B-EM-E-1-037(수정).hwp

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1 ISSN (Print) / ISSN (Online) The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers Vol. 62, No. 11, pp. 1535~154, IPM type BLDC 전동기의진동및소음저감을위한가진력평형화설계 The Design of Radial Magnetic Force Equilibrium for Reduction of Vibration and Noise in IPM Type BLDC Motor 정태석 * 조규원 ** 김규탁 (Tae-Seok Jeong Gyu-Won Cho Gyu-Tak Kim) Abstract - In this paper, the Radial Magnetic Force(RMF) and cogging torque which cause vibration and noise in IPM type BLDC motor were analyzed. The cogging torque and RMF cause electromagnetic vibration. So, a notch was installed for the equilibrium of RMF and cogging torque reduction. The notch was analyzed by using a Fourier Series for the energy distribution of the air-gap. The equilibrium of RMF and the reduction of cogging torque were performed by a Design Of Experiment(DOE) with the notch. Also, operating characteristics and efficiency were analyzed and compared. Key Words : IPM type brushless motor, Equilibrium of radial magnetic force, Reduction of vibration and noise 1. 서론 Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) 은영구자석을회전자철심에매입하여기계적으로강인한회전자구조로 d축, q축인덕턴스차이에의해발생한릴럭턴스토크를이용할수있어발생토크가 Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) 보다크다. 또한, 원심력에의한영구자석의비산을방지하는장점을가지고있어급가 감속운전, 광범위한속도제어등이요구되는자동차전장품등과같은정밀기기의구동용모터로사용되고있다 [1,2]. 그러나, 회전자철심내에영구자석을삽입시킴으로써회전자철심에국부적인자속포화현상이발생하고유효공극이작아큰자속밀도로인하여코깅토크가 SPMSM보다크다는단점이있다. 이로인하여전동기운전시진동과소음이크게발생한다 [3,4]. 전동기의진동발생원으로는크게기계적인원인과전자기적인원인이있다. 전자기적인원인으로는전동기의고정자또는회전자에작용하는반경방향의힘인가진력의불평형및코깅토크에의한토크리플이주원인이다. 특히, 가진력및코깅토크의주파수가전동기의고유진동수 (natural frequency) 와비슷한영역에있으면공진 (resonance) 하게되어부품의마모와전동기의구동성능의 * Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Changwon National University, Korea ** Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Changwon National University, Korea Corresponding Author : Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Changwon National University, Korea gtkim@changwon.ac.kr Received : August 13, 213; Accepted : October 18, 213 저하뿐만아니라다른시스템에악영향을미치게된다 [5,6]. 진동을일으키는전자기적인원인중가진력불평형에의한진동이코깅토크등에의한발생토크의리플에의한진동보다크게나타나고있다 [7]. 따라서, 본논문에서는진동및소음의주발생원인이되는코깅토크저감과가진력의불평형을평형화시키기위하여고정자및회전자에노치를설치하였으며, 실험계획법을이용하여코깅토크최소화및가진력평형화를위한최적설계를진행하였다. 즉, 고정자와회전자에설치되는노치의위치및크기를설계변수로취하여최적화를진행하여전동기제반특성을유한요소해석을통해고찰하였다. 2. 본론 2.1 설계모델및제원본논문에서사용된기본모델의제원을표 1에요약하여나타내었다. 기본모델보다코깅토크를저감시키는동시에가진력이평형화되도록고정자및회전자의형상최적화를진행하였다. 표 1 해석모델의제원 Table 1 The specification of Analysis model Item Specification Rated speed [rpm] 3 Rated torque [Nm] 2 Pole/Slot 4/6 Air-gap length [mm] 1 Winding type Concentrated winding Br [T] 1.1 IPM type BLDC 전동기의진동및소음저감을위한가진력평형화설계 1535

