Welcome: The Beginning Welcome You All to the Korean Grammar Guide! This blog was first created in 2006 as an experiment to help people who would like

Transcription

1 Korean Grammar Guide Welcome Korean Alphabets Sentence Order Particles - 는, 가 Particles - 도, 를, 에 Pronouns- This, It, That Nouns - Present, Past Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs Nouns - Numbers and Counting Adjectives - Present, Past Adjectives - Polite [Present, Past] Adjectives - Descriptive Adjectives - Connective Verbs - Present, Past Verbs - Polite [Present, Past] Verbs - Future [Will] Verbs - Continuous Verbs - Connective Verbs - Can Verbs - Have Verbs - Want Verbs - Descriptive I Verbs - Descriptive II Verbs - Speech Adverbs - 부사 Particles - 께 / 에게 / 한테 Particles - 으로 / 로 Particles - 에서, 까지 Particles - 만 [only] Possessive - 의 Conjunctions - And Conjunctions - But Conjunctions - But [ 는데 / 은데 ] Conjunctions - Because, So Conjunctions - Because [ 때문에 ] Conjunctions - If Conjunctions - When Conjunctions - While 5W1H Advanced Grammar Comparatives & Superlatives Imperatives - 해, 하지마 Have to - 해야한다 Allowed to - 해도된다 I like doing - 하는게좋다, 하는걸좋아한다 I think - ~ 고생각해 (Opinion) I think - 하는거같애 (General) Special Expressions Are you doing? - ~ 는거야? [Informal] Are you doing? - ~ 시는거예요? [Polite] Are we doing? - 하는거야 / 거예요? To do something - ~ 기위해 Try doing - 해보다 Of course, I've done it before - 해봤죠 Give the favour of doing - 해주다 Would you like to go? - 갈래요? Shall we do something? - 우리뭐할까? It's cold, isn't it? - 춥지요? Let's do it - 하자 Easy to do / Difficult to do - ~ 기쉽다 / ~ 기어렵다 I know how - 어떻게하는지알아 I'm in the habit of - ~ 되면 ~ 게돼요 Miscellaneous Addressing people

2 Welcome: The Beginning Welcome You All to the Korean Grammar Guide! This blog was first created in 2006 as an experiment to help people who would like to learn Korean by providing some basic grammar lessons on Korean. Over the years, I was able to put up more and more lessons, and as of now, in January 2011, there are more than 60 lessons on Korean grammar in this blog. The principles in writing these lessons have been that I remain intentional about making them as easy to understand and readily applicable in daily life as I can, and comprehensive enough to cover major points of Korean grammar which include both the Written and Spoken forms. Now, what do I mean by written and spoken forms? In Korean, the verb endings change depending on whether the language is used in writing or speech. Note: In Korean grammar, the verbs come at the end of a sentence. For more on the sentence order, please read Sentence Order. For example, " 나는학교에갔다 " which means "I went to school" is a written form, and " 나는학교에갔어 " is a spoken form. 나는학교에갔다 = I went to school (written form as in writing, books, diary and newspaper) 나는학교에갔어 = I went to school (spoken form as in conversations, movies and dramas) As you can see, the ending of a verb changes from 갔다 to 갔어, both of which mean "went". Therefore you'd write in one way but speak in a slightly different way. But don't be too alarmed at the difference, as there are simple patterns to it, and you'll get to learn them along the way. It is also important to learn the differences in degrees of formalities in the Korean language. There are three major types in the degrees of formality: Informal Polite Honorific In expressing the politeness in the speech, Korean differs from English in that the verb endings change depending on the age and rank of the person being addressed to and the social setting one finds oneself in. For example, when I'm asked, "Where are you going?" I might answer, "I'm going to school" in the following ways: 학교가 - [Informal, to people of the same age as me or younger than me, especially among close friends] 학교가요 - [Polite, to people older than me, and in formal social situations] 학교가는중입니다 - [Honorific, this is rarely used in normal conversations. I would say this type of

3 speaking is only found in very formal settings such as on the news or in the army.] You would use the polite form even when the person you're speaking to is of the same age as you or younger than you if you're not very close to the person and/or you're in a formal social setting. I'd say it's best to stick to the polite form first and then use the informal form later as you gain more understanding of the Korean language. The major mark of the division is probably the age. The polite language is used to people above one's age and informal language to people equal to and below one's age. However, generally, the polite language is generally used in many social situations and the informal language is usually used among close friends. I am trying to lay out some basics to the language of Korean. However it'd be good at this point to dive into the lessons and learn them for yourself. You can start reading the grammar guide from the top to bottom in the order as it's designed to guide you from the basics to intermediate and advanced grammar. Before you go, here is a bit of history of 한글 (Hangeul, the Korean alphabet): Korean is the official language of Korea, both North and South. There are around 78 million people who speak Korean around the world. [1] 한글 (the Korean alphabet) was invented by Sejong the Great in the 15th century. Before that time, people used Hanja (the equivalent of the Chinese characters) which was not only difficult to learn but was also considerably different to the Korean grammar and sentence order. [2] 한글 is a phonetic writing system which means that the words correspond to pronunciation. The English alphabet is phonetic whereas the Chinese characters are not. If you learn the English alphabet, you can read an English writing fairly well although you may not understand the meaning. Korean is even more phonetic than that of English and many other languages, in that each consonant and vowel in Korean mostly have only one sound. For example, ㄴ = n ㅏ = a (as in car and mama, short sound) ㄴ + ㅏ = 나 [na] (which means "I" as in "I" am Luke) Following the guide down the column on the right-hand of the page, we're now moving onto learning the sounds of the consonants and vowels of 한글. You'll learn to write and pronounce each of these consonants and vowels, and how to form a character in this

4 next lesson. Keep on reading! I hope you enjoy this journey of learning a new language! I think it's always exciting to learn a new language! ;D Luke References [1] Wikipedia: Korean language, accessed Jan [2] Wikipedia: Sejong the Great, accessed Jan 2011.

5 The Korean Alphabet Hangeul or 한글 (the Korean alphabet) literally means "the Korean writing." In 한글, the Korean alphabet, consists of 14 consonants and 10 vowels. Cosonants: ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ Vowels: ㅏㅑㅓㅕㅗㅛㅜㅠㅡㅣ In addition, there are 5 double consonants and 11 double vowels. Double consonants: ㄲㄸㅃㅆㅉ Double vowels: ㅐㅒㅔㅖㅘㅙㅚㅝㅞㅟㅢ Additionally, there are 11 final double consonants. Final double consonants: ㄳㄵㄶㄺㄻㄼㄽㄾㄿㅀㅄ You will get to learn these basic consonants and vowels, learning how to read, write and pronounce. For the purpose of learning the alphabet, I highly recommend the following resources to help you with familiarizing yourself with the consonants and vowels in 한글. Learn Hangeul: Korean Wiki Project Learn to read and write Hangeul by TTMIK Click on the alphabet to listen to their corresponding pronunciations. 자음 [Consonants] ㄱ = g ㄴ = n ㄷ = d ㄹ = l, r ( ㄹ is a sound somewhere between l and r) ㅁ = m ㅂ = b ㅅ = s ㅇ = "no sound" when used as a first consonant, "ng" when used as a final consonant. ㅈ = j ㅊ = ch ㅋ = k ㅌ = t ㅍ = p ㅎ = h 모음 [Vowels]

