38 소정온 허지연 심혜진외 9 인 항체의증가등이가능성을나타내고있으나진단의간편성과정확도등에문제가제기되고있다. 또한최근수행된일련의 AD에대한면역학적접근과정에서베타아밀로이드단백질에대한특이항체가존재하며이특이항체가 AD의병인기전과밀접하게연관되어져있을것이라는보고가있다 [5-8]
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1 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 24; 3: 알쯔하이머병환자혈청에서의베타아밀로이드단백질에대한특이항체량측정 : 알쯔하이머병의생화학적진단지표개발 소정온 허지연 심혜진 김종원 * 나덕렬 이필휴 정선주 박문호 주인수 송미숙 김영호 ** 묵인희 서울대학교의과대학생화학교실성균관대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실 * 신경과학교실, 아주대학교의과대학신경과학교실, 간호학교실, 울산대학교의과대학신경과학교실, 분당구보건소, ( 주 ) 디지탈바이오텍중앙연구소 ** Address for correspondence Inhee Mook-Jung, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: inhee@snu.ac.kr Measurement of Anti-amyloid Beta Antibody in Serum of Alzheimer s Disease Patients: Development of Biomarker for Alzheimer s Disease Diagnosis Jung On So, Ji Yeon Huh, Hea Jin Sim, Jong Won Kim, M.D. *, Duk L. Na, M.D., Phil Hyu Lee, M.D., Sun Joo Jung, M.D., Muno Park, M.D., Insoo Joo, M.D., Mi-sook Song, Ph.D., Youngho Kim, Ph.D. **, Inhee Mook-Jung, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Nursing, Ajou University School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine* and Department of Neurology, Sung Kyun Kwan University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Bundang Health Center, Digital Biotech, Inc.**, Korea Background: Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is rapidly increasing with the aging society, requiring a need for early diagnosis and prevention. However, diagnosis on AD has only been possible through limited methods such as neuropsychological examination or MRI. AD is characterized by deposition of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. A peptide in senile plaques seems to play a central role in the neuropathology of AD. Several biochemical markers for AD are available, including reduced A protein, a change in ratio between A 4 and 42 and increased level of tau protein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Methods: This study analyzes anti-a antibody from serums of AD using the ELISA. The levels of anti-a antibody from with idiopathic Parkinson s disease or stroke and from normal control were compared to that of AD. Results: Our results showed a significantly lower anti-a antibody level in AD compared to those with other neurological diseases or control. Conclusion: These data showed that the anti-a antibody level in the serum may be used to diagnose the presence of AD. Key Words: Alzheimer s disease, A peptide, Anti-A autoantibody, Biomarker 서론알쯔하이머병 (Alzheimer's disease; AD) 은유전적변이에의해발병하는가족성 AD (familial AD; FAD) 와그원인이밝혀지지않은산발성 AD (sporadic AD; SAD) 로나눌수있고, 병리학적특징으로는신경섬유덩어리 (neurofibrillary tangle) 와노인반 (senile plaque) 을들수있다 [1]. 