2 전기학회논문지 62 권 11 호 213 년 11 월 그림 1에해석모델의형상을나타내었다. 노치는공극의자화분포에의한에너지분포를푸리에급수전개방법으로해석하여코깅토크를상쇄할수있는위치와너비를계산하여적용하였다 [8]. 4극 6슬롯모델일경우코깅토크는 3n 고조파성분으로나타나게된다. 그러나코깅토크가저감된다고해서가진력의양상이평형화되는것은아니므로실험계획법을이용하여코깅토크가저감되면서도가진력이평형화되는모델을도출하였다. 그림 1 해석모델 Fig. 1 Analysis model 2.2 형상최적화 sin cos sin cos (1) 여기서, cos 는슬롯에의한코깅토크의위치함수 sin 이며, cos 는코깅토크를상쇄시키기 sin 위한노치의위치함수를의미한다. 노치의위치함수는수식전개시슬롯부분에서의에너지를무한대라고가정하여유도하므로실제노치에의한에너지분포와는차이가있으므로유한요소해석을통하여코깅토크를최소화시키는노치의크기를선정하였으며이때의크기 는직경 5[mm] 이며그위치는전기각으로 π/2이다. 코깅토크최소화모델의코깅토크와가진력을기본모델의값들과비교하여그림 3 의 (a) 에나타내었다. 코깅토크최소화모델의경우, 코깅토크는 peak - peak 값이 15[mNm] 로기본모델의코깅토크 216[mNm] 보다 3.6% 감소하였다. 그러나, IPM type BLDC 전동기의주진동, 소음원인가진력은그림 3의 (b) 에서보는바와같이가진력의장축크기는 73에서 6으로 12% 증가하였고단축도 16에서 34로 8% 증가하여축비가.79에서.76으로불평형이더욱심화되었음을알수있다. 장축과단축의비가 1이면가진력이원형분포가완전한평형을의미하며그비가작을수록불평형이심화됨을의미한다. 따라서, 코깅토크저감에의한진동, 소음감소효과가가진력의불평형심화로인 그림 2의 (a) 는회전자에노치를설치하여코깅토크를최소화시킨모델의회전자형상이다. 고정자의슬롯을푸리에급수로전개하여고정자슬롯에위해발생하는코깅토크에너지를상쇄시킬수있는노치의위치함수를도출할수있으며이는식 (1) 과같다. γ Cogging torque[mnm] Basic model (peak : 18.5) Minimized cogging torque model (peak : 75) Time[ms] (a) 코깅토크 Basic model Minimized cogging torque model (a) 회전자형상 Radial force density[n/mm 2 ] Rotating angle[deg] (b) 고정자형상그림 2 회전자와고정자의설계변수 Fig. 2 The design parameter of the rotor and stator (b) 가진력그림 3 코깅토크최소화모델특성 Fig. 3 Cogging torque minimized model characteristics 1536

3 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 62, No. 11, NOV, 213 하여그효과가반감되리라사료된다. 따라서, 본연구에서는가진력평형화를위하여그림 2의 (b) 와같이고정자표면에노치를추가설치하였다. 가진력평형화를위한고정자노치는실험계획법을이용하여코깅토크도저감되고가진력도평형화되는모델을도출하였다. 고정자의 와 를설계변수로선정하여기본모델보다코깅토크가작으면서가진력양상이평형한모델을실험계획법을이용하여도출하였다. 값을치중심으로부터기계각으로 2 씩증가시키면서가진력변화특성을고찰하였다. 기계각 12 에서가진력의축비가.98로가진력평형화가이루어졌으나코깅토크가기본모델보다도크게나타났다. 따라서, 추가적인노치설치로코깅토크를감소시키고자하였다. 의위치에따른코깅토크및가진력축비를표 2에나타내었다. 여기서 와 는기계각이다. 분석결과 가 12, 가 34 일때코깅토크가제일작음을알수있다. 따라서, 기본모델보다코깅토크가작으면서도가진력이평형화되는모델을최적모델을선정하였다. 그림 4는최적모델의형상이다. Cogging torque[mnm] 15 Basic model (peak : 18.5) Optimized model (peak : 71.5) Time[ms] 그림 5 기본모델과최적모델의코깅토크 Fig. 5 The cogging torque of the basic and the optimized model Reted torque[nm].5 Basic model Optimized model.4 Average torque : Time[ms] 그림 6 기본모델과최적모델의구동토크 Fig. 6 The operating torque of the basic and the optimized model 그림 4 최적모델 Fig. 