6 ㅏ = a ㅑ = ya ㅓ = eo ㅕ = yeo ㅗ = o ㅛ = yo ㅜ = u ㅠ = yu ㅡ = eu ㅣ = i 쌍자음 [Double consonants] ㄲ = gg Click on the link to hear the difference between the sounds of ㄱ, ㄲ and ㅋ. ㄸ = dd Note the difference in sounds; ㄷ, ㄸ and ㅌ. ㅃ = bb Note the difference in sounds; ㅂ, ㅃ and ㅍ. ㅆ = ss Note the difference in sounds; ㅅ and ㅆㅉ = jj Note the difference in sounds; ㅈ, ㅉ and ㅊ More links: ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ 쌍모음 [Double Vowels] ㅐ = ae ㅒ = yae (rarely used) ㅔ = e ㅖ = ye ㅘ = wa ㅙ = wae ㅚ = oe ㅝ = wo ㅞ = we (rarely used) ㅟ = wi ㅢ = ui How to form a character There are two ways of making a character, using the consonants and vowels as building blocks Initial consonant + Vowel Initial consonant + Vowel + Final consonant 1. Examples 가 = ㄱ + ㅏ = ga 너 = ㄴ + ㅓ = neo 도 = ㄷ + ㅗ = do 루 = ㄹ + ㅜ = lu/ru 므 = ㅁ + ㅡ = meu

7 비 = ㅂ + ㅣ = bi 2. Examples 각 = ㄱ + ㅏ + ㄱ = gag 넌 = ㄴ + ㅓ + ㄴ = neon 돗 = ㄷ + ㅗ + ㅅ = dod 를 = ㄹ + ㅡ + ㄹ = leul/reul 쟁 = ㅈ + ㅐ + ㅇ = jaeng Characters with final consonants of ㄱ, ㄲ and ㅋ, all sound the same. Thus 각, 갂 and 갘 will sound exactly the same. For example, 국, 엌, 밖 Their final consonants all sound the same. Click on the links to hear. Now, below is a list of the final consonants and their respective sounds. ㄱ / ㄲ / ㅋ = ㄱㅂ / ㅃ / ㅍ = ㅂㄷ / ㅌ / ㅅ / ㅆ / ㅈ / ㅊ / ㅎ = ㄷㄴ = ㄴㄹ = ㄹㅁ = ㅁㅇ = ㅇ For example, 낚시 [ 낙시 ] = fishing 부엌 [ 부억 ] = kitchen 앞 [ 압 ] = front 씨앗 [ 씨앋 ] = seed 낮 [ 낟 ] = day For a more detailed explanation and audio files, click here. When the initial consonant of second and/or third characters is ㅇ, for example, 돌이 and 만악이, the sound of the final consonant of each letter is pronounced with the next vowel. Because ㅇ has no sound, 돌이 is pronounced as 도리 and 만악이 as 마나기. These are just made-up words to show you how these work. 돌이 [ 도리 ] 만악이 [ 마나기 ] For more examples on this pronunciation, click on the link. 쌍받침 [Final double consonants] There are also 11 additional final double consonants. Their sounds are as follows. As you can see, the first

8 consonant of the double consonants is pronounced. (except ㄺ = ㄱ, ㄻ = ㅁ and ㄿ = ㅂ ) I do not recommend that you learn these exhaustively right away because that is a hard work and I rarely employed them in my grammar lessons anyway. So it would be better to come back to these when you come across them from time to time. Eg. ㄳ = ㄱㄵ = ㄴㄶ = ㄴㄺ = ㄱㄻ = ㅁㄼ = ㄹㄽ = ㄹㄾ = ㄹㄿ = ㅂㅀ = ㄹㅄ = ㅂ 삯 [ 삭 ] = amount 앉다 [ 안따 ] = sit 많다 [ 만타 ] = many 읽다 [ 익따 ] = read 삶다 [ 삼따 ] = boil 넓다 [ 널따 ] = spacious 외곬 [ 외골 ] = a single way 핥다 [ 할따 ] = lick 읊다 [ 읍따 ] = recite (a poem) 잃다 [ 일타 ] = lose (a thing) 값 [ 갑 ] = price Excellent pronunciation lessons by Sogang Unversity Source: For writing practices, Consonants Vowels Consonants + Vowels Source: Slow but STEADY:

9 Sentence Order In regards to the order of a sentence, there are four basic types in Korean. These are: S + N S + V S + A S + O + V * S = subject, N = noun, A = adjective, O = object and V = verb. The tense of a sentence is determined by the last part of a sentence, namely, by a noun, verb or adjective. In Korean, adjectives function like verbs in that they can be converted to different forms to determine the tense of a sentence. For example, In English, the past tense of "go" is "went." In Korean, the past tense of " 가다 " (gada, go) is " 갔다 " (gatta, went). The verbs function in the same way in English and Korean. However, in the case of adjectives, the past tense of "good" in English is not "gooded" but it is written, "was good." Contrary to this, in Korean, " 좋다 " (jota, good) has a past tense form of " 좋았다 " (joatta, was good). Compare: In English, "good" (present) "was good" (past) In Korean, " 좋다 " (present) " 좋았다 " (past) Therefore, the adjectives in Korean function like verbs in that they can be converted to a past tense or future tense, or any other tense forms. This conversion of a verb(or adjective) to its past, future, present continuous or past continuous tense forms is called a verb (or adjective) "conjugation." Before proceeding to the explanation section below, I recommend that you read the "particles" alongside this post. To understand Korean grammar, it is crucial that you become familiar with the concept of a distinct part of speech called, "particles." Particles are function words that indicate what the subject or object is in a sentence. For example,

10 는 / 은 is a topic particle 가 / 이 is a identifier particle 를 / 을 is an object particle For more information and explanation on particles, please refer to (Particles - 는, 도, 를, 가, 에 ). Now, let's have a look at the four main types of Korean sentences. Note: S = Subject, N = Noun, V = Verb, A = Adjective, O = Object 1. S + N 나는학생이다 = I am a student 리사는선생님이다 = Lisa is a teacher 앤드류는의사였다 = Andrew was a doctor 저는중학생이에요 = I am a middle school student [polite spoken form] For more explanations on the S + N pattern, please read Nouns - Present, Past. 나 = I 학생 = student 리사 = Lisa 선생님 = teacher 앤드류 = Andrew 의사 = doctor 저 = I (polite) 중학생 = a middle school student 2. S + V 주영은달린다 = Ju-young runs [written form] 주영은달려요 = Ju-young runs [polite spoken form] 주영은힘차게달린다 = Ju-young vigorously runs *An adverb comes before a verb. 주영 = Ju-Young (a Korean male name) 달리다 = run 달려 = run [spoken form] 달려요 = run [polite spoken form] 힘차게 = vigorously For more information and explanations on verbs, please read Verbs - Present, Past and Verbs - Polite [Present, Past]. 3. S + A