세포내부의응집체인신경섬유덩어리는 cell body, dendrite, filament에위치하며, microtubule-associated protein인 tau가응집되어나타난다. 또, 세포외부의단백질축적은노인반이라는특징적인구조를형성하며이는주로베타아밀로이드단백질 (A peptide) 로구성되어있다. 이 A peptide는 AD의주요원인으로알려져 있으며아밀로이드전구물질인 amyloid precursor protein (APP) 이 amyloidogenic pathway를거치면서베타, 감마시크리타아제에의해절단되어형성된다 [2-4]. 퇴행성신경질환의하나인 AD는사회의노령화에따라급속하게증가되어지고있는추세로서 AD의조기진단및예방의필요성이시급해지고있다. 하지만, 이러한 AD의진단은현재까지신경심리학적인검사나특화된 MRI 촬영과같은많은시간과경비가소요되는방법들만이가능하였다. 생화학적방법을사용한진단으로사용되는것으로는뇌척수액에서 AD의지표로베타아밀로이드단백질의감소와베타아밀로이드 4형태에대한 42형태의비율, tau 단백질농도, 혈청내에서베타아밀로이드단백질의증가와 glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)- 37
2 38 소정온 허지연 심혜진외 9 인 항체의증가등이가능성을나타내고있으나진단의간편성과정확도등에문제가제기되고있다. 또한최근수행된일련의 AD에대한면역학적접근과정에서베타아밀로이드단백질에대한특이항체가존재하며이특이항체가 AD의병인기전과밀접하게연관되어져있을것이라는보고가있다 [5-8]. 본연구에서는이러한여러가지면역학적실험결과들을바탕으로하여정상인의경우, 혈액내에베타아밀로이드를특이적으로인지하는항체가존재하는것을확인하였다. 또한정상쥐와사람의돌연변이 APP를과발현하여사람의뇌에서생기는노인반과유사한베타아밀로이드침착을일으키는 AD 동물모델쥐의경우, 정상쥐에비하여 AD 동물모델쥐에서베타아밀로이드특이항체의농도가현저히저하되어있는것을발견하였다. 이러한결과로부터 AD 환자의경우, 정상인보다베타아밀로이드특이항체의양이감소되어있을것이라는가설을세웠다. 이에본연구에서는 AD 환자와특발성파킨슨병환자및뇌졸중환자와정상인의혈청으로부터효소면역분석법 (ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) 을통하여베타아밀로이드단백질에대한특이항체의정도를측정하여비교해봄으로써혈청내 A peptide에대한항체가 AD의진단지표로사용될수있는지알아보고자하였다. AD 환자의혈청내에서베타아밀로이드항체정도를 ELISA 를이용해정상인과비교하여보았을때, 환자의혈청에서베타아밀로이드항체의농도가정상인에비해통계적으로유의하게낮음을확인하였다. AD가아닌신경질환인뇌졸중과파킨슨병환자들중치매증상이없는환자군에서베타아밀로이드항체정도를측정하였을때정상인과비교하여유의한차이를얻지못하였다. 이러한베타아밀로이드항체의감소현상은 AD 환자에게서만유의하게나타나는결과로서 AD의새로운생화학적진단지표로서의가능성을보여준다고할수있겠다. 대상및방법 1. ELISA Method.1 M bicarbonate-carbonate solution (Sigma) 에 A 1-42 를.1 g/well 농도로 ELISA plate (NUNC) 에하룻밤동안코팅시켰다. PBST (PBS+tween 2,.5%) 로 3-4회 autowasher (Thermo Labsystems, Finland) 를이용하여세척한후 PBS로희석한 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) 으로한시간 blocking 하였다. 다시 3-4회정도세척한후 human serum을 1:1으로희석하여실온에서 2시간반응시켰다. PBST로 5회정도세척하고이차항체를 1:2,으로 1% FBS로희석하여한시간실온에서반응시킨후 PBST로 5회세척하였다. 