표 4 Optimized model 2 의따른코깅토크 Table 2 The cogging torque according to [ ] [ ] 코깅토크 (pk-pk)[mnm] 가진력축비 구동특성분석 그림 5에기본모델과최적모델의코깅토크, 그림 6에구동토크를비교하여나타내었다. 회전자와고정자의노치설치로코깅토크는감소하였고토크리플은저감되었으나자기저항의증가로인하여쇄교자속량이감소하여발생토크는다소감소하였다. 따라서동일토크를발생시키기위해서는최적모델의경우전류는 7% 더증가하였다. 최적모델은기본모델에비해코깅토크는 34% 저감되었고, 토크리플은 15% 저감되었지만동일한전류일때구동토크는 7% 감소하였다. 기본모델보다최적모델의구동토크가다소감소하였지만코깅토크와토크리플을비교해보았을때코깅토크와토크리플의저감으로인해전반적인성능이향상되었음을알수있다. 2.4 고유진동수해석비감쇠구조물전체의진동운동방정식을행렬로표현하면아래수식 (2) 와같다. (2) [M] 과 [K] 는각각전체질량행렬과강성행렬이며, {x} 는각질점에서의변위벡터로서두번미분한것은가속도를나타낸다. 이방정식은자유경계조건을가지는고정자의해석모델에대한고유치문제가된다. 선형시스템에서자유진동의해는다음과같이주기적으로변화하는수식 (3) 과같이조화운동으로나타낼수있다. (3) 는 i번째의고유진동수, 는 i번째고유진동수의 IPM type BLDC 전동기의진동및소음저감을위한가진력평형화설계 1537

4 전기학회논문지 62 권 11 호 213 년 11 월 모드형상을나타내는고유벡터이며 t는시간을나타낸다. 운동방정식에위의식을대입하면수식 (4) 와같다. (4) 수식 (4) 에서 은 이될수없으므로행렬식은수식 (5) 와같다. (5) 이방정식은고유치의문제로고유진동수는 n개의자유도수만큼생긴다. 는 4로각각입력하였다. 그림 7은모달해석결과이다. (a) 와 (b) 는타원운동을하는모드로다른주파수의모드에비하여진동및소음을일으키는주요모드가되므로이모드에서의공진을가급적피해야한다. 그림 8의 (a) 는한상여자시회전자의극이고정자의극과만나기시작하는위치에서접선성분과반경방향성분의가진력으로변형된고정자를나타내고 (b) 는두극이일치했을때반경방향성분의힘에의한변형전후의그림을비교한것이다. 그림 8의 (a) 와같이회전자의극이고정자치의끝단을밀고당기는과정에서 (b) 와같은뒤틀리는모드가발생한다 [9] 모드해석 자유진동은외력이없는경우에계의자체에내재하는힘에의해발생한다. 자유진동인경우계는하나또는그이상의고유진동수를가지고진동하며이고유진동수는질량과강성의분포에의해서결정되는동적계의고유한특성이다. 자유진동해석을위한모드해석기법은유한요소법을이용한해석적방법을사용하였다. 모드는진동계를이루는시스템의고유한동적인양상을나타내는것으로어떤주파수를가진가진력에의해고정자가진동할때그고정자의거동은가진력의주파수대역에서가지는고유모드의양상으로나타난다 [9]. 고정자의고유진동주파수가진동및공진에지배적인역할을하기때문에고정자의모달해석을수행하였다. 고정자의재질은규소강판 (S23-5PN8) 으로 mass density는 785(Kg/m³), Young's modulus는 2(Gpa), Poisson ratio (a) 235 [Hz] (b) 4167 [Hz] (a) overlap position (b) aligned position 그림 8 전자기력에의한고정자의변형 Fig. 8 Deformation of stator due to electromagnetic 가진력해석고유진동수해석에서는회전자의영향을고려하지않았기때문에회전자의변화에따른진동의영향을비교하기어렵다. 그러므로기본모델과최적모델의공극자속변화로생기는진동을분석하기위하여가진력의분포및양상을비교하였다. 전자기적가진원은기계적인요인과전가지적현상의상호유기적관계로부터발생한다. 이전자기적가진력의진동수가전동기구조물의고유진동수와비슷한영역에있으면공진하게되어부품의마모와전동기구동성능의저하뿐만아니라다른시스템에영향을미치게된다. 무부하시 (Open-circuit) 나부하시 (On-load) 에공극자계로부터의고정자표면반경방향힘밀도 (radial force density) 분포는전자기적진동 소음의주된발생원이며, 수식 (6) 과같이 Maxwell's stress method로계산할수있다 [1]. (6) (c) 5983 [Hz] (d) 7761 [Hz] 그림 7 고유진동수에대한모드형상 Fig. 7 Mode shapes corresponding to natural frequencies 여기서 는힘밀도의반경방향성분, 과 는공극자속밀도의반경방향과접선방향성분이고, 는자유공간 (free space) 에서의투자율, 는각도에따른위치, t는시간이다. 그림 9는기본모델과최적모델의가진력양상을비교한결과이다. 가진력의양상이원에가까울수록평형하다. 기본 1538