11 그는크다 = He is big 그녀는작다 = She is small 앤은예쁘다 = Anne is pretty [written form] 앤은정말예뻐요 = Anne is really pretty [polite spoken form] 산이아름답다 = The mountain is beautiful 날씨가정말좋다 = The weather is very good 그 = he 크다 = big 그녀 = she 작다 = small 앤 = Anne 정말 = really, very 예쁘다 = pretty 산 = mountain 아름답다 = beautiful 날씨 = weather 좋다 = good For more information and explanations on adjectives, please read, Adjectives - Present, Past, Adjectives - Polite [Present, Past] and Adjectives - Connective. 4. S + O + V 나는사과를먹었다 = I ate an apple. 지성은물을마신다 = Ji-sung drinks water. 새들이노래를부른다 = The birds are singing songs. 안나는대학을다닌다 = Anna attends college (university) [written form] 안나는대학을다녀요 = Anna attends college (university) [spoken form] 영희는어제정원에꽃을심었다 = Young-hee planted a flower in the garden yesterday. *Notice that the time( 어젯밤 ) and place( 정원에 ) are inserted between S and O. 나 = I 사과 = apple 먹었다 = ate 물 = water 마시다 = drink 새 = a bird 새들 = birds 노래 = song 부르다 = sing 다니다 = attend [written form] 다녀요 = attend [polite spoken form] 어제 = yesterday 정원 = garden 꽃 = flower 심다 = plant (verb)

12 In addition, unlike English, it is quite common to leave out the subject in a sentence in Korean. When the subject is known by the readers or speakers, it is often left out. Therefore, depending on a situation or context, it is OK to write or speak without beginning the sentence with a subject. A subject may not be used in a sentence if it is known who or what the subject is. So, the sentences below are also correct and it is common in spoken Korean (conversations). 학생이다 = (am/is) a student 선생님이다 = (am/is) a teacher 의사였다 = was a doctor 중학생이에요 = (am/is) a middle school student 달린다 = runs 힘차게달렸다 = vigorously ran 크다 = (am/is/are) big 작다 = (am/is/are) small 정말좋아 = (am/is/are) really good [spoken form] 사과를먹었다 = ate an apple 물을마셨어 = drank water [spoken form] 노래를불렀어 = sang songs [spoken form] 어제꽃을심었어요 = planted a flower yesterday [polite spoken form] For more help with the particles, please refer to the following posts: Particles - 께 / 에게 / 한테 Particles - 으로 / 로 Particles - 에서, 까지 Particles - 만 [only] Possessive - 의

13 Particles - 는, 가 This particles section is divided into two parts. The first part is on Topic and Identifier particles [ 는, 가 ], and the second part, here, is on the remaining particles, [ 도, 를, 에 ]. In these two posts, we're going to learn about 5 common particles used in a sentence in Korean. These are: 는 / 은 - Topic particle Subject particles 가 / 이 - Identifier particle 도 - Additive particle 를 / 을 - Object particle 에 - Time/place particle Note: I have grouped 는 / 은 and 가 / 이 into one category, the 'Subject particles.' The explanations are given below in the 'Subject Particles' section. Particles are functional words that do not have any meaning in themselves. They are like helpers in that they are attached to the end of nouns to indicate what that noun is and how it functions in a sentence. For example, 나는학생이다 = I am a student 는, the topic particle, is attached to the end of 나, which means the pronoun "I", to show that the topic is about "I" or the subject is "I". Here is another example, 나도학생이다 = I am a student, too. In this sentence, 도, the additive particle, is attached to 나 to show that in addition to a person or people who are students, "I", too, am a student. Now, let us go through each of these particles. 는 / 은 [Topic Particle] The first particle, we'll learn, is 는 / 은, the topic particle. 는 / 은 is used for a subject or topic of a sentence. 는 is used for nouns without a final consonant, and 은 for nouns with a final consonant. Let me explain, 나는 = I am 사람은 = A person is 나 consists of ㄴ + ㅏ ㄴ = n (an initial consonant) ㅏ = a (a vowel) As you can see, 나 is a word without a final consonant, therefore 는 is attached to it.

14 On the other hand, 사람 which means 'a person' has 람 as a final character, and 람 consists of ㄹ + ㅏ + ㅁ ㄹ = r,l (an initial consonant) ㅏ = a (a vowel) ㅁ = m (a final consonant) 사람 is a word with a final consonant. Therefore, 은 is attached to it. The reason for these two different types of the topic particle, 는 / 은, is that for words with a final consonant, it is easier to pronounce them with 은 rather 는. Compare these two pronunciations, 사람는 = sa-ram-nun 사람은 = sa-ram-un sa-ra-mun [ 사라믄 ] As you can see, 사람는 is more rigid and awkward to pronounce, whereas 사람은 is more fluid and easy to pronounce. 사람은 is actually pronounced 사라믄. The final consonant of 람, which is ㅁ, is transferred to 은 to make it sound 믄. ( 사람은 sounds a bit like "Sarah Moon" whereas 사람는 may sound like "Saram Noon".) Listen to the pronunciations for yourselves in the Google Translate. The following are example sentences using 는 / 은, the topic particle. 나는학생이다 = I am a student 그는친절하다 = He is kind 이것은연필이다 = This is a pencil 하늘은높다 = The sky is high 그녀는공부한다 = She studies 존은갔다 = John went 영수는먹었다 = Young-su ate 나 = I (pronoun) 학생 = a student 그 = he 친절하다 = kind 이것 = this 연필 = pencil 하늘 = sky 높다 = high 그녀 = she 공부하다 = study 존 = John 가다 = go 영수 = Young-su (a male name) 먹다 = eat

15 Use Google Translate to listen the pronunciations of these words. Note: There are no articles in the parts of speech in Korean. "A, an and the" which are used to identify and specify a noun in English and other languages are absent in Korean grammar. 가 / 이 [Identifier Particle] 가 / 이 is used similarly as 는 / 은 in that they indicate a subject but 가 / 이 is used when it is necessary to identify the person or thing that is talked about in a sentence. For example, 나는샀다 = I bought 내가샀다 = I bought Note: 나 is changed to 내 when it is used before 가. Both of these two sentences mean "I bought" but 내가샀다 puts more emphasis on the subject of the sentence, "I". In the sentence, 내가샀다, it is more concerned about 'who' bought rather than 'what' I did. On the other hand, 나는샀다, is more concerned about 'what' I did. 내가샀다 = I bought [It wasn't anyone else but I who bought] 나는샀다 = I bought [I bought rather than doing something else] It is similar to the way in English where a person stresses a certain word to give it more emphasis or importance. For example, Who bought a new t-shirt? 내가샀어 = I bought it. Note: It is incorrect to say, 나는샀어, because the person is asking about who bought a new t-shirt rather than asking about what they did. What did you do in the park? 나는잤어 = I slept (I took a nap) Note: The person may be asking to several people about what they did in the park. One person might say they took a stroll while another person may have had lunch there. But as for me, what I did was 'sleeping'. Therefore, 나는잤어 = I slept

16 It is wrong to say 내가잤어 in this case because the person is not asking about who slept but what they did in the park. If the person asked me, 'Who slept in the park?', I would answer, 내가잤어 or 마크가잤어 (Mark slept). The identifier particle, 가 / 이, identifies the subject of a sentence. 가 / 이 is concerned about who did the things asked. Like the 는 / 은 example above, 가 is used for words without a final consonant and 이 for words with a final consonant. Here are example sentences: 내가마셨다 = I drank (It wasn't anyone else but me) 동생이먹었다 = Younger brother/sister ate (It wasn't someone else but them) 민지가왔다 = Min-ji came (It wasn't some other person but Min-ji) 안토니가갔다 = Anthony went (It wasn't some other person but Anthony) 저것이한강이야 = That is the Han River 빌딩이높다 = The building is high 공원이넓다 = The park is large/spacious 마시다 = drink 동생 = younger brother/sister 먹다 = eat 민지 = Min-ji (a female name) 오다 = come 안토니 = Anthony 가다 = go 저것 = that 한강 = the Han River (in Seoul) 빌딩 = a building 높다 = high 공원 = a park 넓다 = spacious, large Use Google Translate to listen the pronunciations of these words. Subject Particles [ 는 / 은 and 가 / 이 ] 는 / 은 and 가 / 이 both are used for the subject of a sentence but 는 / 은 introduces a topic or a subject whereas 가 / 이 identifies a subject. In addition to their differences already explored above, here is another big difference between the two particles. The topic particle, 는 / 은, is used in cases when we make a general or factual statement whereas 가 / 이 is not.

