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1 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 2 호 pp Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering Vol. 30, No. 2, pp ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) February 2013 / 특집 바이오매스대량생산을위한평판형광생물반응기개발 태양광과선형 프레넬렌즈를 이용한 광생물반응기용도광판 설계및제작 Design and Fabrication of Light-guiding Plate for a Photobioreactor by Using Sunlight and Linear Fresnel Lens 김훈 1, 신성선 1, 황민영 1, 임현철 1, 김광호 2, 김종태 2, 정상화 3, 박종락 1, Hun Kim 1, Seong Seon Shin 1, Min Yong Hwang 1, Hyon Chol Lim 1, Gwang Ho Kim 2, Jong Tye Kim 2, Sang Hwa Jeong 3, and Jong Rak Park 1, 1 조선대학교광기술공학과 (Department of Photonic Engineering, Chosun Univ.) 2 조선대학교바이오리파이너리연구센터 (Biorefinery Research Center, Chosun Univ.) 3 조선대학교기계공학과 (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun Univ.) Corresponding author: ejrpark@chosun.ac.kr, Tel: Manuscript received: / Accepted: We present results of the optical design and fabrication of a light-guiding plate (LGP) for a photobioreactor by using sunlight and a linear Fresnel lens. LGP patterns were designed by optical simulations with an illumination design tool, LightTools, and fabricated by using a computerized numerical control machine. Optical characteristics of average deviation of illuminance distribution and light throughput efficiency were measured and compared with simulation results. Key Words: Light-guiding Plate ( 도광판 ), Photobioreactor ( 광생물반응기 ), Sunlight ( 태양광 ), Linear Fresnel Lens ( 선형프레넬렌즈 ), Illumination Design ( 조명설계 ) 1. 서론 화석연료의사용과고갈에따른범지구적온난화와에너지문제를해결하기위해신재생에너지개발과에너지효율향상에대한연구가국내외적으로활발히진행중에있다. 1-4 신재생에너지분야중광합성을통한이산화탄소고정과바이오연료추출이가능한미세조류에대한관심이최근급속히증가하고있다. 5 미세조류의대량배양을위하여개방형및밀폐형의다양한광생물생산시스템이개발되고있으며, 6-10 이중생산성과투입에너지관점에서큰장점을지니고있는평판형광생물반응기가큰주목을받고있다. 1,8 본논문에서는평판형광생물반응기의조명시스템으로사용될수있는태양광과선형프레넬렌즈를이용한태양광용도광판 (LGP, light-guiding plate) 의설계및제작결과에대해보고한다. Optical Research Associates 사의조명설계소프트웨어인 LightTools 를사용하여광학설계를수행하였다. 11 제 2 장에서는도광판설계에사용한반사필름및도광판패턴에대해소개하였고, 태양광용도광판의설계과정및설계결과에대해서술하였다. 제 3 장에서는제작된도광판에대하여측정된조도분포에대한평균편차및광효율결과에대해기술하였고, 이를광학시뮬레이션결과와비교하였다. 마지막제 4 장에서는본논문의연구결과
2 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 2 호 pp February 2013 / 144 를종합하여정리하였다. 2. 도광판설계과정및결과 2.1 도광판모델링본논문에서는태양광, SK 사의반사시트 ( 모델명 : SY 64~70), CNC(computerized numerical control) 가공을통해제작한 V-cut 패턴을각각도광판을위한광원, 반사필름, 도광판패턴으로사용하였다. 태양광은평행광으로모델링하였고, 도광판제작에사용된반사필름의양방향반사율분포함수 BRDF (bidirectional reflective distribution function) 데이터를측정하고 LightTools 모델의표면특성 (Surface Finishes) 에입력하여반사필름을모델링하였다. 12 CNC 가공을통해 PMMA(Poly(methyl methacrylate)) 도광판밑면에제작한 V-cut 형태의도광판패턴은산란체로가정할수있으며, 본논문과동일한방식 (60 o 다이아몬드컷터사용 ) 으로제작한도광판패턴의경우산란체의폭이 1.8 mm, 반사율이 50% 인램버시안산란체 (Lambertian scatterer) 로모델링할수있음이알려져있다. 13 본논문에서는참고문헌 13 의도광판패턴에대한모델링파라미터를차용하여도광판설계및광학시뮬레이션에사용하였다. 2.2 도광판설계결과 Fig. 1 은도광판설계및광학시뮬레이션에사용된 LightTools 레이아웃을보여주고있다. 