마지막으로 peroxidase substrate인 3,3,5,5 tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) 와 peroxide solution인 hydrogen peroxide (Pierce) 를 Substrate Human serum Fig. 1. Schematic figure for ELISA. A 1-42 was coated on the plate and human serum was incubated to make A -antibody complex. Secondary antibody and substrate for detection were used to amplify A -antibody complex binding signal. 1:1로혼합한혼합물을 1 L씩넣고 1M H 2 SO 4 를넣어반응을정지시킨후 45 nm 파장으로발색정도를측정하였다. ELISA 방법의대략적인모식도를 Fig. 1에첨부하였다. 2. Patient information A AD환자의대조군으로사용된정상인수는 166명이고, AD 환자는삼성서울병원에내원한환자로 32명의환자혈청을사용하였다. 알쯔하이머병으로진단된환자들은모두 National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) 의 probable 알쯔하이머병척도에합당하였다 [9]. 또한이들은문진, 신경학적진찰, 뇌촬영 (CT 또는 MRI), 혈액검사 ( 일반혈액검사, 일반화학검사, 매독반응검사, 갑상선기능검사, 비타민 B12/ 엽산검사등 ) 를통하여치매를일으키는다른병인 ( 예를들어혈관성치매, 알코올치매등 ) 은없음이확인되었다. Stroke 환자의대조군으로사용된정상인수는 22명이고, stroke 환자는아주대학교병원에내원한환자로그수는 16명이었다. 이들환자군은 1시간이내의 acute stroke 환자로 dementia가발견되지않은환자이다. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) 의경우대조군으로사용된정상인수는 28명, IPD 환자수는 11명으로이들환자는서울아산병원신경과에내원한환자로서 Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test 결과가 24점이상이고 Hoen & Yahr stage 2 e
3 알쯔하이머병의생화학적진단지표개발 39 Table 1. Demographic characteristics of normal control & AD Alzheimer's Disease (n=32) Noraml control (n=166) AD, Alzheimer's disease. OD 45 nm *** Table 2. Demographic characteristics of normal control & stroke Stroke (n=16) Normal control (n=22) AD Fig. 2. Measurement of A specific antibody in serum of AD. The levels of anti-a antibody was significantly lower in AD compared to those with control (***: p<.1). 2 ns Table 3. Demographic characteristics of normal control & IPD IPD (n=11) Normal control (n=28) OD 45 nm *IPD, Idiopathic Parkinson s disease. 이하이며치매증상을보이지않는환자군이었다 (Table 1-3). 각환자군에대한정상군은 age-matched control을하기위하여각병원에서신경질환과관련이없는건강한성인들의혈액을채취하여형성하였다. 3. 통계처리각환자군및대조군의 OD 값을근거로 mean±sem을구하였고 t-test를통하여두군간의통계적유의성을조사하였다. 결과 AD 환자의혈청내에서베타아밀로이드특이항체정도를 ELISA 방법을이용해정상인과비교하여보았을때 AD 환자의혈청에서베타아밀로이드특이항체의양이유의하게낮았음을확인하였다 (Fig. 2). AD의대조군인정상인군의경우베타아밀로이드항체측정값이 1.75±.4이고 AD 환자의경우 1.28±.6으로통계적으로유의한차이값을나타내었다 (t-test, Stroke Fig. 3. Measurement of A specific antibody in serum of acute stroke. There was no significant difference of A specific antibody level in serum of acute stroke patient and normal control (ns: non significant). p<.1). 이때사용한정상인군은 AD 환자군의 age matched control을사용하여 AD 환자군과유사한 6-7대가주요연령군이었다 (Table 1). AD가아닌뇌졸중환자에서베타아밀로이드특이항체정도를측정하였을때, 정상인군은 1.7±.4이고뇌졸중환자는 1.51±.7로정상인대조군과비교하였을때유의한값의차이가나타나지않았다 (Fig. 3). 또다른신경질환인특발성파킨슨병환자의경우에도대조군은 6±.2이고, IPD 환자는 3±.5로뇌졸중환자의경우와비슷하게대조군과비교하였을때유의한값의차이가나타나지않았다 (Fig. 4). 이때사용한뇌졸중및특발성파킨슨병환자들의경우치매증상을나타내지않는환자들만을선별하여사용하였다 (Table 2, 3). 이때그림에서표시한 Y-축의값은 OD 45 nm에서읽은수치를직접적으로표시한것이며각실험군마다서로상이한값을