17 For example, 치타는빠르다 = A cheetah is fast 치타는느리다 = A cheetah is slow (This would be a wrong statement) However, if you visited a zoo and saw a cheetah who seems to move very slowly, you might say, 치타가느리다 = (That) cheetah is slow So the identifier particle, 가 / 이, indicates a certain person or thing that the speaker and listener know or are aware of. In this case, it would be that cheetah in the zoo. Here is another example, 바다는푸르다 = The sea is blue 바다는까맣다 = The sea is black (In general, this is a wrong statement.) But say, you saw the sea at night and you may exclaim, 바다가까맣다! = The sea is black! The sea in this sentence is identified as a particular sea at night, and both the speaker and listener know which sea is being talked about. This is not a general statement. Therefore the identifier particle, 가 / 이, is used in this case. Of course, 바다가푸르다 is also perfectly acceptable. However, the difference is that the sea in this sentence is also a particular sea that is known by both the speaker and the listener. 바다는푸르다 = The sea is blue (A general statement) 바다가푸르다 = The sea is blue (The sea is identified and known by the speaker and listener) It's similar to the way articles are used in English. For example, An apple is red = 사과는빨갛다 (A general or factual statement about an apple) The apple is red = 사과가빨갛다 (A particular apple that the speaker identifies and indicates to the listener) Particles - 도, 를, 에 This is the second part of the particles section on [ 는, 가, 도, 를, 에 ]. This post is on the remaining [ 도, 를, 에 ] particles. Please read the first part on [ 는, 가 ], the Subject particles, if you missed it. 도 [Additive Particle]

18 The additive particle, 도, is similar to subject particles 는 / 은 and 가 / 이 in that it is used for a subject (or topic). However, 도 adds the meaning of 'too' or 'also' to a subject. Here are example sentences: 나도학생이다 = I am a student, too 그도친절하다 = He is kind, too 이것도연필이다 = This is a pencil, too 하늘도높다 = The sky is high, too 그녀도공부한다 = She studies, too 존도갔다 = John went, too 영수도먹었다 = Young-su ate, too As a further explanation, please have a look at the following example: 다윗은왕이었다 = David was a king 솔로몬도왕이었다 = Solomon was a king, too 도 always refers to the subject. For example, 솔로몬도왕이었다 describes Solomon in terms of the fact that he was a king, too. Not only was David a king but Solomon was also a king. 다윗 = David 왕 = a king 솔로몬 = Solomon Here is another example, 제니는나갔어 = Jenny went outside 유리도나갔어 = Yuri went outside, too 제니 = Jenny 나가다 = go outside, leave 유리 = Yuri As you can see, 도 is used when one wants talk about the same quality or description about a different subject. When we want to talk about additive qualities and/or descriptions about the same subject, 또한 is used. For example, 다윗은양치기였다 = David was a shepherd. 다윗은또한왕이었다 = David was also a king. The two sentences above both describe a certain thing about the same subject, 다윗, and 또한 refers to the rest of the sentence rather than the subject. 또한왕이었다 describes a fact that David "was also a king."

19 Therefore David was both a shepherd and king. 또한 is used to give an additive quality or description about the same subject. Here is one more example, 제니는대학생이다 = Jenny is a college (university) student 제니는또한음악선생님이다 = Jenny is also a music teacher Jenny is both a college student and music teacher. Note: In spoken Korean, 또 is usually used instead of 또한. 제니는대학생이야 = Jenny is a college (university) student 제니는또음악선생님이야 = Jenny is also a music teacher 를 / 을 [Object Particle] The object particle, 를 / 을, is attached to an object which the verb describes. Here are example sentences: 나는라면을먹었다 = I ate noodles [Literally, noodles 을 ate] 책을읽었다 = read a book 콜라를마셨다 = drank coke TV 를봤다 = watched TV 옷을입었다 = wore clothes 집을지었다 = built a house 케잌을만들었다 = made a cake 나 = I 라면 = noodles 먹다 = eat 책 = a book 읽다 = read 콜라 = coke 마시다 = drink 보다 = see, watch 옷 = clothes 입다 = wear 집 = house 짓다 = build 케잌 = a cake 만들다 = make The usage difference between 를 and 을 is that 를 is used for nouns without a final consonant, and 을 for nouns with a final consonant for the pronunciation's sake.

20 사진을찍었다 = took a photo 나무를심었다 = planted a tree 빵을샀다 = bought some bread 차를팔았다 = sold a car 강을건넜다 = crossed a river 다리를지났다 = passed a bridge 숙제를했다 = did homework 사진 = a photo 찍다 = take (a photo) 나무 = a tree 심다 = plant (verb) 빵 = bread 사다 = buy 차 = a car 팔다 = sell 강 = a river 건너다 = cross (verb, motion) 다리 = bridge 지나다 = pass (verb, motion) 숙제 = homework 하다 = do 에 [Time/Place Particle] The Time/Place Particle, 에, is used for any words related to time and place. The 에 particle phrase is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence after a subject. 샘은한국에갔다 = Sam went to Korea [Sam, to Korea, went] 준수는 5 월에왔다 = Jun-su came in May [Jun-su, in May, came] 샘 = Sam 한국 = Korea 가다 = go 준수 = Jun-su 5 월 = May 오다 = come Note: 1 월 is January, 2 월 is February and so on. You can also make long sentences like the following examples: 샘은작년 10 월가을에한국에갔다 = Sam went to Korea last year in October during the autumn season [Sam, last year, in October, in Autumn, to Korea, went] 준수는 2000 년도여름에호주에왔다 = Jun-su came to Australia in summer [Jun-su, in 2000, in summer, to Australia, came]

21 작년 = last year 10 월 = October 가을 = autumn 2000 년도 = in the year 2000 여름 = summer 호주 = Australia Note: 에 is used for words both with or without a final consonant. 학교에 = to school 병원에 = to hospital Please note also that when 에 is used as a Place Particle, it is usually used with 'go' and 'come' to indicate a place to which you're going or coming, and 에 functions like 'to' in English. For example, 공원에 = to a park, 영국에 = to Britain and 공항에 = to the airport. When you want to say you did something at a particular place 'for a certain period of time,' 에서 is used for that location or place. In this case, the function of 에서 is similar to "in, at or on" in English. For example, 공원에서놀았다 = played (had fun) at the park [At the park, (we) played (had fun)] 영국에서지냈다 = stayed in Britain [In Britain, (I) stayed] 공항에서기다렸다 = waited at the airport [At the airport, (we) waited] 공원 = a park 놀다 = play, have fun 영국 = Britain 지내다 = stay 공항 = airport 기다리다 = wait However, in the case of 'was', you can use 에 instead of 에서 for some strange reason I do not know. The following two sentences mean exactly the same. 영국에서있었다 = I was in Britain 영국에있었다 = I was in Britain But in the case of other verbs, 에 is not allowed. 공원에놀았다영국에지냈다공항에기다렸다 Here are a few more examples: 시골에갔다 = went to a countryside 친구가병원에방문왔다 = A friend of mine came (to visit me) to hospital 집에있었다 = was home

