Microsoft Word - HangeulWorkbook.doc

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1 Unit 6: The Weekend In this unit, you will learn how to: talk about events in the definite future; talk about events in the past; express additional meanings associated with nouns by adding the particles: o 에 'to' a place o 에서 'from' a place o 에게 'to' or 'for' a person o 에서 'at' a place in which an action occurs write a simple letter to a friend. Grammatical Notes Future Tense In Korean, there are at least two ways to talk about future events. 1. Indicating One's Intentions using 겠 The first way to talk about future events is to use the verbal element 겠, as is found in 실례하겠습니다 'I am about to commit a rudeness'. This element, - 겠, carries not only a future sense, but also a sense of intention: it suggests that the subject intends to or plans to perform an action. Given the fact that 겠 carries the notion of intent, 겠 is most often used in two situations: 1. When the sentence is a declaration and the subject is the first person, "I"; "I" can then state what "I" intend to do. 2. When the sentence is a question and the subject is the second person, "you"; the person asking the question can then inquire about the listener's intentions. Q: 무엇을하시겠어요? What will you do? What do you plan to do? A: 한국어를공부하겠어요. (I) will study Korean. I plan to study Korean. Although it is possible to create a sentence using 겠 in which the subject is somebody other than the speaker or the hearer (e.g. he, she, it, Jack, Maria, the children), such a sentence carries a meaning other than describing a future event. 50 Autumn 2004

2 D.J. Silva 2. Indicating the Definite Future using V + - ㄹ / 을거예요 When talking about a future event that is definitely going to occur (at least to the best of your knowledge, of course), then you use the construction V + - ㄹ / 을거예요. To form this construction: 1. Isolate the Verb Stem by removing the 다 of the dictionary form. 2. Attach the future adnominal suffix: a. - ㄹ if the verb stem ends with a vowel b. - 을 if the verb stem ends with a consonant 3. Finish the sentence with verb 거이다 ( 거예요 / 겁니다 ). Some examples: Present Definite Future 승훈은목요일에와요. 승훈은목요일에올거예요. Seunghun comes on Thursday(s). Seunghun will come on Thursday. 비디오를많이봐요. 비디오를많이볼거예요. (We) watch a lot of videos. (We) will (definitely) watch a lot of videos. 조선생님이여기에계세요. 조선생님이여기에계실거예요. Mr(s). Jo is here. Mr(s). Jo will be here. Past Tense To talk about events in the past, the most frequently used Korean form is the simple past tense marker. Unlike many other languages (particularly those spoken in Europe), Korean does not habitually distinguish among simple past, present perfect, and imperfect forms. The simple past tense in Korean indicates that the event occurred prior to the current time. To form the simple past: 1. Locate the polite informal (- 요 ) form of the verb. 2. Remove the final 요. 3. Add the sequence ㅆ to the end of the syllable. 4. Now add either: a. 어요 to create a polite informal past tense form; or b. 습니다, etc. to create a polite formal past tense form. Draft Do not cite! revised 9/18/

3 Present Tense Past Tense Verb Forms Polite Informal Past Stem Polite Informal Polite Formal 있어요 있었- 있었어요 있었습니다 exist 없어요 없었- 없었어요 없었습니다 not exist 해요 했- 했어요 했습니다 do 가요 갔- 갔어요 갔습니다 go 와요 왔- 왔어요 왔습니다 come 봐요 봤- 봤어요 봤습니다 see 많아요 많았- 많았어요 많았습니다 be many 커요 컸- 컸어요 컸습니다 be large 작아요 작았- 작았어요 작았습니다 be small Marking Destination with 에 With verbs of motion, the noun suffix - 에 marks the subject's ultimate destination. 챽은파리에가요. 수미가서울에가요? 우리는학교에갔어요. 어디에가세요? 한국에가요. Jack is going to Paris. Is Sumi going to Seoul? We went to school. Where are you going (to)? I'm going to Korea. Marking Origin with 에서 With verbs of motion, the noun particle 에서 marks place from which the subject begin his/her movement (i.e. the origin of the movement). 챽은파리에서와요. 수미가서울에서와요? 우리는학교에서왔어요. 어느나라에서오셨어요? 미국에서왔어요. Jack is coming from Paris. Is Sumi coming Seoul? We came from school. Which country did you come from? I have come from the United States. Marking Recipient with 에게 (or honorific - 께 ) With verbs that indicate the transfer of an object from one person to another (such as 주다 'to give' and 보내다 'to send'), the person receiving the object (the "indirect object" recipient) is marked by the particle 에게. If the indirect object recipient is a person to whom you must show special respect, then you may use the honorific recipient particle 께. 52 Autumn 2004

4 D.J. Silva 쵼은매리에게신문을주었어요. 엄마가아이에게과자를주었어요. 수미가인호에게편지를보냈어요. 선생님께무엇을보내겠어요? John gave a newspaper to Mary. Mom gave sweets to the baby. Sumi sent a letter to Inho. What do you plan to send to the teacher? Note that in the sentences above, the person doing the giving is marked as either a subject ( 이 / 가 ) or a topic ( 은 / 는 ), the object being transferred (the direct object) is marked with the accusative particle ( 을 / 를 ), and the indirect object recipient is indicated by 에게 /- 께. Marking Location of an Action with 에서 With verbs of action (but not motion), the noun suffix 에서 marks the location in which the action is taking place. Note that the question word 어디 'where' assumes the form 어디서, without the extra " 에." 챽은파리에서일해요. 수미가서울에서한국말을공부해요? 우리는학교에서비도오를봤어요. 어디서가르치세요? 연세대학교에서가르쳐요. Jack works in Paris. Is Sumi studying Korean in Seoul? We watched videos at school. Where do you teach? I teach at Yonsei University. Review of Location Markers When a noun is marked with and the verb is then noun indicates the - 에 existence location of the verb's subject - 에 motion destination of the verb's subject 에서 motion origin of the verb's subject - 에게 /- 께 transference recipient of the direct object - 에서 action location in which the subject performs the action 'at' or 'in' 'to' 'from' 'to' or 'for' 'at' or 'in' Draft Do not cite! revised 9/18/

5 Writing a Simple Letter When writing a letter, there a few things to remember. In addressing the recipient, it is common to simply write "to X" using the indirect object recipient particle 에게 (or, if the recipient requires honorification, -께). When signing off, it is common to write your name, followed by either: o -씀, when the recipient is of equal or lower status o (roughly means "written by") -올림, when the recipient is somebody of higher status (roughly means "offer up to") In Korea, the date is rendered by placing the year first, then the number of the month, and then the number of the day last. Hence, January 21, 2005 would be written as 2005/1/21. In Korea, addresses (like dates!) are written such that the largest unit is first, followed by the next, then the next, with the recipient given last. In Korean would be written: John Smith Tonggyo-dong Mapo-gu Seoul In Korea, major cities ( 시, as noted above in 서울시 ) are broken down into districts (- 구 ) and then again into precincts (- 동 ). The number in the address above (1-302) indicates the location of the lot on which John Smith's current home is located. The notation 귀하 after John's name indicates that he is the recipient. 54 Autumn 2004

Page 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not,

Page 2 of 5 아니다 means to not be, and is therefore the opposite of 이다. While English simply turns words like to be or to exist negative by adding not, Page 1 of 5 Learn Korean Ep. 4: To be and To exist Of course to be and to exist are different verbs, but they re often confused by beginning students when learning Korean. In English we sometimes use the