4 4 소정온 허지연 심혜진외 9 인 OD 45 nm 나타내는것이므로각실험군간의비교는적절하지않으며동일실험조건하에서대조군과의비교가적절하다. 이러한결과들은혈청내의베타아밀로이드특이항체양의감소는 AD 환자에게서만특이적으로나타나는현상임을알수있었다. 고 ns Schenk 등이 AD의치료방법으로 vaccine의개념을도입하여동물실험결과를발표하면서 AD의치료와진단을위한면역학적접근방법들이시도되기시작하였다 [5-7]. 그중한실험에의해사람의 APP의돌연변이를발현하는 AD 동물모델에노인반의주요구성물질인베타아밀로이드를복강내로투여하였을때, 베타아밀로이드침착이뇌의해마및대뇌피질부위에서관찰되지않았다. 이들은개체내에증가한베타아밀로이드에의해베타아밀로이드항체의생성이증가하여이항체에의하여노인반에있는베타아밀로이드가제거되었을것이라는가설을내세웠다 [5, 6]. 그러나, Nicoll 등의보고에의하면 AD 환자에게베타아밀로이드 (1-42 form) 5 g을투여하여임상실험을실시하였을때심각한과다뇌염증반응을일으키는부작용을발견하였다 [1]. Bard 등은 passive vaccine의개념을도입하여 AD 동물모델에베타아밀로이드의항체를투여하였을때대뇌피질과뇌의해마부위에서대조군에비해노인반이감소하는것을보고하였다 [6]. 또한이렇게베타아밀로이드의축적이감소되어진 AD 동물모델의경우 visible platform test와 open field exploration test를이용하여공간학습능력정도를측정하였을때, 공간학습능력이향상되어지는결과를보고하였다 [11]. 이러한결과는베타아밀로이드의축적이학습및인지기능감소와직접적으로밀접한연관이있 찰 IPD Fig. 4. Measurement of A specific antibody in serum of IPD. There was no significant difference of A specific antibody level in serum of IPD patient and normal control (ns: non significant). 다는것을보여주는것이며, 베타아밀로이드항체가이러한베타아밀로이드의축적혹은제거에관여할것이라는추측을하게되었다. 본연구에서는이러한여러가지면역학적실험결과들을바탕으로하여정상인의경우, 혈액내에베타아밀로이드를특이적으로인지하는항체가존재하는것을확인하였다. 또한정상쥐와사람의돌연변이 APP를과발현하여사람의뇌에서생기는노인반과유사한베타아밀로이드침착을일으키는 AD 동물모델쥐의경우, 정상쥐에비하여 AD 동물모델쥐에서베타아밀로이드특이항체의농도가현저히저하되어있는것을발견하였다. 이러한결과로부터 AD 환자의경우, 정상인보다베타아밀로이드특이항체의양이감소되어있을것이라는가설을세웠다. AD 환자의혈청내에서베타아밀로이드항체정도를 ELISA 를이용해정상인과비교하여보았을때환자의혈청에서베타아밀로이드항체의농도가정상인에비해통계적으로유의하게낮음을확인하였다. AD가아닌신경질환인뇌졸중과파킨슨병환자들중치매증상이없는환자군에서베타아밀로이드항체정도를측정하였을때정상인과비교하여유의한차이를얻지못하였다. 이때그림에서표시한 Y-축의값은 OD 45 nm에서읽은수치를직접적으로표시한것이며, 각실험군마다서로상이한값을나타내는것이므로각실험군간의비교는적절하지않으며동일실험조건하에서대조군과의비교가적절하다. 향후실험들간의차이를최소화하고표준화하기위한방법적인개선이필요할것이다. 이러한결과로부터 AD 환자에서만특이적으로베타아밀로이드특이항체가감소하는현상을설명하기위한예측할수있는가능한기전중의하나로정상인의경우혈액내에존재하는자가항체인베타아밀로이드항체가 systemic하게생성되어지는베타아밀로이드와결합하여 macrophage와같은대식세포에의하여제거되어서전체베타아밀로이드의양을낮추게될것이라는것이다. 또다른가능한기전으로는베타아밀로이드- 특이항체 complex를형성하여혈액내에존재하더라도 complex의 size가커서베타아밀로이드단독으로존재할때보다는 BBB 투과율이저하될것이므로뇌안으로유입되는베타아밀로이드양이현저히감소하게되고그결과, 뇌안의베타아밀로이드의축적을저지할것으로보인다. 그러나, AD 환자의경우에는자체내베타아밀로이드특이항체의양이현저히감소되어져있으므로 systemic하게생성되어진베타아밀로이드를충분히제거하지못해남은양의베타아밀로이드가뇌안으로유입되어축적되어질것으로보인다. 그러나, 본연구결과로부터베타아밀로이드항체의농도가저하되어나타나는것이 AD의원인이되는것인지아니면 AD의진전으로인하여나타나는결과적인산물인지는알수없다. 이러한것을설명하기위하여는 AD의진행정도에따라베타아밀로이드항체의양의변화를조사하여야할것이고이를위해서는초기단계의 AD 환자 (CDR ) 와병이어느정도진행되어진 AD 환자 (CDR