22 대학에서강의를들었다 = listen to a lecture at the university 많은사람들이놀이공원에왔다 = A lot of people came to the theme park 아침에시리얼을먹었다 = I ate cereal in the morning [In the morning, I ate cereal] 오후 2 시에비가내렸다 = It started raining at 2 o'clock in the afternoon [Lit. The rain fell] 시골 = countryside 가다 = go 친구 = a friend 병원 = a hospital 방문 = a visit 오다 = come 방문오다 = came to visit 집 = home, house 있다 = be 대학 = college, university 강의 = a lecture 듣다 = listen, hear 많다 = a lot, many 사람 = a person 사람들 = people ( 들 is attached to a noun to make it plural) 놀이공원 = a theme park 아침 = morning 시리얼 = cereal 먹다 = eat 오후 = afternoon, pm 2 시 = 2 o'clock (1 시 is 1 o'clock, 7 시 is 7 o'clock and so on) 비 = rain 내리다 = fall down

23 This, It and That In this lesson, we learn about some of the most common and useful words, 'This, It and That.' This = 이것 It = 그것 That = 저것 Example sentences [Informal written form] 이것은연필이다. = This is a pencil. 그것은창문이다. = It is a window. 저것은꽃이다. = That is a flower. [Polite written form] 이것은연필입니다. = This is a pencil. 그것은창문입니다. = It is a window. 저것은꽃입니다. = That is a flower. Note: For more information on the formality and the written and spoken forms, please read Nouns - Present, Past. 이것, 저것 and 그것 are mainly used in the written form. The equivalent spoken forms are 이건, 그건 and 저건. Please note that 이건, 그건 and 저건 are actually contracted forms of 이것은, 저것은 and 그것은. 이것은 이건그것은 그건저것은 저건 Here are the sentences in the spoken form. [Informal spoken form] 이건연필이야. 그건칠판이야. 저건꽃이야. [Polite spoken form] 이건연필이에요.

24 그건칠판이에요. 저건꽃이에요. "Here, there and over there" are used in similar ways to "This, it and that". Here = 여기 There (it) = 거기 Over there = 저기 Alternatively, (A bit more formal) Here = 이곳 (Lit. This place) There (it) = 그곳 (Lit. That place (it) ) Over there = 저곳 (Lit. That place over there) Example sentences 이곳은어디에요? = Where is this place? (Where are we?) 이곳은서울이에요. = This place is Seoul (We're in Seoul.) 저곳은뭐에요? = What is that place over there? 그곳은서울시청이에요. = That place (It) is a Seoul City Council. 저기는어디에요? = Where is that over there? 저기는남대문이에요. = That is Namdaemun (shopping center). 그리고여기는세종문화회관이에요. = And this place is Sejong Cultural Center. 여기는 is also usually contracted to 여긴 for the pronunciation's sake. 여기는 여긴거기는 거긴저기는 저긴 Similarly, 이, 그 and 저 are used with 쪽 to make the following words to denote a certain direction. 이쪽 = This direction 그쪽 = That direction (it) 저쪽 = That direction Example sentences 이쪽은거실이에요. = This way is (to) the living room. 그쪽은베란다에요. = That way (It) is (to) to the verandah. 저쪽은출구에요. = That way is (to) the exit. 샘 [Sam]: 여기화장실어디있어요? [Where is the toilet here?] 민지 [Minji]: 화장실은저쪽에있어요. (The toilet is that way.) 샘 [Sam]: 서점은어디있어요? [What about a bookstore? (Lit. Where is a bookstore?)]

25 민지 [Minji]: 서점은이쪽에있어요. [The bookstore is this way.] 이, 그 and 저 are used with nouns to mean 'this, it and that' respectively. 이나무 = This tree 그집 = That house (It) 저산 = That mountain 이사과맛있어요 = This apple is delicious 저사과도맛있어요 = That apple is delicious, too. 이음식점은비빔밥이유명해요 = This restaurant is famous for Bibimbap. (Lit. This restaurant, Bimbimbap is famous.) 저빌딩은 63 빌딩이에요 = That building is the 63 building. (The landmark building in Seoul) Note: Bibimbap - is a popular Korean dish. The word literally means "mixed meal." Bibimbap is served as a bowl of warm white rice topped with 나물, namul (sautéed and seasoned vegetables) and 고추장, gochujang (chili pepper paste). A raw or fried egg and sliced meat (usually beef) are common additions. The ingredients are stirred together thoroughly just before eating. It can be served either cold or hot.[1] Reference: [1] Wikipedia: Bibimbap,

26 Nouns - Present, Past Nouns [ 명사 ] In this lesson, we're going to learn how to say a word in present and past tenses plus how to use the same expression in polite forms. Present and Past Tenses Each table below show how to say 'an apple' and 'a pencil' in four different ways. The table is divided into present and past tenses, and positive and negative forms. Also, the first table shows the written form of Korean and the second table shows the spoken form. The written form is used in literature such as books, newspapers and any form of writing that is not 'conversational.' The written form, in essence, is literary, factual and declarative. It is rarely used in normal everyday conversations. However, the news on TV uses this written form of Korean. It is also used in public speeches. The reason is probably due to the fact that the news and public announcements or speeches are usually all declarative and/or factual. The spoken form is the usual way in which people speak and have a conversation. It is used in all types of spoken Korean such as normal conversations, dramas, and movies, with the possible exceptions of news, documentaries and other factual, formal types of programs on TV and radio. Informal Written Form Positive Negative Present 사과다연필이다사과가아니다연필이아니다 Past 사과였다연필이었다사과가아니었다연필이아니었다 Informal Spoken Form Positive Negative Present 사과야연필이야사과 ( 가 ) 아니야연필 ( 이 ) 아니야 Past 사과였어연필이었어사과 ( 가 ) 아니었어연필 ( 이 ) 아니었어 사과 = an apple 연필 = a pencil

27 사과다 = is an apple 사과가아니다 = is not an apple 사과였다 = was an apple 사과가아니었다 = was not an apple 연필이야 = is a pencil 연필 ( 이 ) 아니야 = is not a pencil 연필이었어 = was a pencil 연필 ( 이 ) 아니었어 = was not a pencil Note: The verb ending, 다, is used for nouns without a final consonant, and 이다 for nouns with a final consonant. Likewise, in the spoken form, 야 is used for nouns without final consonant and 이야 for nouns with a final consonant. Therefore: 사과다연필이다사과야연필이야 Note: In spoken Korean, the particles are usually omitted. In the above example, 가 / 이 are in brackets to show that they are usually left out. For more information on the 가 / 이 particle, please read Particles - 는, 가. Polite Form Each table below shows the polite form of the respective written and spoken forms we've looked at above which were in the informal form. Polite Written Form Present Past Positive Negative 사과입니다연필입니다사과가아닙니다연필이아닙니다 사과였습니다연필이었습니다사과가아니었습니다연필이아니었습니다 Note: To change the informal form to the polite form, the following rules apply: In the case of the present tense, 사과다 사과입니다 = 다 (or 이다 in the case of nouns with a final consonant, e.g. 연필 ) is taken off and replaced by 입니다사과가아니다 사과가아닙니다 = 아니다 is changed to 아닙니다 In the case of the past tense, 다 is changed to 습니다.