5 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 62, No. 11, NOV, 213 모델보다최적모델에서가로축인장축은감소하며세로축인단축은증가하는양상을보인다. 가진력의장축크기는 73에서 56으로 6% 감소하였고단축은 16에서 26 으로 5% 증가하는양상을보였다. 기본모델과최적모델의장축과단축의축비를계산하여축비를비교해보면기본모델은.79, 최적모델은.88로최적모델이 9만큼더원형에가까움으로최적모델의가진력이더평형함을알수있다. 델의손실및효율을계산하였다. 노치에의해최적모델의철손은기본모델보다작게계산되었지만공극의증가로인해토크가감소하므로동일한출력을내기위해입력전류가증가하여동손이증가하였다. 철손은재질의자기이력특성으로인한세가지손실로분류할수있으며이는주파수와자속밀도의함수로식 (7) 과같이정의하여계산하였다 [11]. 기계손은실험을통해측정하였다 Basic model Optimized model (7) Radial force density[n/mm 2 ] Rotating angle[deg] 그림 9 기본모델과최적모델의가진력 Fig. 9 The radial force density of the basic model and the optimized model Radial force density [N/mm 2 ] Frequency [Hz] 3 33 Basic model Optimized model 그림 1 가진력의고유진동주파수대역의고조파분석 Fig. 1 Harmonic analysis on the natural frequencies of RMF 그림 1은가진력의고유진동주파수대역의고조파분석결과를나타낸것이다. 그림 1에서보는바와같이고유진동주파수대역에서기본모델보다최적모델의가진력고조파가크게저감됨을알수있다. 이는공진시진동의크기가저감될것으로판단되며위험주파수를회피하는방법외에도전자기적인가진원평형화또는크기감소를통해공진를줄일수있음을알수있다. 2.5 효율비교 표 3에정격운전시기본모델과최적화모델의특성을비교하여나타내었다. 기본모델과노치를설치한최적모 이에따른기본모델과최적모델의효율계산결과최적모델의효율이기본모델보다 1% 감소하였다. 하지만구동특성과코깅토크, 토크리플을비교해보았을때전반적인성능은향상되었음을알수있다. 표 3 정격구동특성 Table 3 The rated operating characteristics 모델 기본모델 최적모델 출력 [W] 구동토크 [Nm] 2 2 코깅토크 [mnm] 토크리플율 [%] 전류 [A] 동손 [W] 철손 [W] 기계손 [W] 효율 [%] 결론 본논문에서는 IPM type BLDC 전동기에서진동및소음의원인이되는가진력의불평형과코깅토크및그에따른제반특성을비교, 분석하였다. 유한요소법과실험계획법을이용하여기본모델보다코깅토크가저감되면서가진력이평형화되는최적설계를진행하였다. 설계결과, 회전자에 5[mm] 의노치를설치하고고정자에 2[mm], 1[mm] 의노치를설치하였을때목표치에부 합하는최적결과를도출하였다. 기본모델에비해최적모델의코깅토크는 34% 저감되었고토크리플은 15% 저감되었으며, 가진력의양상은 9 만큼더평형화되었다. 가진력의고유진동주파수대역의고조파분석결과고유진동주파수모드의고조파저감으로공진시진동의크기가저감되리라사료되며이는위험주파수를회피하는방법외에도전자기적인가진원의감소를통해공진의크기를줄일수있었으며, 차후진동실험을통하여본연구의타당성을증명하고자한다. 최적모델의효율은기본모델보다 1% 감소하였지만, 코깅토크및토크리플을비교해보았을때최적모델이기본모델보다전반적인성능이향상됨을알수있다. IPM type BLDC 전동기의진동및소음저감을위한가진력평형화설계 1539

6 전기학회논문지 62 권 11 호 213 년 11 월 감사의글본연구는교육과학기술부와한국연구재단의지역혁신인력양성사업및창원대학교 212~13 교내연구비지원에의해수행된연구결과임 References [1] Hong-seok Ko, and Kwang-Joon Kim, Characterization of Noise and Vibration Source in Interior Permanent-Magnet Brushless DC motors, IEEE Transaction on. Magnetics, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp , 24. [2] Gyu-Hong, Young-Dae Song, Gyu-Tak Kim and Jin-Hur, "A Novel Cogging Torque Reduction Method for Interior Type Permanent Magnet Motor", IEEE Transaction on. Industry Applications, Vol. 45, No 1, pp , 29. [3] T. M. Johns, W. L. Soong, Pulsating Torque