5 알쯔하이머병의생화학적진단지표개발 41 2 이상 ) 를구분하여베타아밀로이드항체를측정하고이들간의차이를조사하여보아야할것이다. 본연구의결과에서나타나는베타아밀로이드항체의감소현상은 AD 환자에게서만유의하게나타나는결과로서 AD의새로운생화학적진단지표로서의가능성을보여준다고할수있겠다. 이러한연구결과를근간으로하여좀더임상과연계된연구들이지속적으로이루어진다면 AD의진단에이러한지표를사용할수있음은물론더나아가 AD를예방하는기반을가져다줄수있으리라기대한다. 감사의글본연구는과학기술부프론티어사업의일환인뇌기능활용및뇌질환치료기술개발연구사업및프로테오믹스이용기술개발사업의연구비와보건복지부특정센터지원 ( 치매치료제및예방제개발센터-디지털바이오텍 ) 연구비로수행되었습니다. 참고문헌 1. Selkoe DJ. The Molecular Pathology of Alzheimer s disease. Neuron 1991; 6: Clippingdale AB, Wade JD, Barrow CJ. The amyloid- peptiede and its role in Alzheimer s Disease. J. Peptide Sci. 21; 7: Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer s Disease: Genes, Proteins, and Therapy. Physiological Reviews 21; 81: Selkoe DJ. The Cell Biology of beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin in Alzheimer s disease. Trends Cell Biol. 1998; 8: Schenk D, Barbour R, Dunn W, Gordon G, Grajeda H, Guido T, et al. Immunization with amyloid- attenuates Alzheimer disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 1999; 4: Bard F, Cannon C, Barbour R, Burke R, Games D, Graieda H, et al. Peripherally administered antibodies against amyloid -peptide enter the central nervous system and reduce pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Nature Medicine 2; 6: Dodart JC, Bales KR, Gannon KS, Greene SJ, DeMattos RB, Mathis C, et al. Immunization reverses memory deficits without reducing brain A burden in Alzheimer s disease model. Nature neuroscience 22; 5: Hampel H, Teipel SJ, Fuchsberger T, Andreasen N, Wiltfang J, Otto M, et al. Value of CSF beta-amyloid (1-42) and tau as predictors of Alzheimer s disease in with mild cognitive impairment. Mol Psychiatry. advance online piblication 3 Dec Mckhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R. Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer s disease: report of the NINCDS- ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer s disease. Neurology 1984; 34: Nicoll JAR, Wilkinson D, Holmes C, Steart P, Markham H, Weller RO. Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid- peptide: a case report. Nature medicine 23; 9: Janus C, Pearson J, Mclaurin J, Mathews PM, Jiang Y, Schmidt SD, et al. A peptide immunization reduces behavial impairment and plaques in model of Alzheimer s disease. Nature 2; 48:
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