28 사과였다 사과였습니다사과가아니었다 사과가아니었습니다 Polite Spoken Form Present Past Positive 사과예요연필이에요 사과였어요연필이었어요 Negative 사과 ( 가 ) 아니에요연필 ( 이 ) 아니에요 사과 ( 가 ) 아니었어요연필 ( 이 ) 아니었어요 Note: To change the informal form to the polite form, the following rules apply: In the case of the present tense: 사과야 사과예요 = 야 changes to 예요 (or 에요 in the case of nouns with a final consonant, e.g. 연필 ) 사과아니야 사과아니에요 = 야 changes to 에요 In the case of the past tense, 요 is attached at the end. 사과였어 사과였어요사과아니었어 사과아니었어요 Here are some example sentences in the written form. 가게다 = is a shop 가방이다 = is a bag 소고기였다 = was beef 선생님이었다 = was a teacher 꽃이아니다 = is not a flower 항구가아니었다 = was not a port 동물이아니었다 = was not an animal Try translating the following sentences in the spoken form. What do they mean? 시계야집이야비둘기였어사람이었어구름 ( 이 ) 아니야빌딩 ( 이 ) 아니었어닭고기 ( 가 ) 아니었어

29 Answers: is a clock/watch is a house was a pigeon was a person is not a cloud was not a building was not chicken (meat) Now try rewrite the English sentences above in the polite spoken form of Korean, and pronounce them one by one. At this point, I'd recommend that you get hold of someone who is Korean to teach you the correct pronunciation of each sentence, but I think many of you would not have that kind of luxury. So alternatively, as imperfect as it may be, I'd recommend the Google Translate's 'Listen' feature. It allows you to listen to the pronunciation of the words you put in. Google Translate For those of you who would like to know how to type in Korean, please try the google results for 'How to type in Korean.'

30 Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs In this lesson, we're going to learn how to nominalize a verb, which means converting a verb to a noun. First, take 다 off the plain form of a verb, and then attach 기 to it. (For a list of verbs in the plain from, please refer to Verbs - Present/Past) The following is a list of some of the verbs which have been converted to nouns. 읽다 읽기 = reading 쓰다 쓰기 = writing 듣다 듣기 = listening 말하다 말하기 = speaking 하다 하기 = doing 가다 가기 = going 오다 오기 = coming 보다 보기 = watching 먹다 먹기 = eating 마시다 마시기 = drinking 자다 자기 = sleeping 걷다 걷기 = walking 달리다 달리기 = running 사다 사기 = buying 팔다 팔기 = selling 서다 서기 = standing 앉다 앉기 = sitting 살다 살기 = living 죽다 죽기 = dying Example Sentences 걷기는하기쉬운운동이다 = Walking is an exercise that (we) can do easily 나는쇼핑하기를좋아한다 = I like shopping (Lit. I like doing shopping) 한나는아이스크림먹기를좋아한다 = Hannah likes eating an icecream 비오는날학교가기는쉽지않다 = It's not easy going to school in a rainy day 제인은오래된 CD 플레이어를팔기를원했다 = Jane wanted 'selling' an old CD player 쇼핑 = shopping 좋아하다 = like 한나 = Hannah (Also a Korean female name) 아이스크림 = icecream 비 = rain (noun) 오다 = come 날 = a day

31 비오는날 = a rainy day (Lit. a rain-coming day) (For more information, refer to Verbs - Descriptive I) 학교 = a school 쉽다 = easy 쉬운 = easy (Adjectives - Descriptive) 운동 = exercise 제인 = Jane 오래되다 = old CD 플레이어 = a CD player 원하다 = want (Please refer to Verbs - Want to learn how to form 'want to do') Here are some more example sentences using nominalized verbs. 사기와팔기는비지니스의기초다. = Buying and selling are the business's basis. 비지니스 = business 기초 = basis, foundation 지영은공원에서걷기와새들의노래듣기를좋아했다. = Ji-young liked walking in the park and listening to birds singing. 지영 = Ji-young (A female name) 공원 = a park 걷다 = walk 새 = a bird 노래 = a song 듣다 = listen, hear 외국어를배울때읽기, 쓰기, 듣기, 말하기는모두매우중요하다. = When we learn a foreign language, reading, writing, listening and speaking are all very important. 외국어 = a foreign language 배우다 = learn 배울때 = When we learn (To learn how to use 'when', please read Conjunctions - When) 모두 = all 매우 = very 중요하다 = important

32 Nouns - Numbers and Counting There are two ways of pronouncing numbers in Korean. These are: Sino-Korean numerals - 일, 이, 삼,... Native Korean numerals - 하나, 둘, 셋,... The Sino-Korean numerals are used for dates, minutes and prices. The native Korean numerals are used for counting, age and hours. Sino-Korean Numerals [Dates, Minutes and Prices] The key to memorizing the pronunciations of the Sino-Korean numerals is to learn from 1( 일 ) to 10( 십 ), and use these ten numbers as building blocks to learn the rest of the numbers. Here is a list of the first ten numbers: 1 = 일 2 = 이 3 = 삼 4 = 사 5 = 오 6 = 육 7 = 칠 8 = 팔 9 = 구 10 = 십 From 11 to 19, what you need to do is say 10( 십 ) first and say the ones' number. For example, 11 = 십 + 일 = 십일 12 = 십 + 이 = 십이 13 = 십 + 삼 = 십삼 17 = 십 + 칠 = 십칠 19 = 십 + 구 = 십구 From 20 and onward, it works in the same way. But in addition, 20, 30,..., 90 are pronounced in the following way: 20 = 이 + 십 = 이십 (Lit. two-ten) 30 = 삼 + 십 = 삼십 (Lit. three-ten) 50 = 오 + 십 = 오십 80 = 팔 + 십 = 팔십

33 90 = 구 + 십 = 구십 Additionally, 21 = 이십 + 일 = 이십일 (Lit. two-ten one) 22 = 이십 + 이 = 이십이 32 = 삼십 + 이 = 삼십이 45 = 사십 + 오 = 사십오 57 = 오십 + 칠 = 오십칠 89 = 팔십 + 구 = 팔십구 100 is 백, and 200 is 이백 which literally means 'two-hundred.' Then how do you say 300 as a Sino-Korean numeral? Yes, it's 삼백 (Lit. three-hundred) 100 = 백 101 = 백일 105 = 백오 127 = 백이십칠 200 = 이백 219 = 이백십구 324 = 삼백이십사 508 = 오백팔 731 = 칠백삼십일 945 = 구백사십오 1000 is 천, then 2000 is? Yes, it's 이천. Then how do you say 3283 in a Sino-Korean way? It's 삼천이백팔심삼. [Lit. three-thousand two-hundred eight-ten three] 1000 = 천 1001 = 천일 1035 = 천삼십오 2427 = 이천사백이십칠 8492 = 팔천사백구십이 What is 10000? It's 만. It is not 십천 (or ten-thousand) is 이만, is 삼만 and so on = 만 = 만이 = 만삼십사 = 이만육백칠십삼 = 팔만사천팔백삼십이 Now is 십만 and is 이십만. At this point, it'd help you understand the naming system of these