Minimization Techniques for Permanent Magnet AC Motor Drives, IEEE Transactions on. Industrial Electronics, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp , [4] J. P. Hong et al., "Analysis of radial force as a source of vibration in an induction motor with skewed slots," IEEE Transaction on. Magnetics, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp , [5] D. E. Cameron, J. H. Lang and S. D. Umans, "The origin and reduction of acoustic noise in doubly salient variable reluctance motors," IEEE Transaction on. Industry Applications, Vol. 28, No, 6, pp , [6] R. S. Colby, F. M. Mottier and T. J. E. Miller, "Vibration modes and acoustic noise in a four-phase switched reluctance motor, " IEEE Transaction on. Industry Applications, Vol. 32, No, 6, pp , [7] Jin Hur; Jin-Wook Reu; Byeong-woo Kim; Gyu-Hong Kang, "Vibration Reduction of IPM-Type BLDC Motor Using Negative Third Harmonic Elimination Method of Air-Gap Flux Density," IEEE Transactions on. Industry Applications, Vol. 47, No, 3, pp ,211. [8] Gyu-Hong, Young-Dae Song, Gyu-Tak Kim and Jin-Hur, "A Novel Cogging Torque Reduction Method for Interior Type Permanent Magnet Motor", IEEE Transaction on. Industry Applications, Vol. 45, No 1, pp , 29. [9] G. W. Cho, S. H. Woo, S. H. Ji, K. W. Park, K. B. Jang, G. T. Kim, "The optimization of rotor shape for constant torque improvement and radial magnetic force minimization" J. Cent. South Univ.Tecnol. Vol.19, No.2, pp , 212. [1] Gieras, J. F.; Wang, C.; Lai, J. C.: Noise of Polyphase Electrical Motors, Taylor & Francis Group, 26. ISBN [11] Yong-Tae Kim, Bo-Han Kang, Gyu-Won Cho, and Gyu-Tak Kim Iron loss Coefficient Estimation Through Flux Density and Iron loss Calculation of IPMSM in Consideration of Core Material, IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation. pp.233, October, 212. 저자소개 정태석 ( 鄭太石 ) 1986년 1월 18일생. 212년창원대학교공대전기공학과졸업. 현재동대학원전기공학과석사과정 Tel : Fax : jeongts@changwon.ac.kr 조규원 ( 曺圭源 ) 1984년 3월 2일생. 29년창원대전기공학과졸업. 211년동대학원전기공학과졸업 ( 석사 ). 211년동대학원전기공학과박사과정입학. 현재동대학원전기공학박사과정. Tel : Fax : chogyuwon@changwon.ac.kr 김규탁 ( 金奎卓 ) 1961년 11월 12일생. 1982년한양대학교공대전기공학과졸업. 1984년동대학원전기공학과졸업 ( 석사 ). 1991년동대학원전기공학과졸업 ( 공박 ). 1996년~2 년일본早稻田大객원연구원. 현재창원대학교공대전기공학과교수. Tel : Fax : gtkim@changwon.ac.kr 154

Introduction to Maxwell/ Mechanical Coupling

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