선형프레넬렌즈는 PMMA 재질을갖고있으며, 크기와초점거리가각각 200 mm 500 mm 2 mm, 200 mm 이었다. PMMA 재질도광판은 500 mm 600 mm 10 mm 의크기를갖고있으며, 길이가 500 mm 인위쪽가로측면에선형프레넬렌즈에의해선형태로집속된태양광이입사하게된다. 도광판밑면에도광판패턴이형성되어있으며, 그아래쪽에반사필름이부착되어있다. 도광판설계는원하는조도균일도를달성하기위해도광판패턴의위치를결정하는과정이다. 도광판패턴의위치지정을위해다음과같이정의된인접패턴사이의간격 PS(pattern spacing) 에 대한표현식을사용하였다 PS p p exp( 2x w ) = (1) 1 2 / 위식에서 x 와 w 는패턴을배열할축상의좌표와가우시안함수의폭을각각의미하며, p 1 과 p 2 는최대및최소패턴간격에의해결정되는파라미터이다. 본논문에서는최대패턴간격을 20 mm, 가우시안함수폭을 600 mm 로고정하고최소패턴간격만을변화시켜최적의조도균일도를갖는도광판을설계하였다. 조도균일도를대표하는물리량으로는조도분포의표준편차값과평균조도값의비율로정의되는평균편차 (Average Deviation) 를사용하였다. Fig. 2 는최소패턴간격변화에따른조도분포의평균편차에대한시뮬레이션결과를보여주고있다. 이때, 태양광의고도 (elevation angle) 는 54.6 o ( 광주지역의춘분기준 ) 이었다. 14 최소패턴간격이 4 mm 일때, 평균편차가최소임을알수있다. 이결과를바탕으로최대패턴간격 20 mm, Fig. 1 LightTools simulation layout Fig. 2 Average deviation of illuminance distribution as a function of minimum pattern spacing
3 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 2 호 pp February 2013 / 145 최소패턴간격 4 mm, 가우시안함수폭 600 mm 인도광판패턴을제작하였다. 이도광판패턴에대한 Auto-CAD 도면은 Fig. 3 과같다. 3. 도광판제작및특성측정 3.1 도광판제작선형프레넬렌즈는 Nihon Tokushu Kogaku Jushi 사의제품 ( 모델명 : LF200-B) 을사용하였는데, 시뮬레이션에사용한사양과같이 PMMA 재질을갖고있으며, 크기는 200 mm 500 mm 2 mm 이었다. 또한, 초점거리와피치 (pitch) 는각각 200 mm 와 0.3 mm 이었다. 도광판패턴은앞서설명한바와같이 60 o 다이아몬드컷터를사용하여 CNC 가공을통해제작하였다. 선형프레넬렌즈와도광판을지지하기위한간이형프레임을제작하였는데, 선형프레넬렌즈의집광을용이하게하기위해렌즈의각도와위치조정시 3 개의자유도를갖도록하였다. Fig. 4 는제작된도광판의사진을보여주고있다. 3.2 특성측정및시뮬레이션결과와의비교제작된도광판의광학적특성을측정하였다. Fig. 5 는태양고도가 72 o 일때측정한조도분포를보여주고있다. 측정된평균조도, 평균 PFD (photon flux density), 평균편차는각각 19,680 lx, 346 µe/(m 2 s), 0.10 이었다. 측정시태양직사광의조도는 110,000 lx 이었는데, 도광판으로부터출사된총광속과선형프레넬렌즈에입사된태양광총광속의비로정의한광효율 (light throughput efficiency) 은 54% 이었다. 태양고도 72 o 이외에 45 o, 49 o, 53 o, 64 o 일때조도분포를추가적으로측정하고이를시뮬레이션결과와비교하였다. Fig. 6 은태양고도에따른 Fig. 5 Measured illuminance (units: lx) distribution of the fabricated LGP for sunlight Fig. 3 Auto-CAD drawing of the designed LGP patterns Fig. 4 Photographs of the fabricated LGP for sunlight Fig. 6 Measured and simulated results of average deviation as a function of the elevation angle of Sun
4 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 2 호 pp February 2013 / 146 조도분포의평균편차변화에대한측정및시뮬레이션결과를보여주고있다. 측정과시뮬레이션결과가거의동일한경향을보여주고있는데, 태양고도가감소함에따라조도분포의평균편차가대체적으로증가함을알수있다. Fig. 7 은태양고도에따른광효율의변화에대한측정및시뮬레이션결과를보여주고있다. 태양고도가감소함에따라광효율이서서히증가하다가태양고도 49 o 이후에는감소하는경향을보여주고있다. 시뮬레이션결과와측정결과가동일한경향을보여주고있으나, 태양고도가감소함에따라시뮬레이션결과보다측정된광효율이더작음을알수있다. 시뮬레이션수행시도광판과도광판패턴에서의광흡수는고려하지않았는데, 태양고도가감소함에따라전반사에의한도광판내부에서의광경로가길어지게되고광흡수또한증가하여광효율이저하되는것으로판단된다. 4. 결론 본논문에서는태양광과선형프레넬렌즈를이용한광생물반응기용도광판에대한광학설계, 제작및특성측정결과에대해보고하였다. 최대패턴간격, 가우시안함수폭을고정하고최소패턴간격을변화시켜최적의조도균일도를갖는도광판을설계및제작하였는데, 태양고도 49 o 이상에서조도분포의평균편차가약 0.2 이하이었으며, 태양고도 45 o ~ 72 o 에대해 54% 이상의광 Fig. 7 Measured and simulated results of light throughput efficiency as a function of the elevation angle of Sun 효율을갖는것으로측정되었다. 