34 numbers if you think them in terms of their number of zeros. Here is what I mean: is 만 10,0000 is 십만 100,0000 is 백만 1000,0000 is 천만 1,0000,0000 is 억 (NOT 만만 ) 10,0000,0000 is 십억 100,0000,0000 is 백억 1000,0000,0000 is 천억 1,0000,0000,0000 is 조 You can see that numbers obtain a new name every time they get additional 4 zeros. This is different to English where the name of numbers change after every additional 3 zeros. For example, 'thousand', 'million' and 'billion'. However, when we write numbers, we follow the international standard in that the comma is placed after every threes. The examples above where the comma is placed after every 4 zeros are for the purpose of easier understanding only. Therefore: 만 = 10,000 십만 = 100,000 (NOT 10,0000) 백만 = 1,000,000 (NOT 100,0000) Let's revise what we've learned above: 11 = 십일 12 = 십이 13 = 십삼 20 = 이십 25 = 이십오 30 = 삼십 40 = 사십 50 = 오십 56 = 오십육 70 = 칠십 80 = 팔십 100 = 백 101 = 백일 107 = 백칠 120 = 백이십 150 = 백오십 200 = 이백 202 = 이백이 537 = 오백삼십칠 [ 오백 + 삼십 + 칠 = 오백삼십칠 ] 1000 = 천

35 2000 = 이천 2500 = 이천오백 = 만 = 만오백 [ 만 + 오백 = 만오백 ] = 오만삼천팔백사십칠 [ 오만 + 삼천 + 팔백 + 사십 + 칠 = 오만삼천팔백사십칠 ] The following are the examples of how the Sino-Korean numerals are used for dates, minutes and prices. [Dates] The order in which the date is written is reversed in Korean. A day of the week comes first, then a month and then a year. [a year = 년, a month = 월, a day of the week = 일 ] Notice how the Sino-Korean numerals are used in pronouncing dates. 28 Jan 년 1월 28일 = 이천십년일월이십팔일 17/10/ /10/17 = 2011년 10월 17일 = 이천십일년시월십칠일 Note: 10 월 is not 십월, but rather 시월. This exception is due to the awkwardness of pronouncing 십월, which is quite cumbersome to pronounce. Therefore 10 월 is 시월 for the pronunciation's sake. [Minutes] The Sino-Korean numerals are also used for 'minutes' but not for 'hours'. The native Korean numerals which are used for pronouncing the number of 'hours' are explained below in the second section of this post. [an hour, o'clock = 시, a minute(s) = 분, am = 오전, pm = 오후 ] 9:38 am 오전 9시 38분 = 오전아홉시삼십팔분 6:19 pm 오후 6시 19분 = 오후여섯시십구분 [Prices] The Korean currency is called 'won.' Its symbol is ' ', and it's pronounced 원. 12,800 12,800원 = 만이천팔백원 39,130 39,130원 = 삼만구천백삼십원 Native Korean numerals [Counting, Age and Hours]

36 The basic numbering system of the native Korean numerals is the same as that of the Sino-Korean numerals. However, in addition to one to ten, there is a need to learn the special pronunciations of tens, i.e. 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90. From 100, the pronunciation is the same as the Sino-Korean numerals we've looked at above. [hundred (100) = 백, thousand (1000) = 천, ten thousand (10000) = 만 ] 1 = 하나 2 = 둘 3 = 셋 4 = 넷 5 = 다섯 6 = 여섯 7 = 일곱 8 = 여덟 9 = 아홉 10 = 열 11 = 열하나 12 = 열둘 13 = 열셋 17 = 열일곱 20 = 스물 21 = 스물하나 22 = 스물둘 23 = 스물셋 30 = 서른 40 = 마흔 50 = 쉰 55 = 쉰다섯 60 = 예순 70 = 일흔 75 = 일흔다섯 [ 일흔 + 다섯 = 일흔다섯 ] 80 = 여든 90 = 아흔 100 = 백 189 = 백여든아홉 [ 백 + 여든 + 아홉 = 백여든아홉 ] Below are the examples of how the native Korean numerals are used in counting, age and hours. [Counting] The native Korean numerals are used for counting, e.g. the number of people in a class, the number of cars in a car park, the numbers of apples on an apple tree, the numbers of pencils or pens on a desk, etc. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... = 하나, 둘, 셋, 넷, 다섯,... When counting, we use distinctive identifier words called counters. Each kind of object (or person for that

37 matter) has their own counter to distinguish them from other kinds. This counter system is a bit like the system found in English, i.e. 3 cups of juice, 5 glasses of water. However, the Korean counting system extends to every object. For example, three cups of juice = 주스세컵 five glasses of water = 물다섯잔 six people = 여섯명 ( 사람 ) five cars = 차다섯대 three apples = 사과세개 two pencils = 연필두자루 four books = 책네권 ten roses = 장미열송이 Listed below are some of the most common counters used in counting. 명 = people 마리 = animals 대 = cars 개 = objects (this is very widely used for any inanimate objects) 자루 = long, lean objects 그루 = trees 송이 = flowers 켤레 = shoes 장 = paper 권 = books 살 = age 층 = floor [The Sino-Korean numerals are used for counting the number of floors, i.e. the first floor = 일층, the second floor = 이층, and the eighth floor = 팔층 ] Please also note that 하나 becomes 한, and the final consonant of each of 둘, 셋, 넷 and 스물 is omitted when they are attached to counters. For example, ( 물 ) 한잔 = a glass of water (NOT 하나잔 ) ( 종이 ) 두장 = two pieces of paper (NOT 둘장 ) ( 신발 ) 세켤레 = three pairs of shoes (NOT 셋켤레 ) ( 사람 ) 네명 = four people (NOT 넷명 ) ( 나이 ) 스무살 = twenty (years of age) (NOT 스물살 ) The counters work in a similar way to some of the counter words in English, e.g. 장 is similar to 'pieces' and 켤레 is similar to 'pairs'. [Age] As we've looked at above, the counter, 살, is attached to years of age. For example:

38 1 = 한살 2 = 두살 3 = 세살 4 = 네살 5 = 다섯살 7 = 일곱살 10 = 열살 11 = 열한살 12 = 열두살 13 = 열세살 17 = 열일곱살 20 = 스무살 24 = 스물네살 32 = 서른두살 58 = 쉰여덟살 [Hours] The native Korean numerals are also used for 'hours' but not for 'minutes' which use the Sino-Korean numerals. 10:25 am 오전 10시 25분 = 오전열시이십오분 7:30 pm 오후 7시 30분 = 오후일곱시삼십분 or 오후일곱시반 ( 반 means 'a half') [Months] 한달 = 1 month 두달 = 2 months 세달 = 3 months 네달 = 4 months 다섯달 = 5 months 여섯달 = 6 months 일곱달 = 7 months 여덞달 = 8 months 아홉달 = 9 months 열달 = 10 months Example sentence 2 달동안학교를다니고 2 주동안방학을했다 = I went to school for 2 months and had a break(holidays) for 2 weeks.

