( 대기압대비 mmh 2O) 은지표면아래 m( 대기압대비 x10 ⁵ x10 ⁴atm) 수준으로건물의지하 1층에서의압력에해당된다. 이와같이반도체 C/R 환경이양압을유지하고있지만대기압대비거의차이가없기때문에일반적인건물내 작업환경과동일한수준임을알수있다. Ⅴ. 결론 본연구에서는 200 mm 및 300 mm 반도체웨이퍼제조환경인 C/R의구조, 공기조화, 오염제어시스템의특성및오염관리현황확인을통해, 반도체제조 C/R 을이해하고작업자보건관점에서고찰하였다. 반도체작업환경은다양한제조공정에서발생할수있는제품불량을사전에방지하고작업자에게는쾌적한환경을제공하기위해입자, 온도, 습도, 풍속, 기류, 차압, 산, 알칼리, 유기물, 진동, 정전기등의주요오염인자를 ULPA 필터, C/F, FA 공급 (10-25%), 환기 (60-80 회 /hr), 제진대등의제어시스템에의해엄격히관리되고있음을확인할수있었다. 하지만이상상황발생시작업자가입자, 산및유기물등에노출될가능성을완전히배제할수는없기때문에사전예방적원칙에기초하여반도체제조 C/R이제품생산뿐만아니라작업자에게도친환경이지속적으로유지될수있도록끊임없는공정및작업환경개선의필요성이있다. 본연구는반도체산업에서의작업자건강장해와작업환경과의연관성고찰및규명에있어유용한정보를제공할수있을것이다. References Choi KM, Kim TH, Kim KS, Kim SG. Hazard identification of powder generated from a chemical vapor deposition process in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. J Occup Environ Hyg 2013;10(1):D1-D5 Choi KM, An HC, Kim KS. Identifying the hazard characteristics of powder by-products generated semiconductor fabrication processes. J Occup Environ Hyg 2015a;12(2): Choi KM, Yeo JH, Jung MK, Kim KS, Cho SH. Size, shape, and crystal structure of silica particles generated as by-products in the semiconductor workplace. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2015b; 25(1):36-44 Choi KM, Kim JH, Park JH, Kim KS, Bae GN. Exposure characteristics of nanoparticles as process by-products for the semiconductor manufacturing industry. J Occup Environ Hyg 2015c; DOI: / Chung EK, Kim KB, Chung KJ, Lee IS, You KH et al.

9 210 최광민ㆍ이지은ㆍ조귀영ㆍ김관식ㆍ조수헌 Occupational exposure of semiconductor workers to ELF magnetic fields. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2012;22;42-51 International Organization for Standardization(ISO). ISO , Clelanrooms and associate controlled environments-part 1: classification of air cleanliness Kim EA, Lee HE, Ryu HW, Park SH, Kang SK. Case series of malignant lymphohematopoietic disorder in Korean semiconductor industry. Saf Health Work 2011;2: Lee HE, Kim EA, Park JS, Kang SK. Cancer mortality and incidence in Korean semiconductor workers. Saf Health Work 2011;2; Levinshtein ME, Rumyantsev SL, Shur MS.(ed.). Properties of Advanced Semiconductor Materials: GaN, AlN, InN, BN, SiC, SiGe. John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2001 Ohmi T. Ultra clean ULSI technology. Baihunnkan Park DU, Byun HJ, Choi SJ, Jeong JY, Yoon CS et al. Review on potential risk factors in wafer fabrication process of semiconductor industry. Korean J Occup Environ Med 2011;23; Park DU, Lee KM. Critical review of retrospective exposure assessment methods used to associate the reproductive and cancer risks of wafer fabrication workers. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2012; 22;9-19 Park HH, Jang JK, Shin JA. Quantitative exposure assessment of various chemical substances in a wafer fabrication industry facility. Saf Health Work 2011;2:39-51 Park SH, Shin JA, Park HH, Yi GY, Chung KJ et. al. Exposure to volatile organic compounds and possibility of exposure to by-product volatile organic compounds in photolithography processes in semiconductor manufacturing factories. Saf Health Work 2011;2: Park SH, Shin JA, Park HD. Exposure possibility to By-products during the processes of semiconductor manufacture. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2012;22:52-59 Park SH, Park HD, Shin IJ. Exposure characteristics for chemical substances and work environment management in the semiconductor assembly process. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2014;24: Pidwirny M. Fundamental of physical geography, 2nd Edition. Date Viewed. 2006;19:2009 Standard, US Federal. FED-STD-209E. Airborne particulate cleanliness classes in clean room and clean zones Whyte W. Cleanroom Technology - fundamentals of design, testing and operation. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons Inc.; Chapter 1:1-8 Wilson L. International technology roadmap for semiconductors (ITRS). Semiconductor Industry Association,

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