향후최대패턴간격, 최소패턴간격, 가우시안함수폭을모두변화시켜보다최적화된설계를수행한다면더욱우수한광학특성을갖는도광판제작이가능할것으로판단된다. 태양고도변화에따른조도분포의평균편차와광효율에대한광학시뮬레이션을수행하여측정결과와비교하였다. 조도분포의평균편차에대한두결과는거의일치하고있었고, 광효율에대한두결과는동일한경향을보였으나, 태양고도가감소함에따라두결과의차이가증가함을알수있었다. 향후시뮬레이션수행시도광판과도광판패턴에서의광흡수에대한추가적고려가필요할것으로판단되며, 이를통해광학시뮬레이션의정확도가더욱향상될것으로예측된다. 후기 본연구는 2010 년도지식경제부의재원으로한국에너지기술평가원 (KETEP) 의지원을받아수행한연구과제입니다. (No ) 참고문헌 1. Ahn, D.-G., Cho, C.-G., Jeong, S.-H., and Lee, D.-G., Design of Photobioreactor for Mass Production of Microalgae, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 28, No. 2, pp , Kim, J., Ahn, D.-G., Park, J. R., Park, J. W., and Jeong, S.-H., Recent Trends of the Development of Photobioreactors to Cultivate Microalgae, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 28, No. 2, pp , Kunjapur, A. M. and Eldridge, R. B., Photobioreactor Design for Commercial Biofuel Production from Microalgae, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 49, No. 8, pp , Lee, G.-B., Ko, M.-J., and Ku, T.-J., Analysis of energy efficiency in PCB manufacturing process, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 13, No. 7, pp , Shin, H.-J., Park, J.-H., Jung, W.-K., Cho, H., and Kim, S.-W., Development of Biorefinery Process Using Microalgae, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 28, No. 2, pp , 2011.
5 한국정밀공학회지제 30 권 2 호 pp February 2013 / Ogbonna, J. C. and Tanaka, H., Light requirement and photosynthetic cell cultivation Development of processes for efficient light utilization in photobioreactors, Journal of Applied Phycology, Vol. 12, pp , Janssen, M., Tramper, J., Mur, L. R., and Wiiffels, R. H., Enclosed Outdoor Photobioreactors: Light Regime, Photosynthetic Efficiency, Scale-Up, and Future Prospects, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp , Sierra, E., Acien, F. G., Fernandez, J. M., Garcia, J. L., Gonzalez, C., and Molina, E., Characterization of a flat plate photobioreactor for the production of microalgae, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 138, pp , Xu, L., Weathers, P. J., Xiong, X.-R., and Liu, C.-Z., Microalgal bioreactors: Challenges and opportunities, Eng. Life Sci., Vol. 9, No. 3, pp , Posten, C., Design principles of photo-bioreactors for cultivation of microalgae, Eng. Life Sci., Vol. 9, No. 3, pp , Optical Research Associates, com 12. Park, G. C., Kim, H., Kim, J., Park, J.-W., Jeong, S.- H., and Park, J. R., Design of Light Guide Plate for Photobioreactor, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 28, No. 2, pp , Park, G. C., Kim, H., Shin, S. S., Shin, H. K., Kim, J., Jeong, S.-H., and Park, J. R., Design and Fabrication of Light Guiding Plate for Photobioreactor, Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp , Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute,
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