39 Adjectives - Present, Past 형용사 [Adjectives] We're going to look at adjectives in this post. First of all, please have a look at the two tables below, which are similar to the way the 'nouns' were presented in the previous post, Nouns - Present, Past. As I've mentioned before in Nouns - Present, Past, there are two primary forms in which Korean is used, the written and spoken forms. The written form is used in literature such as books, newspapers and any form of writing that is not 'conversational.' The written form, in essence, is literary, factual and declarative. It is rarely used in normal everyday conversations. However, the news on TV uses this written form of Korean. It is also used in public speeches. The reason is probably due to the fact that the news and public announcements or speeches are usually all declarative and/or factual. The spoken form is the usual way in which people speak and have a conversation. It is used in all types of spoken Korean such as normal conversations, dramas, and movies, with the possible exceptions of news, documentaries and other factual, formal types of programs on TV and radio. Please also note that there are two ways of expressing negatives, for example, 좋다 means 'good' and 많다 means 'many', and they can be expressed in the negative form in the following two ways: 1. Take 다 off the present tense of an adjective, and attach 지않다 (or 지않아 for the spoken form). The Written Form 좋지않다 = not good 많지않다 = not many The Spoken Form 좋지않아 = not good 많지않아 = not many 2. Attach 안 to the present tense of an adjective. The Written Form 안좋다 = not good 안많다 = not many

40 The Spoken Form 안좋아 = not good 안많아 = not many Below are the two tables showing the informal written and spoken forms of the adjective, 빠르다. (Please read Adjectives - Polite for polite forms) Please note that the words in bold indicate which of the two negatives are more common in each form, i.e. 빠르지않다 is more commonly used than 안빠르다 in the written form whereas 안빨라 is more commonly used than 빠르지않아 in the spoken form. Informal Written Form Present Past Positive 빠르다빨랐다 Negative 빠르지않다안빠르다 빠르지않았다안빨랐다 Informal Spoken Form Present Past Positive 빨라빨랐어 Negative 빠르지않아안빨라 빠르지않았어안빨랐어 Here are the meanings of the different forms of an adjective, 빠르다. 빠르다 = fast 빠르지않다 / 안빠르다 = not fast 빨랐다 = was/were fast 빠르지않았다 / 안빨랐다 = was/were not fast 빨라 = fast 빠르지않아 / 안빨라 = not fast 빨랐어 = was/were fast 빠르지않았어 / 안빨랐어 = was/were not fast The List of Common Adjectives Present Past Positive Written Spoken Written Spoken

41 High 높다 높아 높았다 높았어 Low 낮다 낮아 낮았다 낮았어 Big 크다 커 컸다 컸어 Small (size) 작다 작아 작았다 작았어 Spacious 넓다 넓어 넓었다 넓었어 Cramped 좁다 좁아 좁았다 좁았어 Many 많다 많아 많았다 많았어 Small (quantity) 적다 적어 적었다 적었어 Kind 착하다 착해 착했다 착했어 Fast 빠르다 빨라 빨랐다 빨랐어 Slow 느리다 느려 느렸다 느렸어 Easy 쉽다 쉬워 쉬웠다 쉬웠어 Difficult 어렵다 어려워 어려웠다 어려웠어 Interesting 재미있다 재미있어 재미있었다 재미있었어 New 새롭다 새로워 새로웠다 새로웠어 Hot (tangible) 뜨겁다 뜨거워 뜨거웠다 뜨거웠어 Cold (tangible) 차갑다 차가워 차가웠다 차가웠어 Warm 따뜻하다 따뜻해 따뜻했다 따뜻했어 Cool 시원하다 시원해 시원했다 시원했어 Wonderful 굉장하다 굉장해 굉장했다 굉장했어 Beautiful 아름답다 아름다워 아름다웠다 아름다웠어 Honest 솔직하다 솔직해 솔직했다 솔직했어 Lovely 사랑스럽다 사랑스러워 사랑스러웠 다 사랑스러웠어

42 Humble 겸손하다겸손해겸손했다겸손했어 The following are the rules for the conjugation of adjectives: I) Present (Written) Past (Written) 1. For adjectives whose last character contain a final consonant, add 았 or 었. 았 for the vowels, ㅏ and ㅗ었 for the vowels, ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ and ㅣ E.g. 얇다 얇았다 = was thin 높다 높았다 = was high 적다 적었다 = was small (quantity) 굵다 굵었다 = was thick 가늘다 가늘었다 = was thin 재미있다 재미있었다 = was interesting/fun Note: The rules 2 to 6 override the rule For adjectives whose last character is 하, it changes to 했. E.g. 착하다 착했다 = was kind 따뜻하다 따뜻했다 = was warm 시원하다 시원했다 = was cool 신기하다 신기했다 = was amazing 굉장하다 굉장했다 = was wonderful 3. For adjectives whose last character contain ㅂ as a final consonant, take it off and add 웠다. (Except for 좁다 which changes to 좁았다 ) E.g. 아름답다 아름다웠다 = was beautiful 뜨겁다 뜨거웠다 = was hot (tangible) 차갑다 차가웠다 = was cold (tangible) 춥다 추웠다 = was cold (feeling) 4. For adjectives whose last character contain no final consonant and the vowel, ㅡ, take it off and add

43 ㅓ, ㅆ. E.g. 크다 컸다 = was big 예쁘다 예뻤다 = was pretty However, when the vowel before the last character is ㅏ, then ㅏ, ㅆ can be used instead. 아프다 아팠다 / 아펐다 = was sick (illness) 나쁘다 나빴다 / 나뻤다 = was bad Also, in the case of 르 as the last character, ㄹ, 랐 is used. 빠르다 빨랐다 = was fast 5. For adjectives whose last character contain the vowel, ㅣ, take it off and add ㅕ, ㅆ. E.g. 느리다 느렸다 = was slow 잘생기다 잘생겼다 = was handsome/good-looking 못생기다 못생겼다 = was ugly 6. For adjectives whose last character contains ㅏ as a vowel and ㅎ as a final consonant, they change to ㅐ and ㅆ, i.e. 앟 changes to 앴. E.g. 빨갛다 빨갰다 = was red 노랗다 노랬다 = was yellow 파랗다 파랬다 = was blue II) Present (Written) Present (Spoken) First of all, take 다 off adjectives and then: 1. For adjectives whose last character contain a final consonant, add 아 or 어. 아 for the vowels, ㅏ and ㅗ어 for the vowels, ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ and ㅣ E.g.

44 작다 작아 = small (size) 높다 높아 = high 적다 적어 = small (quantity) 굵다 굵어 = thick 가늘다 가늘어 = thin 재미있다 재미있어 = interesting/fun 2. For adjectives whose last character is 하, it changes to 해. E.g. 지루하다 지루해 = boring 시원하다 시원해 = cool 겸손하다 겸손해 = humble 신기하다 신기해 = amazing 3. For adjectives whose last character contain ㅂ as a final consonant, take it off and add 워. (Except for 좁다 which changes to 좁았다 ) E.g. 춥다 추워 = cold (feeling) 어렵다 어려워 = difficult 뜨겁다 뜨거워 = hot (tangible) 사랑스럽다 사랑스러워 = lovely 4. For adjectives whose last character contain ㅡ as a vowel and no final consonant, change ㅡ to ㅓ. (Except for 빠르다 which changes to 빨라 ) E.g. 크다 커 = big/large 예쁘다 예뻐 = pretty However, when the vowel before the last character is ㅏ, then ㅡ can be changed to ㅏ instead. 아프다 아파 / 아퍼 = sick (illness) 나쁘다 나빠 / 나뻐 = bad 5. For adjectives whose last character contain ㅣ as a vowel and no final consonant, change ㅣ to ㅕ. E.g. 느리다 느려 = slow 잘생기다 잘생겨 = handsome/good-looking